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77-508: Project DELTA was established at Nha Trang in 1964 and consisted of six reconnaissance hunter-killer teams each composed of two United States Special Forces (USSF) and four Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces (LLDB) and later supported by the 91st Ranger battalion . It was designated Detachment B-52, 5th Special Forces Group . DELTA's mission included operational and strategic reconnaissance into long-held Viet Cong areas and

154-541: A turf war over doctrine raged between the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Army for the entire war. Additionally, the U.S. Marine Corps maintained its own FAC operation during the war. Also, U.S. Navy carrier aviation would not completely coordinate its operations with the Air Force/Army system until the final month of the war. With no common doctrine agreed upon during the war, forward air control systems were shut down postwar in 1956. Forward air controllers played

231-552: A computerized fire control system. On 1 November 1968, President Lyndon Johnson declared a halt to the bombing of North Vietnam . With that act, the focus of the contending forces became the Ho Chi Minh Trail. As the U.S. more than quadrupled the number of airstrikes aimed at interdiction , North Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns and gunners transferred south to the Trail to match this new onslaught. Both sides realized that

308-545: A considerable portion of the tactical air strikes. By the cessation of hostilities, airborne forward air controllers alone were credited with flying 40,354 forward air control sorties, and directing air strikes that killed an estimated 184,808 communist troops. At times, tactical air was credited with inflicting about half of all communist casualties. Despite having agreed on a common forward air control doctrine as embodied in Field Manual 31 - 35 Air-Ground Operations ,

385-840: A lengthy dry season from January to August and a shorter wet season from September to December, when 1,029 mm (41 in) of the city's total annual rainfall of about 1,300 mm (51 in) is received from the north-east monsoon. During the wet season extremely heavy rainfall from typhoons is not uncommon, though the city is shielded from the worst winds. Nha Trang is subdivided into 22 wards and communes, of which 14 are urban wards: Vĩnh Hải, Vĩnh Phước, Vĩnh Thọ, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sơn, Ngọc Hiệp, Phước Hòa, Tân Tiến (founded in November 2024), Phước Hải, Lộc Thọ, Vĩnh Nguyên, Vĩnh Trường, Phước Long, Vĩnh Hòa; and 8 suburban communes: Vĩnh Phương, Vĩnh Trung, Vĩnh Thạnh, Vĩnh Thái, Vĩnh Hiệp, Vĩnh Ngọc, Vĩnh Lương, and Phước Đồng. Since 1998, due to

462-630: A major part in the largest bombing campaign in history during the Vietnam War . While World War II had featured indiscriminate mass air raids on major cities worldwide, bombing during the Vietnam War was aimed at smaller targets in a country the size of New Mexico. Unless bombs were dropped in a free fire zone, or on a pre-briefed target, the bombing in Vietnam was directed by FACs. Also unlike World War II, serious efforts were made to avoid hitting

539-463: A noble called Đoan Quận công Bùi Thế Đạt, the name Nha Trang Hải môn (Nha Trang Sea Gate) was also cited. In Vietnamese recorded historic bibliographies, these books are perhaps the earliest ones that mentioned this place name. In a work by Lê Quý Đôn called Phủ biên tạp lục (1776), many Nha Trang-related names were mentioned, such as đầm Nha Trang, dinh Nha Trang, nguồn Nha Trang, and đèo Nha Trang . Kauthara, also translated as an ancient clam,

616-729: A result of exigency, and was used in several theaters of World War II. Its reincarnation in action was a result of field expedience rather than planned operations. On the Allied side, British forces in the North Africa campaign began using the Forward Air Support Links, a "tentacle" system that used radio links from front line units to the rear. Air force teams were co-located with the army command. Close air support would be requested by forward units and if approved delivered from "cab ranks" of fighter-bombers held near

693-460: A result, Delta's senior NCOs devised multiple methods of extraction including ladders and the McGuire rig (named after Sergeant Major Charles T. McGuire). The STABO rig, later developed by SOG , was also incorporated. Project DELTA ceased operations on 30 June 1970, prior to the establishment of "Operation Blue Light ", a unit within 5th SFG (Mott Lake Fort Bragg NC), which was the precursor to

770-454: A second-class municipal city. On April 22, 2009, former Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng recognized Nha Trang City as a first-class municipal city. Nha Trang city has a metropolitan area of 251 km (97 sq mi) and population of about 500,000. It borders Ninh Hòa town in the north, Cam Ranh city in the south, Diên Khánh town in the west and the East Sea to the east. The city

847-551: A skill equivalency to that of a JFO. The Australian Army operatives developed this capability within the ANA in late 2015 to 2016 to include NVG, ISR, Afghan Air Force/Army/Police and other units, which culminated in the enduring Joint exercise Tolo Aftab which was first held in January 2016 ( https://www.armynewspaper.defence.gov.au/army-news/may-5th-2016/flipbook/6/ ). This was enhanced and developed by ADF personnel from RAAF and ARA until

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924-483: Is a common Cham and Montagnard place name, same as Ia Drang Valley . As far as the recorded naming of Nha Trang is concerned, in Toàn tập Thiên Nam Tứ Chí Lộ Đồ Thư , a geographical book written by a Vietnamese scholar with the family of Đỗ Bá in the second half of the 18th century, the name Nha Trang Môn ("Nha Trang gate") was mentioned. In another map dating to the 17th century, known as Giáp Ngọ Niên Bình Nam Đồ by

1001-415: Is a constituent state of the empire-leading kingdom and its ruling area is located in the area from today's Fu A province to Cam Ranh. Yanpunagara, the capital of Yangpu, occupies the faith of a man and is deeply influenced by religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. However, in addition to that, the gods who formerly occupied ruled the indigenous faith in the motherland, such as Çri Maladakuthara (釋利摩落陀古笪羅) in

1078-463: Is a stopover for annual yacht races starting in Hong Kong. In recent years, the city has welcomed many five-star sea cruises. In addition to sailboat racing, Nha Trang provides a rich variety of tourist activities for visitors. Island hopping, scuba diving, water sports and other sporting activities can be enjoyed. The Nha Trang Tourist Information Center (a non-governmental organisation), located near

1155-495: Is allocated a FAC or JTAC . Such assignment (designated as a "B-Billet") is given to Marine aviators often as they are most knowledgeable about close air support and air superiority doctrines. The Afghan National Army (ANA) relied on coalition partners to raise and sustain its FAC and Joint Fires Officer (JFO) capability. The ANA capability, known as the Afghan Tactical Air Coordinator maintained

1232-497: Is located by Cam Ranh Bay, 28 km (17 mi) south of the city and was (as of 2007) the fourth busiest airport in passenger traffic in Vietnam serving more than 683,000 passengers in 2008. As of 2016, the airport has domestic connections to Hanoi , Hồ Chí Minh City , Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng , Vinh . The city is next to the National Route 1 , the backbone north–south road of the country. The Reunification Railway crosses

1309-469: Is on the beautiful Nha Trang Bay, which was chosen by Travel + Leisure in two succeeding years as one of 29 most beautiful bays in the world. Nha Trang is surrounded on all three sides by mountains and a large island and four smaller ones on the fourth side (in the ocean directly in front of the city's main area), blocking major storms from potentially damaging the city. Nha Trang has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification : As ), with

1386-425: Is particular are among the largest contributors to Vietnam's annual budget revenues. Lobster farming on the sea is an important industry for the people living in suburban areas. To the south of the city, by Cam Ranh Bay, several industrial parks are under construction and have been partly available for investors. Once the construction of the deep-water port on Vân Phong Bay has been completed, this area will become

1463-484: Is the avoidance of harm to noncombatants in the strike area. As close air support began during World War I , there were pioneer attempts to direct the trench strafing by the ground troops marking their positions by laying out signal panels on the ground, firing flares, or lighting smoke signals. Aircrews had difficulty communicating with the ground troops; they would drop messages or use messenger pigeons . Benno Fiala von Fernbrugg , an Austro-Hungarian pilot, pioneered

1540-680: Is the provision of guidance to close air support (CAS) aircraft intended to ensure that their attack hits the intended target and does not injure friendly troops. This task is carried out by a forward air controller (FAC). A primary forward air control function is ensuring the safety of friendly troops during close air support . Enemy targets in the front line ("Forward Edge of the Battle Area" in US terminology) are often close to friendly forces and therefore friendly forces are at risk of friendly fire through proximity during air attack. The danger

1617-414: Is twofold: the bombing pilot cannot identify the target clearly, and is not aware of the locations of friendly forces. Camouflage, a constantly changing situation and the fog of war all increase the risk. Present day doctrine holds that Forward Air Controllers (FACs) are not needed for air interdiction , although there has been such use of FACs in the past. An additional concern of forward air controllers

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1694-640: The 21st Tactical Air Support Squadron assumed the mission. Unlike most other aviation support units, the FACs lived alongside the Delta units they worked with. Radio relay was initially handled by Vietnamese Air Force C-47 but was switched, due to inadequate loiter time , to the L19/O-1 Bird Dog . Delta also used the U-6 Beaver and/or U-1 Otter of whichever Army Aviation unit was responsible for

1771-464: The Cho Dam Market has been set up to provide information for visitors. The local cuisine is most famous for fresh seafood and barbecued pork rolled in rice paper. The area's bird's nest soup is deemed one of the best in Vietnam. Bird's nests are collected in the wild, on bird farms on the islands off the coast and even in some houses in the inner city. The farmed bird in question belongs to

1848-548: The Corps area the mission would be conducted in. Nighttime radio relay was provided by the US Air Force's Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center (ABCCC), a C-130 using the callsign "Moonbeam". Nha Trang Nha Trang ( English: / ˌ n j ɑː ˈ t r æ ŋ / or / ˌ n ɑː ˈ t r æ ŋ / ; Vietnamese: [ɲaː˧ ʈaːŋ˧] ) is a coastal city and capital of Khánh Hòa Province , on

1925-619: The Force Intervention Brigade operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , an FAC called 27 missions. For NATO forces the qualifications and experience required to be a FAC are set out in a NATO Standard (STANAG). FACs may form part of a Fire Support Team or Tactical Air Control Party , they may be ground based, airborne FACs in fixed-wing aircraft (FAC-A) or in helicopters (ABFAC). Since 2003

2002-912: The Korean War broke out. The United Kingdom and Commonwealth continued to build on their experience in the Second World War in various campaigns around the world in the second half of the twentieth century, including the Malayan Emergency , the Suez Crisis , the Indonesian Confrontation and operations in Aden and Oman . With the re-formation of the Army Air Corps in 1957 this new corps's functions included airborne forward air control. Although

2079-722: The Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang , one of the many famous Pasteur Institutes . The French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin , discoverer of the Yersinia pestis bacterium lived in Nha Trang for 50 years and was affectionately known as Ông Năm . He established the Indochinese Pasteur Institute (now known as the Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang ), devoted to researching the bubonic plague . Yersin died in Nha Trang on 1 March 1943. A street in

2156-504: The South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is bounded on the north by Ninh Hoà town, on the south by Cam Ranh city and on the west by Diên Khánh District . The city had a population of about 422,600 in 2019. An area of 12.87 km (4.97 sq mi) of the western communes of Diên An and Diên Toàn is planned to be merged into Nha Trang which will make its new area 265.47 km (102.50 sq mi) based on

2233-1142: The United States Armed Forces have used the term joint terminal attack controller (JTAC) for some of their ground based FACs. NATO is making efforts to increase the safety and reduce the risk of fratricide in air to ground operations. Co-operation between different NATO agencies such as the NATO Standardization Agency and the JAPCC resulted in the development of common standards for Forward Air Controllers and these are now set out in STANAG 3797 (Minimum Qualifications for Forward Air Controllers). NATO FACs are trained to request, plan, brief and execute CAS operations both for Low Level and Medium/High Level operations and their training NATO FACs includes electronic warfare , suppression of enemy air defences , enemy air defence, air command and control, attack methods and tactics, weaponeering and Joint Air Attack Team Tactics . FACs in

2310-535: The Vietnamese Air Force 219th Special Operations Squadron (nicknamed "Kingbees") using H-34 Choctaw helicopters for team insertions and extractions. Helicopter support was then taken up by American pilots from the 145th Air Lift Platoon in December 1965. Within 2 months, the 145th was consolidated with the 6th Aviation Platoon to form 2nd Platoon, 171st Aviation Company. 2/171 was later placed within

2387-482: The swiftlet group, popularly referred to as yến hàng ( Aerodramus fuciphagus and A. germani ). Scuba diving and kite boarding are available, as are catamaran sailboats. Winds are steady. Local culinary specialities that attract people are bánh canh chả cá ( bánh canh with fish cakes and fish broth), bún cá sứa (rice vermicelli with jelly fish) and bánh xèo mực (crepes with squid). When Cam Ranh Bay used to be an important naval base, Nha Trang Airport

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2464-441: The 1920s and 1930s used Curtiss Falcons and Vought Corsairs that were equipped with radios powered by airstream-driven generators, with a range of up to 50 miles. Another method of communication was for the pilot to drop messages in a weighted container, and to swoop in and pick up messages hung out by ground troops on a "clothesline" between poles. The objective was aerial reconnaissance and air attack. Using these various methods,

2541-581: The 19th century, Nha Trang was a deserted area rich in wildlife (animals like tigers ) and was a part of Hà Bạc, Vĩnh Xương County, Diên Khánh Province. After just two decades in the early 20th century, Nha Trang underwent a rapid change. On August 30, 1924, the Governor-General of French Indochina decreed Nha Trang as a townlet (urban centre). Nha Trang Townlet was established from the ancient villages of Xương Huân, Phương Câu, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sài, and Phước Hải. During French Indochina , Nha Trang

2618-456: The 281st Assault Helicopter Company (10th Combat Aviation Battalion, 17th Aviation Group (Combat), 1st Aviation Brigade ). The 281st AHC was placed under operational control of the 5th Special Forces Group in direct support of Project Delta operations in I and II Corps and provided most of the helicopter air support for Delta until approximately December 1969. When Delta operated in III Corps

2695-518: The Helicopter support was provided by the primary Unit. Project Delta's last operation was in I Corps back to Mai Loc and the 101st Airborne Aviation supported Delta until it was deactivated. Forward air control was originally provided by Vietnamese L19/O-1 Bird Dog . As Delta was switched to American air assets, forward air control was taken up by the 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron ; in May 1965

2772-429: The Ho Chi Minh Trail; A-26 Invaders began a dual FAC/strike mission under call sign "Nimrod". The U.S. Air Force began Operation Shed Light as a test of night time battlefield illumination. In response to increasing pressure from air strikes, the communists turned entirely to night operations in Vietnam by 1968. C-123 Provider cargo aircraft were used as flareships to light up the Trail and direct air strikes, under

2849-726: The Indian Army, flying a HAL Krishak , played a crucial part in a close air support defense against steep odds. The Pakistani loss of armor in December 1971 was one of the most severe since the great armored clashes of World War II . Major Singh won the Maha Vir Chakra for his performance under heavy ground fire. During the Portuguese Overseas War , the Portuguese Air Force used mainly Dornier Do 27 and OGMA/Auster D.5 light aircraft in

2926-592: The Marine pilots combined the functions of both FAC and strike aircraft, as they carried out their own air attacks on the Sandinistas in Nicaragua in 1927. The commonality of pilots and ground troops belonging to the same service led to a close air support role similar to that sought by use of FACs, without the actual use of a FAC. On 27 October 1927, a Marine patrol used cloth panels to direct an air strike—arguably

3003-514: The Pacific for the rest of the war. By November 1943, the U.S. Marines were using forward air control during the Battle of Bougainville . The United States would end World War II still without an air control doctrine. When the U.S. Air Force split from the U.S. Army in 1947, neither took on the responsibility for forward air control; the U.S. military thus had no functional forward air control when

3080-574: The Sea Festival, held biennially. According to some researchers, the name Nha Trang derives from a Vietnamese spelling of the Cham language name of the site Ea Dran (literally "Reed River"), the name of the Cai River as referred to by the Cham people . From the name of this river, the name was adopted to call what is now Nha Trang, which was officially made Vietnam's territory in 1698. Ea Dran

3157-577: The USAF began using laser guided ordnance. By May 1971, U.S. Air Force intelligence concluded that air strikes had wiped out all the North Vietnamese trucks on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This was a demonstrably untrue conclusion, as trucks still traversed the Trail until the communist takeover in 1975. After war's end, the U.S. Air Force ended the forward air control mission, just as they had following World War II and Korea. Major Atma Singh, of

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3234-780: The United Kingdom are trained at the Joint Forward Air Controller Training and Standards Unit (JFACTSU) where controllers are drawn from all three services: Naval Service ( Royal Marines and Royal Marines Reserve ), the Army , and the RAF ( RAF Regiment ). UK FACs operate as TACPs or form part of Royal Artillery Fire Support Teams which direct artillery as well as close air support. The Army Air Corps provides Airborne Forward Air Controllers. When deployed on operations each USMC infantry company

3311-731: The United States, as part of the United Nations Command (UNC) in the Korean War, entered the war on 26 June 1950 with no forward air controllers, it rapidly improvised close air support procedures for UNC forces. By 20 July, jury-rigged systems were not only controlling air strikes against the communist foe, but also occasionally directing aerial interceptions of opposing aircraft. Both the U.S. high command and North Korean General Nam Il agreed that only tactical air power saved United Nation forces from defeat during

3388-633: The airplanes carried trained artillery officers as observers. These aerial observers called in artillery fire via radio. The German military noted close air support operations in the Spanish Civil War and decided to develop its forward air control capability. By 1939, they had forward air control teams called Ground Attack Teams attached to every headquarters from regiment level upwards. These Teams directed air strikes flown by Luftwaffe close air support units. Extensive coordinated training by air and ground troops had raised this system to state of

3465-513: The ancient Gur'an region in the south, are one of those who can preserve the old God Most of the old gods who dominated the motherland were replaced by brahmanist gods such as the goddess Yan Pu Nagara (楊浦那竭羅) and the Bhagavati (妻婆伽婆底), Replaced, located in Nha Trang near today. Bhagavati is mixed with Yan Pu Nagara, a goddess in the local faith, which is quite revered by the people and has dedicated ancestral temples to enshrine it. From 1653 to

3542-477: The ancient villages merged to make the town: Xương Huân, Phương Câu, Vạn Thạnh, Phương Sài, and Phước Hải. On 27 January 1958, the president of the Republic of Vietnam , Ngô Đình Diệm by Decree 18-BNV abrogated the town status of Nha Trang and divided Nha Trang into two rural communes: Nha Trang Đông (Eastern Nha Trang) and Nha Trang Tây (Western Nha Trang), under the administration of Vĩnh Xương County. During

3619-743: The approval of the Prime Minister of Vietnam in September 2012. Historically, the city was known as Kauthara under rule of the Kingdom of Champa . The city is still home to the famous Po Nagar Towers built by the Champa. Being a coastal city, Nha Trang is a center for marine science based at the Nha Trang Oceanography Institute . The Hon Mun marine protected area is one of four first marine protected areas in

3696-584: The art by the beginning of World War II. When the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was founded on 20 June 1941, it included provisions for Air Ground Control Parties to serve with the United States Army at the division, corps, and Army headquarters. The Air Ground Control Parties functions were to regulate bombing and artillery in close conjunction with the ground troops, as well as assess bomb damage. They were thus

3773-597: The border areas. DELTA originated as LEAPING LENA which was established on 15 May 1964 in order for the USSF to train LLDB teams for missions in Laos . During LEAPING LENA, five teams of eight LLDB soldiers were parachuted into Laos but only five men survived the experience. The US did not participate. On 12 July 1964 a US Special Forces B-Team (B-110) and an A-Team (A-111) from the US 1st Special Forces Group arrived to take over

3850-486: The call sign "Candlestick", until late 1969. Withdrawn in the face of mounting opposition, the flareships would still serve elsewhere in theater until 30 June 1971. In a similar role, Lockheed AC-130 gunships, call sign "Blindbat", not only lit the Trail and directed air strikes, but used its own copious firepower on enemy trucks. The gunships carried both electronic sensors tied into Operation Igloo White and night observation devices for spotting enemy trucks, as well as

3927-1735: The city and stops at Nha Trang Railway Station . The construction work of Vân Phong Port , north of the city, a deep-water project capable of handling ships up to 100,000 tonnes, and with a capacity of 100 million tonnes of cargo per annum, is under progress by a consortium of Japanese corporations. The estimated investment capital for this port-city complex project is expected to reach US$ 15 billion. Ward (19): Lộc Thọ   · Ngọc Hiệp   · Phước Hải   · Phước Hòa   · Phước Long   · Phước Tân   · Phước Tiến   · Phương Sài   · Phương Sơn   · Tân Lập   · Vạn Thắng   · Vạn Thạnh   · Vĩnh Hải   · Vĩnh Hòa   · Vĩnh Phước   · Vĩnh Trường   · Vĩnh Nguyên   · Vĩnh Thọ   · Xương Huân commune (8): Phước Đồng   · Vĩnh Phương   · Vĩnh Thạnh   · Vĩnh Trung   · Vĩnh Thái   · Vĩnh Hiệp   · Vĩnh Ngọc   · Vĩnh Lương Cam An Bắc   · Cam An Nam   · Cam Hải Đông   · Cam Hải Tây   · Cam Hiệp Bắc   · Cam Hiệp Nam   · Cam Hòa   · Cam Phước Tây   · Cam Tân   · Cam Thành Bắc   · Suối Tân   · Sơn Tân   · Suối Cát Forward air control Forward air control

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4004-457: The city is named after him, and a shrine has been built over his tomb. There is a Yersin Museum dedicated to his achievements. Nha Trang's economy relies largely on tourism. In the suburban areas around the city, the shipbuilding industry has developed and contributed significantly to the local economy. Fishery and services are also important to the city. Khanh Hoa Province in general and Nha Trang

4081-400: The civilian populace, which also called for FAC intervention. In 1961, when forward air control was revived , it promptly ran into the recurring problems of unreliable radios, a shortage of supplies, lack of suitable aircraft, differing concepts of close air support, and unfavorable terrain. The first manning requirement for FACs, levied in 1962, amounted to 32 slots in Vietnam. Even as

4158-631: The coast. The possibly most beautiful street of Nha Trang is Tran Phu Street along the seaside, sometimes referred to as the North-South Expressway East of Vietnam. Lying off Nha Trang is the Hon Tre Island (Bamboo Island), with a major resort operated by the Vinpearl Group. The Vinpearl Cable Car , a gondola lift system, links the mainland to the five-star resort and theme park on Hon Tre Island. Nha Trang

4235-484: The direction of air strikes on them. They were also to conduct bomb damage assessment , conduct small scale reconnaissance and hunter-killer operations, capture and interrogate VC / NVA , tap communications , bug compounds and offices, rescue downed aircrew and prisoners of war , emplace point minefields and other booby traps, conduct psychological operations , and perform counter-intelligence operations. They were to focus on base areas and infiltration routes in

4312-650: The first Airborne Command and Control Center. As additional ABCCC aircraft were added, they would constantly govern the air war in Southeast Asia. By early 1966, a rising level of communist anti-aircraft fire against propeller-driven FAC aircraft necessitated the use of jet aircraft for FACs in high-risk areas in North Vietnam. The Fast FAC mission would supplement the FAC mission in Southeast Asia until war's end. In July 1966, night FAC operations began against

4389-644: The first forward air control mission. This distinctive U.S. Marine doctrine of interaction between Marine infantry and aviation would persist, recurring in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . French colonial operations in the Rif War from 1920–1926 used air power similarly to the Marines in Nicaragua against the Sandinistas but in a different environment, the desert. The French Mobile Groups of combined arms not only used aircraft for scouting and air attack;

4466-408: The first of similar units to try to fulfill the functions of the FAC without being airborne. However, these units were often plagued by turf wars and cumbersome communications between the respective armies and air forces involved. As a result, it could take hours for an air strike requested by ground troops to actually show up. However, forward air control during World War II came into existence as

4543-715: The forward air control role, in the several theatres of operation: Angola , Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique . During the Rhodesian Bush War the Rhodesian Air Force mounted Airborne FACs in Aermacchi AL60 B Trojans and Lynx aircraft. South Africa deployed both Airborne FACs (in AM.3CM Bosboks ) and ground-based FACs during the Border War including the Battle of Cassinga . During

4620-449: The front lines. The requesting unit would direct the air strikes. The U.S. Army would not copy the British system until the Allied invasion of Italy , but adapted it for use there and in France after the Invasion of Normandy of 6 June 1944. In the Pacific Theater, 4 Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force began forward air control at the Battle of Buna-Gona , New Guinea in November 1942. The RAAF continued forward air control in

4697-427: The government by Decree 357-ĐUHC/NC/NĐ dated 5 June 1971 divided Nha Trang into 11 urban zones. On 2 April 1975, communist ( Viet Cong / PRG / VPA ) forces captured the city. On 4 April 1975, Khánh Hòa Military Commission ( Ủy ban Quân quản Khánh Hòa ) divided Nha Trang into three administrative districts: District 1, District 2 and Vĩnh Xương District. In September 1975, the districts were merged to become one entity,

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4774-423: The high pace of urbanization, many urban planned zones have been built: Hòn Rớ, Bắc Việt, Thánh Gia, Đường Đệ, and Nam Hòn Khô. Nha Trang is home to the multidisciplinary Nha Trang University (formerly Nha Trang Fishery University); the Naval and Aviation Academy; a teachers' training college; Khanh Hoa University, as well as the Nha Trang Oceanography Institute a unique institute of oceanography in Vietnam and

4851-427: The late 1960s, the U.S. Army's First Field Force, Vietnam (1FFV) was headquartered in Nha Trang. 1FFV was a corps-level major subordinate command of the U.S. Army Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). On 22 October 1970, the government of the Republic of Vietnam by Decree 132-SL/NV reestablished Nha Trang Town on the ground of Nha Trang Đông and Nha Trang Tây and other rural communes. Following that establishment,

4928-428: The manning levels of assigned FACs would run about 70% of need until December 1969. Other branches of the U.S. military also had FACs; the U.S. Army had at least two aviation companies of FACs, the U.S. Marine Corps had an organic FAC squadron within its forces, and the U.S. Navy established its own FAC squadron in the Mekong Delta . U.S. involvement had begun with a South Vietnamese FAC training program; later in

5005-482: The mission. By October 1964 LEAPING LENA was re-designated Project DELTA with USSF in control and serving alongside LLDB in actual operations. DELTA can trace its roots from the WW2 " Black Devils ", a US/Canadian joint special operations unit. The main base for Project DELTA was established at Nha Trang with half of the A-team at Dong Ba Thin Base Camp to train the 91st Ranger Battalion . Helicopter insertions and extractions were particularly complex and dangerous. As

5082-469: The mobile warfare stage of the war. When the front lines bogged down into static trench warfare in Summer 1951, forward air control diminished in importance. To cope with the communist switch to night operations, both radar and Shoran bombing techniques were developed. However, close air support continued, and sometimes used to direct interdiction missions against the communist lines of communications . By this time, Allied air forces were contributing

5159-399: The modern Delta Force . By 1966, Project DELTA consisted of the following: MIKE Forces (Mobile Strike Force Command) were battalion and then brigade size reaction forces assigned to aid in case of hostile action but also conduct economy of force operations. Project DELTA's MIKE Force was the 91st Ranger battalion . Project Delta helicopter aviation support was initially provided by

5236-421: The slots slowly filled, the requirement proved inadequate. The 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron was then assigned in-country in mid-1963 to augment the FAC force. By January 1965, there were still only 144 USAF FACs in Southeast Asia. While the U.S. Air Force would continue to add more FACs, projecting a need for 831 FACs, and stationing four more Tactical Air Support Squadrons in Southeast Asia by April 1965,

5313-440: The supply of military necessities being moved south to insurgents would be crucial to a communist victory. At about this time, the Raven FACs began supporting Vang Pao 's Central Intelligence Agency -supported guerrilla army on the Plain of Jars in northern Laos with air strikes serving as aerial artillery blasting the way clear for offensive sweeps by the partisans. In early 1970, in an attempt to improve bombing accuracy,

5390-411: The third important economic zone in the province (besides Nha Trang and Cam Ranh). Nha Trang is one of the most important tourist hubs of Vietnam, thanks to its beaches with fine and clean sand and the clear ocean water with mild temperatures all year round. There are several resorts — such as Vinpearl, Diamond Bay and Ana Mandara — and amusement and water parks, in the city and on islands off

5467-470: The town of Nha Trang. On 30 March 1977, the Council of the Government (now the cabinet) of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam by Decision 391-CP/QĐ upgraded Nha Trang to city status, a county-level city under the administration of Phú Khánh Province (a province created by merger of now Phú Yên Province and Khánh Hòa Province ). Seven communes of former Vĩnh Xương County, namely Vĩnh Thái, Vĩnh Ngọc, Vĩnh Hiệp, Vĩnh Lương, Vĩnh Trung, Vĩnh Thạnh, Vĩnh Phương

5544-483: The use of radio for fire control; at the Battle of Gorlice he used a radio transmitter in his airplane to send changes via morse code to an artillery battery on the ground. Colonel Billy Mitchell also equipped his Spad XVI command airplane with a radio, and the Germans experimented with radios in their Junkers J.I all-metal-structure, armored-fuselage sesquiplanes . The Marines in the so-called Banana wars of

5621-529: The war, Laotians and Hmong were also trained as FACs. There was a great deal of technical innovation in forward air control operations during the course of the Vietnam War. The United States came up with a number of ways to make its forward air control system more effective. As early as 1962, Douglas C-47 flareship FACs began the forward air control mission in South Vietnam, mostly on night missions. In September 1965, another C-47 went into action as

5698-500: The world admitted by the IUCN . Nha Trang is well known for its beaches and scuba diving and has developed into a popular destination for international tourists, attracting large numbers of backpackers , as well as more affluent travelers on the south-east Asia circuit; it is already very popular with Vietnamese tourists, with Nha Trang Bay widely considered as among the world's most beautiful bays. Tourists are welcomed to participate in

5775-576: Was seen as de facto capital of Khánh Hòa Province . The colonial administration offices (like Envoy Office, Commanding Office, Trade Office, Post Office) were situated in Nha Trang. Local royal offices like Province Chief, Provincial Judge, Military Commander are in Diên Khánh city (a walled military city 10  km south-west of Nha Trang). On 7 May 1937, the Governor-General of French Indochina by another decree upgraded Nha Trang Townlet to town. At this time, Nha Trang Town had five wards based on

5852-432: Was split from Khánh Xương County to become Nha Trang City territory. On 27 March 1978, the provincial government by Decision 54-BT founded Phước Đồng Commune under Nha Trang City. On 1 July 1989, Khanh Hoa was split from Phu Khanh Province to become Khánh Hòa Province as it was before, Nha Trang was made the capital of Khánh Hòa Province. On April 22, 1999, Phan Văn Khải by Decision 106/1999 recognized Nha Trang City as

5929-541: Was the main airport of the city. This airport was used by the United States Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Air Force during the Vietnam War . When part of Cam Ranh Bay was made an economic development zone by the Vietnamese government, Cam Ranh International Airport (also a military airport built by the United States during Vietnam War) was made the new civilian airport of the city. This airport

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