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47-603: Purnia ( pronunciation ; also romanized as Purnea ) is the fourth largest city of Bihar and is emerging as the largest economic hub in North Bihar . It serves as the administrative headquarters of both Purnia district and Purnia division in the Indian state of Bihar . It is well known for its favourable climate like Darjeeling and has an abundance of resources for human settlements and economic activities. The total geographical area of Purnia Urban Agglomeration

94-423: A former flourishing jute industry which has now declined. The cultivation of maize has however soared in recent years in the city's outskirts. Purnia is a powerful poultry producer and has also been catering to the demands of the nearby regions of Nepal and West Bengal for many years. Purnia is also well known for its fisheries. Fishes are also transported to the nearby markets of West Bengal, especially those in

141-413: A sex ratio of 906 females to 1,000 males. The population below 6 years was 43,050. The literacy rate for the 6+ population was 73.02%, compared to the 74.04% national average. Purnia Urban Agglomeration, comprising Purnia Municipal Corporation and Kasba (Nagar Panchayat), had a population of 310,817 in 2011. Maithili , is native language and Hindi , Urdu and Bengali are the other languages spoken by

188-424: Is 92 km (35.52 sq mi) which is next only to Patna. The population density of the city is 3058 persons per km sq. making it the 4th largest city of Bihar by population . It is nearly 315 km from Patna , as well as 171 km from Siliguri , 90 km from Bhagalpur . It is 640 km from Guwahati (Approx.) and 450 km from Kolkata , the capital of the adjacent state of West Bengal and

235-489: Is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based open source collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers. Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source language planning initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli

282-533: Is about 150 km away at Bagdogra in Darjeeling district . And Darbhanga Airport is around 231 km from Purnia. Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport (Patna Airport) is located in Patna, capital of Bihar, at a distance of 310 km from Purnia. Purnia is served by two railway stations separated by 5 km, Purnia Junction (station code: PRNA) and Purnia Court (station code: PRNC). Purnia Junction

329-530: Is called " rōmaji " in Japanese . The most common systems are: While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems: Thai , spoken in Thailand and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with its own script , probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and Old Khmer , in

376-942: Is closer to the residents of Khuskibagh, Gulabbagh, and Eastern Purnia, while Purnia Court is in the western part of the city and caters to the residents of Madhubani, Janta Chowk, and Central and Western Purnia. Purnia Junction is situated on Barauni–Katihar, Saharsa and Purnia sections of the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) and East Central Railway zone that connects Purnia to Katihar Junction , Jogbani , Saharsa Junction and Barauni Junction . There are daily and weekly trains to Kolkata , Delhi Junction , Patna Junction , Ranchi Junction , Muzaffarpur Junction , Motihari , Lucknow Charbagh , Kanpur Central , Gorakhpur Junction , Gaya Junction , and other nearby cities. National Highways namely [REDACTED] NH 31 , [REDACTED] NH 27 , [REDACTED] NH 231 , [REDACTED] NH 131A make Purnia accessible to

423-497: Is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional.   All this has resulted in great reduplication of names.   E.g.

470-495: Is supplied with agricultural products by its surrounding countryside . The alluvial soil , irrigated by the Kosi and Mahananda rivers, has been particularly suited to the paddy cultivation of rice . Other crops grown are potatoes , wheat , khesari , chickpeas , chili peppers , maize , lentils , arhar dal , barley , sugarcane , tobacco , makhana , mung beans , and jute . The previous extensive growing of jute supported

517-506: Is the most common system of phonetic transcription. For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and

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564-502: Is the only one in Purnea Commissionerate. It includes colleges of Purnea, Katihar, Araria and Kishanganj. Purnea Airport , also known as Chunapur Airport (Airforce Station), is located within the cantonment area but is restricted to army usage only. Proposals for the airport to operate scheduled flights are being widely discussed at the level of the state government. The nearest commercial airport, Bagdogra Airport ,

611-548: Is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization. Romanization of the Sinitic languages , particularly Mandarin , has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin . Romanization (or, more generally, Roman letters )

658-527: Is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language with extreme digraphia and diglossia resulting from the Hindi–Urdu controversy starting in

705-816: The Brahmic family . The Nuosu language , spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the Yi script . The only existing romanisation system is YYPY (Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels. The Tibetan script has two official romanization systems: Tibetan Pinyin (for Lhasa Tibetan ) and Roman Dzongkha (for Dzongkha ). In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications,

752-509: The Library of Congress transliteration method is used worldwide. In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets . This applies to Old Church Slavonic , as well as modern Slavic languages that use these alphabets. A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since

799-720: The Mithila Kingdom (also called Kingdom of the Videhas). During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia , along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas . The Videha Kingdom was later incorporated into the Vajjika League , which had its capital in the city of Vaishali , which is also in Mithila. In

846-533: The Sanskrit word Purna–Aranya , which means "complete jungle". Purnia could also be an altered form of the old name Purania , derived from the word purain or Lotus , which is said to have grown on the Kosi and Mahananda rivers. The city's name is also romanized as Purnea. Purnia is part of the Mithila region . Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established

893-505: The Siliguri Metropolitan Region, the nearest large urban centre. Purnia has always been a centre of education in the north Bihar region. Zila School, founded in 1800 during the period of British rule , is Purnia's oldest school, and one of the city's largest. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya , Garhbanaili (14 km away from the main city) is a prestigious school run by the government. Vidya Vihar Residential School,

940-697: The Soviet Union , with some material published. The 2010 Ukrainian National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941. The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of

987-677: The sub-montane alluvial tract of the Gangetic Plain . The city however lies on the banks of numerous tributaries of the Koshi River . Two major rivers traverse Purnia city with the Kari Kosi river on the western end and the Saura river on the eastern end. The main city is situated between these two rivers. Purnia city has an area of 92 square kilometres (36 sq mi). Purnia is known for its favourable climate; it has earned

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1034-471: The 17th century, the rulers of Purnia were involved in wars with the Kings of Limbuwan . At the beginning of British rule, many people from Europe came to Purnia and settled here. At that time, Purnia was a complete 'Purania', meaning jungle. In the early days of colonization, Europeans settled around the Saura river in the middle of the city, now known as Rambagh area. Later, Europeans started coming west from

1081-462: The 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two standardized registers , Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu , are recognized as official languages in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is, The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise Hindustani

1128-589: The Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ , but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu . The Arabic script is used to write Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Pashto and Sindhi as well as numerous other languages in

1175-454: The Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following: or G as in genre اِ || e || e || i || e || e || e || e Notes : Notes : There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek . The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards: The Brahmic family of abugidas

1222-586: The Saura river and making their own 'Kothi'. The civil lines existing throughout India, were also in Purnia. Among the most active European zamindars in Purnia were Alexander John Forbes and Palmer. Alexander John Forbes bought the Sultanpur pargana from Mahajan Babu Pratap Singh of Murshidabad in 1859 and became a Zamindar. Forbes city ( Forbesganj ) in the Sultanpur pargana was named after him, but Forbes lived in

1269-519: The casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds ( phonemes ) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in

1316-416: The city of Purnia. Forbes built the race course and various other clubs. Alexander Forbes and his wife Diana died of malaria in 1890. The Forbes family sold the Sultanpur estate to the country's business house J. K. Singhania, because of the ongoing jute cultivation. Another Englishman who lived in Purnia was Palmer. He bought the zamindari of a king and settled in Purnia. Palmer's only daughter, Mrs. Downing,

1363-486: The coldest month, has a mean daily minimum temperature of 5 to 10 °C and a mean daily maximum of 20 to 25 °C. Wind is typically light in the non-monsoon seasons but during the monsoon, storms and depressions originating in the Bay of Bengal cause heavy rain and strong winds. As of the 2011 census, Purnia Municipal Corporation had a total population of 282,248, of which 148,077 were males and 134,171 were females. It had

1410-405: The form of [REDACTED] NH 27 . It is a modern four-lane highway constructed by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). State Highways 60, 62, 65, 77 & 90 also pass through Purnia. [REDACTED] NH 31 and [REDACTED] NH 27 are four-lane expressways and are a strength to the intercity transportation services. Phanishwar Nath Renu's popular story "Maare Gaye Gulfam" which

1457-431: The grain requirements of Bengal , Nepal , and the states of Northeast India . It is also an epic centre of highways in Purnia, as well [REDACTED] NH 27 , [REDACTED] NH 231 , [REDACTED] NH 131A passes that provides excellent connectivity to all parts of India . Khuskibagh has fruit and vegetable market that is too close to Purnia Junction (station code: PRNA) that provides rail connectivity. Purnia

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1504-554: The largest blood bank in the state after Patna, with a capacity of 1,000 units. The Bihar government recently inaugurated one of the three megastock warehouses for drugs/medicines at Kasba , which aims to serve the 13 districts of North Bihar. The Indira Gandhi Stadium houses the Sports Authority of India sports hostel for athletes. The DSA and Zila School grounds are the city's outdoor stadiums. The region has Purnea University (9th University of Bihar). The university

1551-732: The largest city in East India . Purnia district covers 3202.31 sq. km of the state of Bihar . The Indian Army , Indian Air Force , and three of five branches of India's Central Armed Police Forces – the Border Security Force (BSF), the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) – have bases around the district. Several possible origins for the name Purnia have been proposed. The name may originate from

1598-457: The late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called Streamlined System avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>. The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by BGN and PCGN in 2013. There

1645-707: The leading Boarding School of Bihar has its campus at Parora on Purnea. India's leading school chain G D Goenka Public School has its third campus of Bihar in Purnea after Patna and Gaya. Purnia also has a Kendriya Vidyalaya . Other prominent schools are - There are colleges for higher studies concentrating engineering , law , arts , and home science . Having recognition from the state government and various other government universities such as Aryabhatta Knowledge University , Bihar Agriculture University and Purnea University , these colleges include: 3D animation and multimedia institute: The Indian Red Cross Society has

1692-453: The name "Mini Darjeeling " for this reason. Purnia has a largely humid climate, with the highest level of rainfall in Bihar state and humidity rising to above 70%. A cold season, from November to February, is followed by a hot season from March to June. The monsoon season begins in early June and lasts until September; 82% of its total annual rainfall falls during the monsoon season. January,

1739-475: The name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may also be written as Tchaykovsky , Tchajkovskij , Tchaikowski , Tschaikowski , Czajkowski , Čajkovskij , Čajkovski , Chajkovskij , Çaykovski , Chaykovsky , Chaykovskiy , Chaikovski , Tshaikovski , Tšaikovski , Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include: The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of

1786-489: The newly built Kosi Mahasetu bridge ends at Muzaffarpur to continue further for Patna. It has turned out to be an alternate route for Patna & has helped in decongesting the ever busy and traffic-prone NH31. [REDACTED] NH 31 traverse the main city and terminate Gulab bagh at [REDACTED] NH 27 in the east and Patna to the west via Mokama , Khagaria & Begusarai . The east–west corridor connecting Silchar , Assam to Gujarat passes through Purnia in

1833-422: The people from nearby cities & states while state highways connect the other neighbouring cities and villages to the main city area. The newly constructed [REDACTED] NH 27 directly connects Purnia to some important towns and cities of North Bihar namely Darbhanga & Muzaffarpur . It takes nearly 5 hours to reach Muzaffarpur through this Expressway . This expressway which also traverses through

1880-530: The people of Purnia. Surjapuri and Santali dialects are also spoken in some parts of the city. English continues to be taught in the English Medium schools. In recent years, Purnia is growing as epicenter for service, automobile and many more economic sectors. This results as fast changing in lifestyle and economy of city. Primarily, Gulabbagh, Khuskibagh, Line Bazar , Bhatta Bazar, Madhubani Bazar, City Industrial Estate and Maranga Outgrowth Centre are

1927-465: The prime locations for the economic activities. Gulabbagh and Khuskibagh are situated at eastern outskirts of main city, and known for their famous agriculture market (in local language mandi ). Many merchants come from Nepal and West Bengal to purchase supplies of raw material and specially Maize . GulabBagh in Purnia houses a major grain storehouse and is Asia's largest maize trading center. This location as well as central and eastern Bihar supply

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1974-589: The romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. Most romanizations are intended to enable

2021-398: The source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet

2068-509: The vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider

2115-863: Was adapted into a film Teesri Kasam (The Third Vow), by Basu Bhattacharya (produced by the poet-lyricist Shailendra ) in 1966 was shot in Purnia, in which old Purnea is pictured, especially 'the Gulabbag Mela'. Purnia held the record for making and displaying the world's longest tricolour flag, with the length measured at 7,100 metres (7.1 km) before it was broken on 12 August 2019 by Raipur , Chattisgadh . Romanization There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. If

2162-491: Was first started in Purnia by an Englishman named John Kelly. Later, many Europeans cultivated indigo here vigorously. Shillingford, a hunter, was the foremost among them who built 'Nilha Kothi' in places such as Nilganj, Mahendrapur, and Bhavbada. Neelha farmers, another group of English farmers, heavily contrubuted to Purnia's settlement. Purnia was a very green and open area. Some of the popular religious places in and around Purnea are.. Purnia and its surrounding lands lie in

2209-477: Was his heir. Mrs. Downing had two heirs - her son C. Y. Downing and daughter Mrs. Hays. Today, the grand residence of Hez Saheb is the main building of Purnia College. There is a dyke in Purnia, which protects the city from floods. In Baghmara, one area in the frontier of the city, there is an embankment parallel to the Saura river, which was built by Palmer. This dam was named the Palmer Dam. Indigo cultivation

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