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85-474: The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese on 17 January 1471 and was first named after Saint Anthony ("Ilha de Santo Antão"). Later the island was renamed Príncipe ("Prince's [Island]") by King John II of Portugal in honour of his son Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1475–1491). The first settlement, the town Santo António , was founded in 1502. Subsequently, the north and centre of

170-606: A fleet under Francisco de Almeida to claim the new islands. Anxious to avoid war, the Catholic Monarchs arranged negotiations in the small Spanish town of Tordesillas . The result of this meeting would be the famous Treaty of Tordesillas , which sought to divide all newly discovered lands in the New World between Spain and Portugal. John sanctioned several anti-Jewish laws at the behest of parliamentary representatives, including restrictions on Jewish clothing and

255-430: A head but refused to let them stay longer than eight months. Of the some 20,000 families that entered Portugal, only 600 of the most affluent Castilian Jewish families succeeded in obtaining permanent residence permits. Jews unable to leave the country within the specified interval (often the result of poverty) were reduced to slavery and were not liberated until the reign of John’s successor, Manuel. Many children of

340-539: A large body of native non-Portuguese inhabitants for the Portuguese crown to rule. To better achieve this, Albuquerque resorted to medieval Iberian procedures: people of different religious communities were allowed to live by their laws under representatives of their respective communities. Exception was made to the practice of sati , which was abolished. Certain taxes due to the Adil Shah of Bijapur were also abolished. Native women were legally allowed property rights for

425-569: A letter to John II that paid him a profound homage: Indeed, Poliziano considered his achievements to be more meritorious than those of Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar . He offered to write an epic work giving an account of John II accomplishments in navigation and conquests. The king replied in a positive manner in a letter of 23 October 1491, but delayed the commission. Portuguese India The State of India (Portuguese: Estado da Índia [ɨʃˈtaðu ðɐ ˈĩdiɐ] ), also known as

510-516: A new trading post at Kollam . The sixth Portuguese expedition to India was commanded by Lopo Soares de Albergaria , who bombarded Calicut, relieved Duarte Pacheco Pereira and the Portuguese garrison at Cochin defending the territory from a large attack by the Zamorin at the Battle of Cochin , sacked Cranganore , struck an allegiance with the king of Tanur which removed him from the suzerainty of

595-597: A population of 8,420 people. In 2006, the Parque Natural Obô do Príncipe was established, covering the mountainous, densely forested and uninhabited southern part of the island of Príncipe. There are numerous endemic species of fauna on Príncipe, including birds such as the Principe scops owl , the Príncipe kingfisher , Príncipe seedeater , Principe starling , Príncipe sunbird , Dohrn's thrush-babbler and

680-808: A result, at the outbreak of hostilities, Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchant ships, the Ehrenfels , the Drachenfels and the Braunfels , as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of Mormugao . The Ehrenfels began transmitting Allied ship movements to the U-boats operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that

765-497: A trade treaty and trading post at Cananore , and clashed with a fleet belonging to the Zamorin at the Battle of Calicut of 1503 . He returned to Portugal in September 1503. The expedition of 1503 was the first time Afonso de Albuquerque sailed to India, as its commander. Its activities were limited to erecting a fort on the territory of the allied kingdom of Cochin, signing a peace with Zamorin that would prove brief, and opening

850-558: The Marquis of Vila Viçosa , opposed this conviction. Afonso sent an envoy to assess support for Joanna's cause and after receiving "favorable accounts respecting the partisans of the Infanta", he ordered war preparations to be made for the following spring. On 12 May 1475, Afonso and John entered Castile with an army of 5,600 cavalry and 14,000 foot soldiers. Afonso V proceeded to Palencia to meet Joanna while John returned home to govern

935-545: The satyagrahis ( peaceful protesters ) against Portuguese rule, outside Goa were violently suppressed through brute force. Many internal revolts were quelled and leaders extrajudicially murdered or jailed. As a result, India broke off diplomatic relations with Portugal, closed its consulate-general in Panjim and demanded that Portugal must close its delegation in New Delhi . India also imposed an economic embargo against

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1020-770: The Catholic Monarchs . John responded by having Fernando arrested, tried and convicted of twenty-two counts of treason, and publicly beheaded in June 1483. Afterwards, the assets of the House of Braganza were confiscated and the family fled to Castile. Braganza’s execution caused even more intrigue among the upper-nobility, who rallied behind Diogo, Duke of Viseu , John’s cousin and brother to his Queen Consort, Eleanor. In September 1484, John summoned Diogo to his private chambers, confronted him with evidence of treason, and stabbed him to death. Other ringleaders involved in

1105-760: The Cortes in Evora and held a grand oath-taking ceremony in which magnates and other subjects were required to swear allegiance to him as their unequivocal superior. The ceremony was perceived as humiliating by members of the upper nobility who were accustomed to the feudal tradition of acknowledging the king as simply first among equals. At the Cortes, John further enraged nobles by declaring that property title deeds would undergo examination to ensure their validity, as opposed to being confirmed in mass. After representatives of commoners voiced grievances concerning abuses committed by

1190-725: The Dutch East India Company invasion, the Dutch also buried their dead there. The pirates of Tangasseri inhabited the cemetery before Europeans arrived. Remnants of this cemetery still exist today, very close to Tangasseri Lighthouse and St Thomas Fort , which are listed among the protected monuments in the Archaeological Survey of India . Most of the Northern Province, composed of Taana , Bassein (Vasai) and Chaul near British Bombay

1275-734: The English Crown in 1661, as part of the dowry of Catherine Braganza to Charles II of England , who in turn leased the area to the English East India Company . In 1683, the Marathas attempted a siege against Portuguese settlements in the Konkan region, but with no success. Kollam ( Quilon ) was a prominent seaport and became a Portuguese settlement in 1519. They built a cemetery at Tangasseri in Quilon city. After

1360-576: The Indian peninsula , the most important of which were the eastern metropole of Goa and the largest province in Bombay-Bassein. Órfãs do Rei (literally "Orphans of the King") were orphaned Portuguese girls patronised by the King, and sent to overseas colonies to form marital alliances with either Portuguese settlers or natives of high status. In 1520, the Portuguese extended their dominion over

1445-688: The Indian subcontinent , such as Portuguese Ceylon and Portuguese Chittagong . The Ottoman Empire carried out the Siege of Diu in 1538, with a strong fleet under the command of the Ottoman governor of Egypt Sulaiman Pasha for four months, with the aid of a large army provided by the Sultan of Guzerat; however they were ultimately forced to retreat with considerable losses. The successful defence of Dio by captain António da Silveira against overwhelming odds

1530-569: The Marquis of Wellesley to send troops. Goa was briefly a British Protectorate from 1799 to 1813. The Portuguese governor Francisco António da Veiga Cabral managed to retain control of civil institutions by formally appointing the British officer in charge of the occupation, Sir William Clarke, as commander of Portuguese troops in Goa under his authority. In 1843, the capital was moved to Panjim ( Nova Goa or New Goa), when it officially became

1615-601: The Monastery of Batalha in 1499. The nickname the Perfect Prince is a posthumous appellation that is intended to refer to Niccolò Machiavelli 's work The Prince . John II is considered to have lived his life exactly according to the writer's idea of a perfect prince. Nevertheless, he was admired as one of the greatest European monarchs of his time. Isabella I of Castile often referred to him as El Hombre (The Man). The Italian scholar Poliziano wrote

1700-456: The Phoebe , and sailed around India to Goa, where they sank the Ehrenfels . The British then sent an unencrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces. The raid was described in the book Boarding Party by James Leasor . Due to the potential political ramifications of

1785-647: The Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia , EPI ) or Portuguese India (Portuguese: Índia Portuguesa ), was a state of the Portuguese Empire founded six years after the discovery of the sea route to the Indian subcontinent by Vasco da Gama , a subject of the Kingdom of Portugal . The capital of Portuguese India served as the governing centre of a string of military forts and maritime ports scattered along

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1870-655: The Príncipe weaver . The Príncipe white-eye also occurs on São Tomé . Geckos include the Príncipe gecko , frogs include the palm forest tree frog and the Príncipe puddle frog . Marine fauna includes Muricopsis principensis , a mollusc and the West African mud turtle . UNESCO established the Island of Príncipe Biosphere Reserve in 2012 under the Man and the Biosphere Programme . The reserve encompasses

1955-515: The Zamorin . Over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama managed to secure a letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin, but the Portuguese were unable to pay the prescribed customs duties and price of his goods in gold. Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gama's Portuguese agents as security for payment. This annoyed Gama, who carried off a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force. Nevertheless, Gama's expedition

2040-726: The exclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Dio districts . The Salazar regime of Portugal lost de facto control of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954. Finally, the rest of the overseas territory was lost in December 1961 with the Indian Annexation of Goa under PM Nehru . Portugal only recognised Indian control after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime in a treaty signed on 31 December 1974. The first Portuguese encounter with

2125-555: The second time with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims from Calicut which was turned down. The ruler showed willingness to sign a treaty, but Gama bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels after he was informed that the Zamorin was messaging neighbouring rulers to join him in resisting the Portuguese at the same time. While in India, Gama also attacked Onor, reduced Baticala to tributary status, established

2210-568: The secular education of the native elites was opened; and the Goan Inquisition was abolished. Under the influence of Pombal, King José declared that native Christians were equal in standing with Europeans, while the Viceroy Count of Ega declared religious freedom and prohibited racial slander. For these reasons, "Pombal and his collaborators remain, to this day, much respected figures in Goa" In 1783, following an attack on

2295-498: The 'bending' of starlight , in accordance with Einstein's predictions (see Eddington experiment ). On April 29, 1995, the Autonomous Region of Príncipe was established, corresponding with the existing Pagué District . Príncipe has one town, Santo António , and an airport ( IATA code : PCP, ICAO : FPPR). Some other smaller settlements are Sundy and Porto Real . Portuguese is the official and main language of

2380-476: The Committee, who rejected it, correctly, on the grounds that Columbus's estimate for a voyage of 2,400 nmi was only a quarter of what it should have been. In 1488, Columbus again appealed to the court of Portugal, and John II again granted him an audience. That meeting also proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Dias returned to Portugal with news of his successful rounding of

2465-474: The Indian Ocean, from Southern Africa to Southeast Asia . In 1752, Mozambique got its own separate government; from 1844 on, Portuguese Goa stopped administering Macao , Solor and Timor . Despite this, the viceroy at Goa only controlled limited portions of the Portuguese settlements in the east ; some settlements remained informal private affairs, without a captain or câmara (municipal council). By

2550-473: The Northern Province of Portuguese India. It extended almost 100 km (62 mi) along the west coast from Daman to Chaul and in some places30–50 km (19–31 mi) inland. The territory ( province ) of Portuguese Bombay had its city centre in and around the Bassein Fort ; subject to the viceroy in the capital ( metropole ) of Velha Goa in south Konkan country, along with other colonies in

2635-528: The Perfect Prince (Portuguese: o Príncipe Perfeito ), was King of Portugal from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477. He is known for reestablishing the power of the Portuguese monarchy , reinvigorating the economy of Portugal, and renewing the Portuguese exploration of Africa and Asia. Born in Lisbon on 3 May 1455, John was the second son of Afonso V of Portugal and Isabella of Coimbra . At one month old, on 25 June 1455, he

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2720-582: The Portuguese could field perhaps 2,000 to 3,000 European and mestiço troops supported by a similar amount of local auxiliaries, while the larger Indian states could field tens of thousands each. Portuguese superiority in military technology (especially in ships and artillery), training (especially in the skill of their gunners), and tactics, combined with the disunity of the Indian states opposing them, allowed them to keep their position and consistently win their wars. The seven islands of Bombay were presented to

2805-504: The Portuguese fortress of Diu was sieged a second time by a Gujarati army led by the lord of Surat Khoja Zufar . In 1556, the printing press in Goa was the first installed in India at Saint Paul's College, Goa . Through publications made on the press, he opened a window on the knowledge and customs of Europe. The Jesuits brought this European-style, metal movable type technology to Macao in China in 1588 and to Japan in 1590. By

2890-652: The Portuguese ship Santana, the Marathas handed over control of the territories of Dadrá and Nagar Áveli. The Portuguese then purchased Dadrá in 1785. By 1818, the Portuguese were the undisputed rulers of Nagar Áveli after the dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy . The Conspiracy of the Pintos , also known as the Pinto Revolt, was a rebellion against Portuguese rule in Goa in 1787. The leaders of

2975-461: The Zamorin, and finally captured a large Egyptian trade fleet at the Battle of Pandarane . On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of India , on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: Anjediva , Cannanore , Cochin and Quilon . Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men. On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip Island, where he started

3060-591: The administrative seat of the Estado , replacing the city of Velha Goa (Old Goa), although the viceroys had taken residence there already since 1 December 1759. In 1844, the Portuguese governor of India stopped administering the territories of Macão, Solór, and Timór. Only then was the territory of the State of India confined to the Indian subcontinent itself. Portugal was neutral during the Second World War. As

3145-500: The assistance of King Louis XI in his fight against Castile. In September 1477, disheartened that his efforts to secure support had proved fruitless, Afonso abdicated the throne and embarked on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He was eventually persuaded to return to Portugal, where he arrived in November 1477. John had been proclaimed king days prior to Afonso's arrival, but relinquished his new title and insisted that his father reassume

3230-613: The city was set on fire. Zamorin's forces rallied, killing Coutinho and wounding Albuquerque. Albuquerque withdrew with his forces, and after Zamorin was assassinated in 1513, he entered into agreement with his successor to protect Portuguese interests in Malabar, and a fort was built on Calicut. In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate sultan with the aid of the Hindu privateer Timoja , leading to

3315-402: The coastal waters southwards to Colombo , in what is now Sri Lanka . In Cannanore, a new ruler, hostile to the Portuguese and friendly with the Zamorin, attacked the Portuguese garrison, leading to the Siege of Cannanore . In 1507 Almeida's mission was strengthened by the arrival of Tristão da Cunha 's squadron. Afonso de Albuquerque's squadron had split from that of Cunha off East Africa and

3400-573: The coasts of the Indian Ocean . The first viceroy Francisco de Almeida established his base of operations at Fort Manuel in the Malabar region , after the Kingdom of Cochin negotiated to become a protectorate of Portugal in 1505. With the Portuguese conquest of Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate in 1510, Goa became the major anchorage for the Armadas arriving in India. The capital of

3485-484: The construction of Fort Anjediva . On 23 October, with the permission of the friendly ruler of Kōlattir, he started building Fort St Angelo of Cannanore , leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships. On 31 October 1505, Francisco de Almeida reached Cochin with only 8 vessels left. There, he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships, who destroyed 27 Calicut vessels in

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3570-500: The cortes for financial support, and strengthen the monarchy's power over the nobility. John established a new court called the Mesa or Tribunal do Desembargo do Paco to supervise petitions for pardon, privileges, freedoms, and legislation. He also instituted annual elections for the judges, clerks, and hospital stewards under federal jurisdiction. His attempts to centralize hospitals across Portugal were not implemented fully but paved

3655-721: The crown. From 1477 to 1481, John and Afonso V were "practically corulers." John, given control of overseas policy in 1474 and concerned with consolidating Portuguese control of Africa, played a major role in negotiating the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) with Spain that concluded the War of the Castilian Succession and ensured Portugal hegemony in the Atlantic south of the Canary Islands . The treaty also arranged for

3740-707: The eldest daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu , on 22 January 1471. John accompanied his father in the campaigns in northern Africa and was knighted after the victory in the Conquest of Arzila in August 1471. Following the death of Henry IV of Castile in December 1474 and the accession of his niece, Isabella, a faction of the nobility hostile to Isabella offered the Castilian crown to Afonso V, provided he wed Henry's daughter, Joanna. John urged his father to marry Joanna and invade Castile, but leading nobles, namely

3825-420: The emancipation of Christian converts owned by Jews. However, the king’s personal attitude towards Portuguese Jews has been described as pragmatic, as he valued their economic contributions and defended them against unjust harassment. After the Catholic Monarchs expelled Jews from Castile and Aragon in 1492, John authorized the admission of tens of thousands of Jews into Portugal at the price of eight cruzados

3910-632: The end of the 18th century, most of these unofficial colonies were abandoned by Portugal, due to heavy competition from European and Indian rivals. In later years, Portugal's authority was confined to holdings in the Canara , Cambay and Konkan regions along the west coast of India . At the time of the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, Portuguese India comprised three administrative divisions , sometimes referred to collectively as Goa : Goa which included Anjediva and Damaon , which included

3995-511: The enslaved Castilian Jews were seized from their parents and deported to the African island of São Tomé in order to be raised there as Christians and serve as colonists. In July 1491, John's only legitimate child, Prince Afonso , died in a horse accident, confronting Portugal with a succession crisis. The king wanted his illegitimate son Jorge to succeed him but Queen Eleanor was intent on securing succession for her younger brother Manuel,

4080-967: The entire emerged area of the island of Príncipe, and its islets Bom Bom, Boné do Jóquei, Mosteiros, Santana, and Pedra da Galei, and the Tinhosas islands. 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century Portuguese India 17th century Portuguese India 18th century Portuguese India 16th century 17th century 19th century Portuguese Macau 20th century Portuguese Macau 15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada] 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century John II of Portugal John II ( Portuguese : João II ; [ʒuˈɐ̃w] ; 3 May 1455 – 25 October 1495), called

4165-558: The establishment of a permanent settlement in the city of Velha Goa (Old Goa in English). Goa (island) bore the seat of the viceroy , who governed all the possessions in Asia. Albuquerque added to the State of India the cities of Malacca in 1511 and Ormus in 1515. He encouraged the settlement of his soldiers and their marriage to native women. In the mid-16th century, there were about 2000 casados ("married men") in Goa. Goa included

4250-418: The expense of the Dessais of Kudal , the Sondas, and the Bhonslas / Mahrattas of Silvassa , which became known as the Novas Conquistas . By order of the Marquis de Pombal , the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal's territories in 1759. They were replaced by the Oratorians , a native Goan Catholic religious order founded by Christian Brahmin and Christian Cxatria converts; a college dedicated to

4335-572: The fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978. In 1980 the story was made into the film, The Sea Wolves , starring Gregory Peck , David Niven and Roger Moore . On 24 July 1954 an organisation called " The United Front of Goans " took control of the enclave of Dadra . Nagar Haveli was seized by Azad Gomantak Dal on 2 August 1954. The International Court of Justice at The Hague delivered an impasse verdict, regarding access to Dadra and Nagar Haveli by Portugal. From 1954,

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4420-461: The field, but overall the battle was indecisive. Despite its uncertain outcome, the Battle of Toro represented a great political victory for Isabella and Ferdinand and Afonso's prospects for obtaining the Castilian crown were severely damaged. John promptly returned to Portugal to disband the remnants of his army, arriving the first week of April. Months after the Battle of Toro, in August 1476, Afonso V travelled to France hoping to obtain

4505-510: The first structures at the Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra , the Our Lady of Velankanni shrine and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles , which are among the important Christian pilgrimage sites of South Asia. Several colonies were also acquired from the Sultan of Guzerat in the north Konkan region : Daman was sacked in 1531 and ceded in 1539; Salsette , the seven islands of Bombay , Chaul and Bassein (Vasai) in 1534; and Diu , in 1535. These would jointly come to be known as

4590-406: The first time. At Goa, Albuquerque instituted an orphan's fund and opened a hospital, the Hospital Real de Goa , modelled after the grand Hospital Real de Todos os Santos in Lisbon. Also at Goa were built smaller hospitals run by the city's charity, the Misericórdia , dedicated to serving the poor and the natives. Albuquerque's policies proved immensely popular amongst his soldiers as well as

4675-410: The fleet discovered the islands of Ascension and Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, and despite it having been planned as a purely commercial expedition, the fleet clashed with vessels of the Zamorin of Calicut off the Malabar Coast at the First Battle of Cannanore , the first significant naval battle of Portuguese India. The fleet may also have called at Ceylon. Vasco da Gama sailed to India for

4760-401: The harbour of Quilon. Almeida took up residence in Cochin and strengthened Fort Manuel . The Zamorin prepared a fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese, but in March 1506, Lourenço de Almeida (son of Francisco) was victorious in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour, in the Battle of Cannanore (1506) , an important setback for the fleet of the Zamorin. Lourenço de Almeida explored

4845-416: The island were made into plantations by Portuguese colonists using slave labor . These concentrated initially on producing sugar and after 1822 on cocoa , becoming the world's greatest cocoa producer. Since independence, these plantations have largely reverted to forest. The island's fortress named Fortaleza de Santo António da Ponta da Mina on a point inside Baía de Santo António (Santo António Bay)

4930-479: The island. Portuguese creoles are also spoken: Principense or Lunguyê and, in some scale, Forro are also spoken. In 1771, Príncipe had a population of 5,850: 111 whites, 165 free mulattoes, 6 mulatto slaves, 900 free blacks, and 4,668 black slaves. In 1875, the year when slavery was officially abolished in the archipelago, Príncipe's population had dropped to only 1,946, of whom 45 were Europeans, 1,521 were free natives, and 380 were freemen. In 2018, Príncipe had

5015-411: The kingdom. In March 1476, at Toro , Afonso V and John and some 8,000 men faced Castilian forces of similar size led by Isabella's husband, Ferdinand of Aragon , Cardinal Mendoza and the Duke of Alba . King Afonso V was beaten by the left and center of King Ferdinand's army and fled from the battlefield. John defeated the Castilian right wing, recovered the lost Portuguese Royal standard, and held

5100-434: The kingdom. On May 25, Joanna and Afonso were betrothed and proclaimed sovereigns of Castile. In the same month, John's wife, Eleanor, gave birth to the couple's only child to survive infancy, Afonso . In late 1475, Afonso, with only a fragment of his army remaining, wrote letters to John imploring him to provide reinforcements. John raised an army and left for Castile again in January 1476, appointing Eleanor regent of

5185-491: The known coast of Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India and breaking into the spice trade . During John II's reign, the following achievements were realised: In 1484, John appointed a Maritime Advisory Committee, the Junta dos Mathematicos , to supervise navigational efforts and provide explorers with charts and instruments. Around the same time, Christopher Columbus proposed his planned voyage to John. The king relegated Columbus's proposal to

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5270-404: The legal heir presumptive. Following bitter disputes with Eleanor and a failed petition to Rome to have Jorge legitimized, John finally recognized Manuel as his heir in his will while on his deathbed in September 1495. John died of dropsy at Alvor on 25 October 1495 and was succeeded by Manuel I . He was initially interred at the Silves Cathedral , but his remains were transferred to

5355-545: The local population, especially his characteristically strict observance of justice. When Albuquerque died in sight of Goa in 1515, even the Hindu natives of Goa mourned his passing alongside the Portuguese. His tomb at the Nossa Senhora da Serra hermitage was converted to a shrine by the local Hindus, who would leave flowers there in his dedication and direct prayers to him, seeking aid in matters of justice, until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1566. The Portuguese had also shipped Órfãs do Rei to their colonies in

5440-419: The marriage of John's son, Afonso, to the eldest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella . Following his father's death on 28 August 1481, John was proclaimed King of Portugal and crowned at Sintra on 31 August. After his official accession to the throne, John strived to diminish the power and influence of the nobility that had greatly accumulated during his father’s reign. In 1481, he assembled

5525-470: The nobility and clergy, he deprived nobles of their right to administer justice on their estates, instead authorizing crown officials or corregedors to inspect and dispense justice throughout the realm. Such aggressive assertions of royal supremacy roused resentment amongst the nobility. By 1482, Fernando, Duke of Braganza , the wealthiest nobleman in Portugal, and his followers had begun conspiring for John’s deposition, allegedly receiving support from

5610-452: The plot were persecuted. Ultimately, John succeeded in enriching the Crown by executing or exiling most of Portugal’s feudal lords and confiscating their estates. For the rest of his reign, he kept the creation of titles to a bare minimum. Under John's direction, commercial activity in Africa became a crown monopoly. The immense profits generated by African ventures enabled the king to fund exploration expeditions, reduce his reliance on

5695-425: The plot were three prominent priests from the village of Candolim in the concelho of Bardez . They belonged to the noble Roman Catholic Brahmin Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion. This was the first anti-colonial revolt in India and one of the first by Catholic subjects in all European colonies. Military intelligence about France's plan to occupy Goa caused the British Governor-general at Calcutta,

5780-445: The return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of the 13 ships on 23 June 1501. In 1502, the Portuguese built a trading post in Pulicat because its location at the mouth of a lagoon made it a great natural harbor. The third Portuguese expedition to reach India sailed under the command of João da Nova and was composed of four ships, tasked mainly with acquiring spices and returning to Europe. While en route,

5865-474: The southern tip of Africa (near the Cape of Good Hope ). Columbus then sought an audience with the Catholic Monarchs and eventually secured their support. While returning home from his first voyage early in 1493, Columbus was driven by storm into the port of Lisbon. John II welcomed him warmly but asserted that under the Treaty of Alcáçovas previously signed with Spain, Columbus's discoveries lay within Portugal's sphere of influence. The king then prepared

5950-496: The start of the 17th century, the population of Goa and the surrounding areas was about 250,000. Holding this strategic land against repeated attacks by the Indian states required constant infusions of men and material. Portugal's important victories, such as the battle of Cochin in 1504, the defence of Diu in 1509 , the conquest of Goa in 1510, the defences of Diu in 1538 and 1546, and the defence of Goa in 1571 were accomplished with limited manpower . In their largest deployments,

6035-403: The subcontinent was on 20 May 1498, when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast . Anchored off the coast of Calicut, the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board and bought some Indian items. One Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim. On the advice of this man, Gama sent a couple of his men to Ponnani to meet with the ruler of Calicut,

6120-609: The time the native laws of Goa were still not written, instead being handled by councils of elders or religious judges and passed down orally. There were Portuguese settlements in and around the Coromandel region . The Luz Church in the Mylapore neighbourhood of Madras (Chennai) was the first church that the Portuguese built in the area in 1516; the São Tomé or San Thome shrine was rebuilt by them in 1522. They also built

6205-575: The town of Rachol , when Krishnadevaraya captured the Rachol Fort and delivered it to the Portuguese, in exchange for a mutual defence pact against the Deccan Sultanates . In 1526, John III of Portugal granted the city of Goa and its town hall the same legal status as Lisbon , in a foral in which the general laws and privileges of the city, its town hall, and the local Hindu community were detailed – especially important since at

6290-463: The viceroyalty was transferred from Cochin to Goa in 1530. From 1535, Mumbai (Bombay) was a harbour of Portuguese India, known as Bom Bahia , until it was handed over, through the dowry of Catherine de Braganza to Charles II of England in 1661. The expression "State of India" began regularly appearing in documents in the mid-16th century. Until the 18th century, the viceroy in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in and around

6375-552: The way for the radical reforms introduced during the reign of Manuel I. John II famously restored the policies of Atlantic exploration, reviving and broadening the work of his great-uncle, Henry the Navigator . The Portuguese explorations were his main priority in government, patronising both local and foreign men, such as João Afonso de Aveiro and Martin Behaim , to further his goals. Portuguese explorers pushed south along

6460-520: Was a battle of annihilation , is one of the most celebrated exploits in Portuguese history, and frequently compared to the Great Siege of Malta . On the occasion, the Portuguese captured the Tiro de Diu , a massive Guzerati bombard. According to Portuguese records, there was a cholera epidemic in 1543, "It is said that deaths from the disposal of the disease were so numerous that the disposal of bodies

6545-599: Was a formidable task" On 16 May 1546, the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier requested the institution of the Goa Inquisition for the " Old Christians " and " New Christians " in a letter to John III of Portugal . Non-Christians were officially oppressed, even before the Inquisition was set up. Francis Xavier was instrumental in a mass conversion of 30,000 Paravar fishermen at Cape Comorin . In this year,

6630-584: Was ambushed by the locals, resulting in the deaths of more than fifty Portuguese. Cabral was outraged by the attack on the factory and seized ten Arab merchant ships anchored in the harbor, killing about six hundred of their crew, confiscating their cargo and promptly burning the ships. Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement. Additionally, Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with local rulers in Cochin and Cannanore . Cabral started

6715-477: Was built in 1695. In 1706, the city and the fortress were destroyed by the French. From 1753 until 1852, Santo António was the colonial capital of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe . Príncipe was the site where Einstein's theory of relativity was experimentally corroborated by Arthur Stanley Eddington and his team during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919 ; photographs of the eclipse revealed evidence of

6800-522: Was decisively defeated at the Battle of Diu in 1509. In 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque was appointed the second governor of Portuguese possessions in the East. After acquiring their first protectorate in Portuguese Cochin , a new fleet under Marshal Fernão Coutinho arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of Zamorin of Calicut . Zamorin's palace was captured and destroyed, and

6885-448: Was declared legitimate heir to the crown and received an oath of allegiance from the three estates . In 1468, Afonso V and Henry IV of Castile attempted to arrange a double marriage in which John would marry Henry's daughter, Joanna , and Afonso would marry Henry's niece and heir-presumptive, Isabella of Castile . However, Isabella refused to consent to the arrangement. Instead, John married Eleanor of Viseu , his first cousin and

6970-507: Was extremely damaging to Allied shipping. The British Royal Navy was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of Special Operations Executive backed a covert raid using members from the Calcutta Light Horse , a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat,

7055-481: Was independently conquering territories in the Persian Gulf to the west. In March 1508, a Portuguese squadron under the command of Lourenço de Almeida was attacked by a combined Mameluk Egyptian and Gujarat Sultanate fleet at Chaul and Dabul respectively, led by admirals Mirocem and Meliqueaz in the Battle of Chaul . Lourenço de Almeida died after a fierce fight in this battle. Mamluk-Indian resistance

7140-444: Was lost following another Mahratta Invasion of Bassein in 1739. Goa, Daman and Diu as well as Anjediva , were retained because a fleet of Portuguese Armadas arrived from Lisbon , bearing a newly appointed viceroy. In 1752, Mozambique was detached from the State of India and henceforth ruled by its own governor. In the aftermath of the battles and the losses, the Portuguese expanded the territory of Goa between 1763 and 1788, at

7225-411: Was successful beyond all reasonable expectations, bringing in cargo worth sixty times the cost of the expedition. Pedro Álvares Cabral sailed to India, marking the arrival of Europeans to Brazil on the way, to trade for black pepper and other spices, negotiating and establishing a factory at Kozhikode , where he arrived on 13 September 1500. Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Kozhikode

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