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69-775: Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti was established on 28 November 1561 in the Treaty of Vilnius between the Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus and the last Landmeister in Livonia Gotthard Kettler , contractually negotiated and granted privilege , which sets the ratio of the Livland Estates Order on the Polish crown and sealed the end of the Teutonic Order and

138-610: A Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire , part of Estonia with Reval (Tallinn), which was under Swedish protection, and the westernmost part of Estonia with Øsel (Ösel, Saaremaa), which was Danish . In the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , a stable political system was established on the basis of the 1561 treaty, and only in 1617 this was modified by the Formula regiminis and Statuta Curlandiæ , which granted

207-695: A Free imperial city . Hard-pressed by Ivan IV of Russia , the remnant of the Livonian Confederation concluded a treaty with Poland–Lithuania on 28 November 1561, subordinating themselves to the Sigismund II Augustus . In November 1561 the new Grand Master Gotthard Kettler secularized the Order and surrendered Livonia to Sigismund Augustus, retaining the Duchy of Courland for himself as Polish-Lithuanian vassal. The Northern Crusade

276-620: A Baltic German physician, naturalist, and entomologist, was born in Tartu. He was one of the earliest scientific explorers of the Pacific region, making significant collections of flora and fauna in Alaska, California, and Hawaii. Nobel Chemistry Prize laureate Wilhelm Ostwald studied and worked in Tartu. The Tartu School is one of the leading scientific schools in semiotics . The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to

345-574: A brief siege led by hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz ; roughly 1000 Swedish soldiers surrendered and were escorted to Tallinn . In the effect of yet another Polish-Swedish War , in 1625 Tartu was once again captured by Sweden, this time for good. In the effect of the 1629 Truce of Altmark the city became part of the Dominions of Sweden , which led to the foundation of the University of Tartu in 1632 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden . In 1704

414-485: A comparatively thriving nightlife, with many nightclubs, bars, and restaurants, including the world's highest-ceiling pub, in the historic Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu . Annually, in the summer, Tartu hosts the Hanseatic Days festival ( Estonian : Hansapäevad ) to celebrate its Hanseatic heritage. The festival includes events such as handicraft markets, historic workshops and jousting tournaments. The city hosts

483-791: A new constitution and initiated Counter-Reformation . These measures were reversed after the Swedish conquest . When after a further series of wars Livonia capitulated to Russia in 1710 , the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti was confirmed by Peter the Great . In 1513, the Grand Master of the Livonian Order bought his order out of the union with the Teutonic Knights . Thus, the secularization of

552-636: A prestigious high-class neighborhood. The active community embodied by the Supilinn Society is committed to preserving the heritage. The Second World War destroyed large parts of the city centre and during the Soviet occupation, many new buildings were erected – notably the new Vanemuine Theater. The effects of the war are still witnessed by the relative abundance of parks and greenery in the historic centre. Typical Soviet-style neighbourhoods of blocks of high-rise flats were built between World War II and

621-533: Is 186 kilometres (116 miles) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of Riga , Latvia. Tartu lies on the Emajõgi river, which connects the two largest lakes in Estonia, Lake Võrtsjärv and Lake Peipus . From the 13th century until the end of the 19th century, Tartu was known in most of the world by variants of its historical name Dorpat . Tartu, the largest urban centre of southern Estonia,

690-467: Is officially divided into 17 neighbourhoods, which carry no administrative purposes. Their names and borders are defined. The city is best known for being home to the University of Tartu (formerly known as the University of Dorpat; German: Universität Dorpat ), founded under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632. Mainly for this reason, Tartu is also – tongue-in-cheek – known as " Athens of

759-598: Is often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country, especially as it is home to the nation's oldest and most renowned university, the University of Tartu (founded in 1632). Tartu also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , the Estonian National Museum , and the oldest Estonian-language theatre, Vanemuine . It is also the birthplace of

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828-410: Is one of the largest employers, which explains the large proportion of highly skilled professionals – researchers, professors, doctors, and Tartu University Clinic has been considered the largest employer of Tartu. The city is served by Tartu Airport . The distance to Estonia's "summer holiday capital", Pärnu (in the western Estonia) is 176 kilometres (109 miles) and the fastest route there by road

897-542: Is through Viljandi and Kilingi-Nõmme . Tartu is connected to Riga, Tallinn, and other Estonian towns by many bus and train routes. Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881 and Estonian Statistical Office. Note that the data up to 2011 is not directly comparable to the most recent numbers, as the methodology of compiling population statistics has changed. Religion in Tartu City (2021) [1] Tartu

966-715: The Augsburg Confession , the Indigenat ( Polish : Indygenat ), and continuation of the traditional German jurisdiction and administration. The terms regarding religious freedom forbade any regulation of the traditional Protestant order by religious or secular authorities, and ruled that cases of disagreements be judged only by Protestant scholars. The Livonian regions south of the Daugava River (Düna, Dvina), comprising Courland (Kurland) and Semigallia (Semgallen, Zemgale, Žiemgala), were established as

1035-486: The Duchy of Livonia . Báthory however regarded the re-conquered territories as his war booty, refused to confirm the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti , and in 1582 replaced it with the Constitutiones Livoniae , which tolerated Indigenat and Augsburg Confession, but revoked their status as elementary right and else did not contain any privileges. The traditional German administration and jurisdiction

1104-745: The Estonian Song Festivals . Tartu was designated as the European Capital of Culture in 2024. It is thought that the name derives from the word for aurochs , tarvas . Since Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the Estonian-language Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑrtˑu] ), alternative South Estonian spelling: Tarto ) has been the only name in official use but throughout its history there have also been various names for it in other languages. Most of them derive ultimately from

1173-845: The Jesuits of Riga and Dorpat (Tartu). The respective Jesuit colleges and the Catholic bishopric with its see in Wenden (Cēsis) were founded in 1566. Counter-reformation focussed on the Latvian and Estonian population, since they were not explicitly mentioned in the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti - a disputed interpretation since the German Livonian estates traditionally spoke for all Livonians. Lutherans were forbidden to preach in Estonian , Latvian and Russian language , while at

1242-594: The Livonian Confederation . For the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia the Pacta Subiectionis was additionally signed, which in addition to the privileges governed the relationship of the nobility to the duke, the Polish king and the Reichstag. Gotthard Kettler was the last national champion of the Livonian Order . He subordinated himself to the remains of the Order and its vassals Poland-Lithuania. After negotiations with King Sigismund Augustus, he granted

1311-627: The Livonian Order was the "final act" in Livonia's transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern era . The territories were re-organized in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia , the latter competing with the Kingdom of Livonia during the war. After its reconquest , Sigismund's successor Stephen Báthory (Batory) ignored the privileges of 1561, granted

1380-673: The Meistriliiga clubs, is located in Tartu. Their home stadium is the Tamme Staadion , which has a capacity of 1600. The city is also home to the Tartu JK Welco and FC Santos Tartu clubs, which play in the Esiliiga , the second division. Tartu has a professional volleyball club, Bigbank Tartu , as well as the handball team, the Tartu Ülikool/Glassdrive, which plays in the second division of Estonian handball. Tartu

1449-559: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1598 it became the capital of the Dorpat Voivodeship of the Duchy of Livonia . A Jesuit grammar school "Gymnasium Dorpatense" was established in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king Stephen Báthory . The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by

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1518-606: The Polish–Swedish War . Already in late 1600 the forces of Charles IX of Sweden besieged the city defended by three banners of reiters and the city's burghers. Despite repeated assaults, the Swedes could not enter the city. Finally in 1601 Capt. Hermann Wrangel switched sides, assaulted the castellan and opened the gates for the Swedish forces. The town was retaken by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 13 April 1603 following

1587-548: The Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti . When in 1710 Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia during the Great Northern War , the capitulations explicitly referred to the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti , with the respective references being confirmed in the Treaty of Nystad (1721). Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after Tallinn . Tartu has a population of 97,435 (as of 2023). It

1656-865: The Rally Estonia . It is the biggest motorsport event in the Baltic states . The rally was part of the European Rally Championship between 2014 and 2016. Since 2020 Rally Estonia is part of the World Rally Championship . Tartu is the home for basketball club Tartu Ülikool/Rock , which participates in the Korvpalli Meistriliiga and the Latvian-Estonian Basketball League . Football club JK Tammeka Tartu , one of

1725-677: The Russian Empire and was known as Derpt . Fires in the 18th century destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the Great Fire of Tartu in 1775 removed most of the buildings in the centre. The city was rebuilt along Late Baroque and Neoclassical lines including the Tartu Town Hall which was built between 1782 and 1789. In 1783 the city became the centre of Derpt uyezd within the Governorate of Livonia . During

1794-714: The Teutonic Order State , which led to the establishment of the Protestant Duchy of Prussia under the Polish king in 1525 , did not affect Livonia , where the Recess of Wolmar (Valmiera) forbade any future secularization in 1546. The Protestant Reformation had started in Riga in 1517, and afterward it had spread to all of Livonia; religious freedom was declared in 1554. As the Livonian Confederation

1863-457: The Yuryev fort was burned down by Sosols (probably Oeselians , Sackalians , or another Estonian tribe). Soon afterwards the fort was rebuilt by locals. In the 12th century, local Ungannians on one side and troops from the neighbouring Novgorod Republic on the other side repeatedly raided each other. In those campaigns, the invaders were reportedly able to capture Tartu in 1133 or 1134, and in

1932-896: The Emajõgi" or as " Heidelberg of the North". Tartu is also the seat of the Estonian University of Life Sciences , the Baltic Defence College , Estonian Aviation Academy (formerly known as Tartu Aviation College), and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research . Other notable institutions include the Supreme Court of Estonia (re-established in Tartu in autumn 1993), the Estonian Historical Archives , Estonian National Museum , Estonian Sports and Olympic Museum as well as

2001-547: The German gentry to a degree that they supported the Swedish take-over of Livonia (without Latgalia , Courland and Semigallia ), formalized in the treaties of Altmark (1629) and Stuhmsdorf (1635) . The Polish–Swedish wars had begun in 1600, when Catholic Sigismund III Vasa tried to incorporate Protestant Swedish Estonia into the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia , whereupon the local nobles turned to

2070-681: The Livonian Order was subsumed into the Teutonic Knights in 1236, the town became an important trading city. In the 1280s Dorpat joined the Hanseatic League . In 1558, tsar Ivan the Terrible invaded Tartu beginning the Livonian War . Forces under the command of Pyotr Shuiski encircled the town and began the heavy bombardment. In light of this and without any prospect of external help the town surrendered. The local bishop

2139-509: The Livonian nobility and Courland nobility special rights: The autonomy rights set in this form served the German upper class also with later changes of rule as basis for negotiations and retained essentially up to the year 1919 (Imperial Russian Baltic governorate Livland) their validity. This article related to a treaty is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Treaty of Vilnius (1561) The secularization of

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2208-470: The Soviet occupation authorities and large swathes of previously residential areas were turned into parks and parking lots. After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Tartu a "closed town for foreigners", as an airbase for bombers was constructed on Raadi Airfield , in the northeast outskirts of the city. It was one of the largest military airbases in the former Eastern Bloc and housed strategic bombers carrying nuclear bombs. On one end of an older strip of

2277-463: The area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of the early 11th century Kievan Rus . Yaroslav I the Wise , Grand Prince of Kiev , invaded the region of Tartu in ca 1030, and after a victorious battle with the local tribe of Ungannians built his own fort there, and named it Yuryev . Tartu may have remained under Kievan Rus' control until 1061, when, according to chronicles,

2346-426: The army of prince Dmitri of Pereslavl launched an assault on Dorpat, capturing and destroying the town. His troops did not manage to capture the bishop's fortress on Toome Hill. The event was recorded both in subsequent German and Old East Slavic chronicles, which also provided the first record of a settlement of German merchants and artisans which had arisen alongside the bishop's fortress. In medieval times, after

2415-577: The city has been known as Tērbata in Latvian , and Finnish speakers use the toponym Tartto . Tartu lies on the Emajõgi River, whose name literally means 'mother river' in Estonian. In Latvian, the name of Emajõgi river is Mētra. Therefore, Tartu's historical unofficial name in Latvian is Mētraine. Historically, Tartu was the main center for Latvian academic education, which is the reason why

2484-517: The duke of Södermanland and later Swedish king, Charles IX for protection. Charles IX expelled the Polish forces from Estonia, and his campaigns in the Duchy of Livonia were concluded in 1621 by his successor Gustavus Adolphus , who established the dominion of Swedish Livonia from the bulk of the Duchy of Livonia . Swedish rule ended the Counter-Reformation, and the privileges of the Livonian nobles resembled those outlined in

2553-552: The earliest attested form, the Estonian Tarbatu . In German, Swedish and Polish the town has been known, and up until the 20th century was sometimes referred to, as Dorpat , a variant of Tarbatu . In Russian the city has been known as Юрьев ( Yur′yev , after Yuri , the baptismal name of grand prince Yaroslav I the Wise ) and as Дерпт ( Derpt , from the Low German variant of Dorpat ). Similarly

2622-431: The end of the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence following World War I, a peace treaty between the Bolshevik Russia and Estonia was signed on 2 February 1920 in Tartu ( Treaty of Tartu ). With the treaty, Soviet Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time". In 1920, the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Finland was also signed in Tartu. During the interwar period Tähtvere neighbourhood

2691-453: The former Soviet Union, in large part because of the military airbase. Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre has been renovated. Notably, St. John's Church , in ruins since World War II, has been restored. Many new commercial and business buildings have been erected ( Tartu Kaubamaja , Tasku , Emajõe kaubanduskeskus , Lõunakeskus , Kvartal , etc.). The highest residential building and local landmark Tigutorn

2760-431: The indigenous nobles additional rights at the duke's expense. The situation north of the Daugava was quite different. On 25 December 1566, the Union of Grodno established a real union between the Duchy of Livonia the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Livonia's administrative division was re-organized with its castellans becoming members of the Lithuanian senate. The union however did not impact Livonian jurisdiction, which

2829-411: The main shopping street, many buildings around the town hall square and Barclay Square . The historical slum area called Supilinn ( Soup Town ) is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving "poor" neighbourhoods of 19th-century Europe. At the moment Supilinn is being rapidly renovated, undergoing a slow transformation from the historic slum into

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2898-438: The name of the city used to be Latvianized. Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD. By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of Toome Hill ( Toomemägi ). Over the next centuries the settlement grew, and around 9th–10th centuries became an inland trading center. The first documented records of

2967-422: The oldest and renowned theatre in the country, Vanemuine , where they have a well-respected ballet company as well as theatre, opera and musical productions. In music, there exists the Tartu school of composition . Most of the sculptures in Tartu are dedicated to historical figures. Among them, the most famous are the Barclay de Tolly monument on Barclay Square in downtown, the Kissing Students monument on

3036-402: The pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors and local politicians. Most notable are the old Lutheran St. John's Church ( Estonian : Jaani Kirik , German: Johanneskirche ), the 18th-century town hall , the university building, ruins of the 13th-century cathedral , the botanical gardens,

3105-438: The princes of Novgorod and Pskov had sent additional troops led by prince Vyachko of Kukenois to aid the Estonian defenders of the fort, it was besieged and conquered for one last time by the Teutonic crusaders. Subsequently, known as Dorpat (Latin: Tarbatum ), Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later Middle Ages and the capital of the semi-independent Bishopric of Dorpat . In 1262

3174-510: The restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, the largest such district being Annelinn . Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" variation, but has managed to retain a mix of old and new buildings in the centre of town. Notable examples include the Tigutorn Tower and the Emajõe Centre, both built during the current period of independence; Tartu's tallest and second tallest towers, respectively. Tartu's large student population means that it has

3243-415: The retreating Soviet Army, partly in 1941 and almost completely in 1944 by then retreating German Army. Already heavily damaged, Tartu was repeatedly bombed by the Soviet air forces on 27 January 1943, on 26 February 1944, on 7–8 March 1944, and on 25–26 March 1944. After the war ended, much of the city's historic centre was left in ruins. Even the less damaged buildings in entire city blocks were demolished by

3312-515: The runway, the new building of Estonian National Museum was built. Tartu Airport was opened in the south of the city in 1946. Besides the airport Estonian Aviation Academy was established in 1993. Privately owned Estonian Aviation Museum , which is 5 km to the East from the airport (7 km by car), was opened to the public in 2002. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to above 100,000 — due to mass immigration from Russia and other areas of

3381-415: The same time Catholic documents were published in these languages. Stephen Batory participated in the Counter-Reformation by granting revenues and estates confiscated from Protestants to the Catholic Church and by initiating a (largely unsuccessful) recruitment campaign for Catholic colonists. These measures however proved to have only limited impact on the Estonian and Latvian population, while alienating

3450-402: The second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural centre for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism . The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869. Vanemuine , the first national theatre, was established in 1870. Tartu was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872. Tartu railway station was opened in 1876 when Tapa –Tartu route

3519-518: The secular Duchy of Courland and Semigallia with Gotthard von Kettler as its duke. Shaped after the Prussian model , Courland and Semigallia was thus made a hereditary fief of the Grand Duke of Lithuania , later of the Polish Crown . In contrast, Livonia north of the Daugava was subordinated directly to Sigismund II Augustus as Duchy of Livonia , also referred to as Livonia transdunensis , with Kettler installed as Sigismund's "Royal administrator". These territories however excluded Riga , then

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3588-416: The succession in the Bishopric of Reval and established the Kingdom of Livonia under Ivan IV's patronage. After the Polish-Swedish victory in the Battle of Wenden (1578) , Russian forces were subsequently expelled from Livonia, and the Livonian War ended with the treaties of Jam Zapolski and Narva-Plyussa . Only then, Sigismund's successor Stephen Báthory (Batory) was able to re-assume control over

3657-470: The temperature can occasionally (but rarely) drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). Generally, summers are warm and winters are cold. The Tartu weather station is located in Tõravere village, which is about 20 kilometers from the city, so the actual temperature in the city may be slightly warmer than the official average temperatures. Mostly known as a university town, Tartu is also a site of heavy industry. The food industry has traditionally been important for

3726-433: The town hall square and Gustav II Adolf ´s monument on King's Square ( Kuningaplats ). Tartu has been an intellectual centre of both Estonia and the Baltic countries for several centuries. Scholars hailing from Tartu include the pioneer of embryology Karl Ernst von Baer , a pioneer of animal behaviour studies Jakob von Uexküll , and a cultural theorist and semiotician Juri Lotman . Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz ,

3795-416: The town was taken by the Russian army in the presence of tsar Peter the Great himself. As a result, around a quarter of the town and much of the fortifications were damaged. In 1708 the remainder of the fortifications and houses, including the remains of bishops castle, were blown up, all movable property was looted and all citizens deported to Russia. With the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the city became part of

3864-491: The town's economy and some bigger companies in the field include A. Le Coq , Tartu Mill and Salvest . Kroonpress is one of the leading printing press companies in the Baltics. At the beginning of the 21st century, many ICT enterprises and other high-tech companies have taken a foothold in Tartu. Notable examples include Playtech Estonia, Nortal (formerly Webmedia Group), ZeroTurnaround , Tarkon, Reach-U and Raintree Estonia. Skype has an office in Tartu. The university

3933-405: The university property was relocated to Voronezh in 1918 and during the German occupation, the university worked under the name Landesuniversität Dorpat. During the Estonian War of Independence the university of Tartu was re-opened as an Estonian language university on 1 December 1919. With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name Tartu . At

4002-400: The winter of 1191–1192, however these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes. During the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century the fort of Tarbatu (or Tharbata ) was captured by the crusading Teutonic knights — also known as the Brothers of the Sword — and recaptured by Estonians on several occasions. In 1224, after

4071-410: Was built, former Raadi Manor buildings started to house Estonian National Museum (destroyed during Tartu Offensive in 1944) and art school Pallas was opened. During World War II, the Stalinist Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia and Tartu in June 1940. Large parts of the city as well as the historical Kivisild ("Stone bridge", built in 1776–1778) over the Emajõgi river were destroyed by

4140-403: Was built. The station building was opened in 1877. In the history of tuberculosis , in 1891 The Veterinary College at Dorpat produced seminal research using the Tuberculin test on 1,000 cattle. In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name Yuryev . The university was subsequently russified from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. Much of

4209-510: Was gradually impaired by the establishment of voivodeships , the appointment of Royal officials, and the replacement of German with Polish as administrative language. Riga was added to Polish-Lithuanian Livonia by the Treaty of Drohiczyn of 14 January 1581, including a Corpus Privilegiorum Stephanorum similarly reducing its freedoms. Under Stephen Báthory, the Duchy of Livonia was subjected to Counter-Reformation led by bishop Otto von Schenking , who had converted to Catholicism , and

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4278-455: Was imprisoned in Moscow, which effectively ended the period of local self-government. Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi , a leading diplomat and archivist of diplomatic records during Ivan the Terrible's reign, argued that Tartu's "founding" by Ancient Rus' justified Russia's contemporary territorial claims to the region. In the effect of the Truce of Jam Zapolski of 1582, the city along with southern regions of Livonian Confederation became part of

4347-419: Was in decline due to internal struggles, a faction of the order favored rapprochement with Poland–Lithuania , while another faction violently opposed it. After a civil war starting in 1556, the pro-Polish faction gained the upper hand. With the Treaty of Pozvol , concluded in 1557, the Livonian Confederation had turned to Poland–Lithuania for protection, triggering Ivan IV of Russia 's intervention in what

4416-423: Was intended to neutralize the imminent threat of annexation of the order's lands by Russia , yet despite earning military support from Polish-Lithuanian chancellor Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł , Kettler was defeated in Ērģeme (Ermes, 1560) and unable to prevent the occupation of most of Livonia by Russian forces. After the treaty, the disintegrating order agreed to secularization if necessary, and since Sigismund

4485-472: Was opened in 2008. The AHHAA science centre relocated to a new building in 2011 and the Estonian National Museum 's new main building opened in 2016. Tartu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone ( Dfb ). The climate is rather mild considering the high latitude, largely due to the proximity of the Baltic Sea and warm airflows from the Atlantic. Nevertheless, continental influence can be felt on hot summer days and cold spells in winter, when

4554-459: Was over, the Northern Wars had begun. Frost, Robert I. : The Northern Wars, Harlow 2000, p. 5. The treaty comprised the Pacta subiectionis by which the Livonian estates accepted Polish-Lithuanian superiority. This document is also known as Provisio ducalis . Also included was the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti by which Sigismund II Augustus guaranteed the Livonian estates several privileges, including religious freedom with respect to

4623-404: Was reluctant to support it militarily, continued its search for a protector at the courts of Denmark-Norway and the Holy Roman Emperor . In 1560, Johann von Münchhausen sold his bishoprics of Ösel-Wiek and Courland to Magnus , brother of Danish king Frederick II . In June 1561, part of Estonia subordinated itself to Sweden . Riga had turned to the Holy Roman Empire and became

4692-407: Was to be carried out according to the traditional customs. When in 1569 the Union of Lublin transformed the Polish-Lithuanian personal union into a real union , the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Livonia became a Polish-Lithuanian condominium . Ivan IV of Russia subdued nearly all of Livonia transdunanesis between 1572 and 1577. Magnus , in addition to his Livonian possessions, bought

4761-544: Was to become the Livonian War . In 1558, Ivan IV had conquered the Dorpat (Tartu) area, annihilating the Bishopric of Dorpat . With the Treaty of Vilnius of 31 August 1559 , Gotthard von Kettler , Grand Master of the Livonian Order , had put the order's lands under protection of Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus . The order ceded about one seventh of its territory, allowed Sigismund to garrison its most important castles, and agreed to share with him any conquests made from Ivan IV. The alliance

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