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48-517: The Qashqadaryo Region consists of 13 districts (listed below) and two district-level cities: Qarshi and Shahrisabz . There are 12 cities ( Qarshi , Shahrisabz , Gʻuzor , Qamashi , Beshkent , Koson , Kitob , Muborak , Yangi Nishon , Tallimarjon , Chiroqchi , Yakkabogʻ ) and 117 urban-type settlements in the Qashqadaryo Region. The climate is a typically arid continental climate and partly semi-tropical . Region involves

96-408: A hearts-and-minds campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city become an independent khanate under Russian protection. The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded

144-503: A new Downtown which would include a business district with skyscrapers of local and foreign companies, world hotels such as Hilton Tashkent Hotel , apartments, malls, shops and other entertainment. The construction of the International Business Center is planned to be completed by the end of 2021. Fitch assigns “BB−” rating to Tashkent city, “Stable” forecast. In 2007, Tashkent was named a "cultural capital of

192-627: A number of rivers , mountain ranges( Hisar ), reserves ( Kitab State Geological Reserve , Hisar State Reserve ) and lakes. Mubarak Mervazi Mausoleum was built in the 14th century. It is located in the "Sariqqishloq" neighborhood in the Mubarak district of the Kashkadarya region. By the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on 4 October 2019, it was included in

240-523: A number of Syr Darya cities. Yesim-Khan ruled the Kazakh Khanate from 1598 to 1628, his main merit was that he managed to unite the Kazakh khanate. The city was part of Kazakh Khanate between 1598 and 1723. In 1784, Yunus Khoja , the ruler of the dakha (district) Shayhantahur, united the entire city under his rule and created an independent Tashkent state (1784-1807), which by the beginning of

288-626: A possession called Shí 石 ("stone") or Zhěshí 赭時 with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD. In 558–603, Chach was part of the Turkic Khaganate . At the beginning of the 7th century, the Turkic Kaganate, as a result of internecine wars and wars with its neighbors, disintegrated into the Western and Eastern Kaganates . The Western Turkic ruler Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630) set up his headquarters in

336-663: A result of the Mongols ' destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220. Under the Timurid and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties, the city's population and culture gradually revived as a prominent strategic center of scholarship, commerce and trade along the Silk Road . During the reign of Amir Timur (1336-1405), Tashkent was restored and in the 14th-15th centuries Tashkent was part of Timur's empire. For Timur, Tashkent

384-535: A small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by a Russian Orthodox priest. Although the defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (including Alimqul , the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged

432-562: A special wall with two gates, contained the ruler's palace and the prison. Under the Samanid Empire , whose founder Ismail Samani was a descendant of Persian Zoroastrian convert to Islam , the city came to be known as Binkath . However, the Arabs retained the old name of Chach for the surrounding region, pronouncing it ash-Shāsh ( الشاش ) instead. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ash-Shashi, known as al-Kaffal ash-Shashi (904-975),

480-482: Is said to have marked the midway point between Europe and China . Other scholars, however, disagree with this identification, though it remains one of four most probable sites for the Stone Tower. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the province were known as Chach . The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. The principality of Chach had a square citadel built around

528-470: Is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan . It is the most populous city in Central Asia , with a population of more than 3 million people as of April 1st 2024. It is located in northeastern Uzbekistan, near the border with Kazakhstan . Before the influence of Islam in the mid-8th century AD, Sogdian and Turkic culture was predominant. After Genghis Khan destroyed the city in 1219, it

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576-763: The Karakhanids . In 998/99 the Tashkent oasis went to the Karakhanid Ahmad ibn Ali, who ruled the north-eastern regions of Mavarannahr . In 1177/78, a separate khanate was formed in the Tashkent oasis. Its center was Banakat, where dirhams of Mu'izz ad-dunya wa-d-din Qilich-khan were minted, in 1195–1197; and of Jalal ad-dunya wa-d-din Tafgach-khakan, in 1197–1206. The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219 and lost much of its population as

624-667: The Russian Provisional Government removed all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for the February Revolution . The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council ( Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya ) based in

672-627: The 19th century seized vast lands. In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to the Khanate of Kokand . At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia. Under the Kokand domination, Tashkent was surrounded by a moat and an adobe battlement (about 20 kilometers long) with 12 gates. It prospered greatly through trade with Russia but chafed under Kokand's high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored

720-651: The 5th and 3rd centuries BC as an oasis on the Chirchik River , near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy. Some scholars believe that a " Stone Tower " mentioned by Ptolemy in his famous treatise Geography , and by other early accounts of travel on the old Silk Road , referred to this settlement (due to its etymology). This tower

768-631: The 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had more than 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602/603? – 664 AD), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Zhěshí ( 赭時 ). The Chinese chronicles History of Northern Dynasties , Book of Sui , and Old Book of Tang mention

816-754: The Islamic world" by Moscow News , as the city has numerous historic mosques and significant Islamic sites, including the Islamic University. Tashkent holds the Samarkand Kufic Quran , one of the earliest written copies of the Quran , which has been located in the city since 1924. Tashkent is the most visited city in the country, and has greatly benefited from increasing tourism as a result of reforms under president Shavkat Mirziyoyev and opening up by abolishing visas for visitors from

864-718: The Ming-bulak area to the north of Chach. Here he received embassies from the emperors of the Tang Empire and Byzantium . In 626, the Indian Buddhist preacher Prabhakāramitra arrived with ten companions to the Khagan. In 628, Xuanzang arrived in Ming-bulak. The Turkic rulers of Chach minted their coins with the inscription on the obverse side of the "lord of the Khakan money" (mid-8th century); with an inscription in

912-413: The Republic of Uzbekistan on 4 October 2019, the immovable property objects of the tangible cultural heritage were included in the national list — they are under state protection. Districts of Uzbekistan [REDACTED] CIS Member State The regions (viloyat) of Uzbekistan are divided into 175 districts ( tuman ). The districts are listed by regions, in the general direction from

960-642: The Soviet Union. Much of Tashkent was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake , but it was soon rebuilt as a model Soviet city. It was the fourth-largest city in the Soviet Union at the time, after Moscow , Leningrad and Kyiv . Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, it celebrated 2,200 years of its written history . During its long history, Tashkent has undergone various changes in names and political and religious affiliations. Abu Rayhan Biruni wrote that

1008-517: The Soviet industrial capacity. This led to great increase in industry during World War II. It also evacuated most of the German communist emigres to Tashkent. The Russian population increased dramatically; evacuees from the war zones increased the total population of Tashkent to well over a million. Russians and Ukrainians eventually comprised more than half of the total residents of Tashkent. Many of

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1056-660: The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkestan ASSR ). The new regime was threatened by White forces, basmachi ; revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow. The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s. Violating the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. The government worked to relocate factories from western Russia and Ukraine to Tashkent to preserve

1104-549: The USSR and a center of learning in the fields of science and engineering. Due to the 1966 earthquake and the Soviet redevelopment, little architectural heritage has survived of Tashkent's ancient history. Few structures mark its significance as a trading point on the historic Silk Road . Such countries of the Soviet Union as Azerbaijan and Armenia , Kazakhstan and Georgia , Belarus and Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan and Tajikistan , Latvia , Moldova , Estonia helped restore

1152-420: The apparent Chinese translation 石 shí "stone", of * kaŋk- (whence Chinese transcription 康居 EHC * kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ > standard Chinese Kāngjū ), which possibly meant "stone". Against Harold Walter Bailey 's and Edwin G. Pulleyblank 's suggested Tocharian origin for * kaŋk- , Ünal proposes that it was instead an Iranian word and compares it to Pashto kā́ṇay "stone". Tashkent was first settled between

1200-574: The birthplace of Amir Timur , is the main tourist attraction in the region. Mubarak Mervazi Mausoleum is a cultural heritage object located in Uzbekistan and recognized as a significant historical site. The object was built in the 14th century and is situated in the "Sariqqishloq" neighborhood of the Mubarak district in the Qashqadaryo region. By the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of

1248-433: The city after the earthquake and erected many modern buildings. Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan, noted for its tree-lined streets, fountains and parks. In 2009, the local government initiated a controversial tree-cutting campaign. Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. New development has superseded or replaced icons of the Soviet era. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin

1296-589: The city's name Tashkent comes from the turkic tash and persian kent , literally translated as "Stone City" or "City of Stones". Ilya Gershevitch (1974:55, 72) (apud Livshits, 2007:179) traces the city's old name Chach back to Old Iranian * čāiča- "area of water, lake" (cf. Čaēčista , the Aral Sea 's name in the Avesta ) (whence Middle Chinese transcription * źiäk > standard Chinese Shí with Chinese character 石 for "stone" ), and * Čačkand ~ Čačkanθ

1344-566: The clergy of Bukhara over that of Kokand. However, before the Emir of Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived. In May 1865, Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev (Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of the Tsar and outnumbered at least 15–1, staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall 25 km (16 mi) long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While

1392-450: The densely populated areas of the old city where traditional adobe housing predominated. The Soviet republics, and some other countries, such as Finland, sent "battalions of fraternal peoples" and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent. Tashkent was rebuilt as a model Soviet city with wide streets planted with shade trees, parks, immense plazas for parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. The Tashkent Metro

1440-481: The former refugees stayed in Tashkent to live after the war, rather than return to former homes. During the postwar period, the Soviet Union established numerous scientific and engineering facilities in Tashkent. On 10 January 1966, then Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed a pact in Tashkent with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin as the mediator to resolve

1488-736: The healing water of the Zem-Zem spring, ordered to build a mausoleum for the saint. By order of Timur, the Zangiata mausoleum was built. In the 16th century, Tashkent was ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty . Shaybanid Suyunchkhoja Khan was an enlightened Uzbek ruler; following the traditions of his ancestors Mirzo Ulugbek and Abul Khair Khan , he gathered famous scientists, writers and poets at his court, among them: Vasifi, Abdullah Nasrullahi, Masud bin Osmani Kuhistani. Since 1518 Vasifi

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1536-526: The impulsive general as a loose cannon, and soon replaced him with General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman . Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory of Russian Turkistan , with Kaufman as first Governor-General. A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent

1584-640: The national list of immovable property objects of tangible cultural heritage - under state protection. Mausoleum of Hazrat Sultan is a memorial site located in the Shut village of the Koʻhsor neighborhood in the Kitob district of Qashqadaryo region, dating back to the 12th to 13th centuries. Natural resources include significant petroleum and natural gas reserves, with the Muborak Oil and Gas Processing Plant as

1632-480: The old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singing La Marseillaise and thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin closed the events with words "Long Live a great free Russia". The First Turkestan Muslim Conference was held in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council, it

1680-510: The region's largest industry. Other industry includes wool processing, textiles , light industry , food processing and construction materials. Major agricultural activities include cotton , various crops and livestock . The irrigation infrastructure is very well developed with the large Tallimarjon Reservoir as a reliable water source. The region has a well-developed transport infrastructure, with over 350 km of railways and 4000 km of surfaced roads. The city of Shahrisabz ,

1728-622: The ruler Turk (7th century), in Nudjket in the middle of the 8th century, coins were issued with the obverse inscription “Nanchu (Banchu) Ertegin sovereign". Chach (Arabic: Shash) was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate at the beginning of the 8th century. According to the descriptions of the authors of the 10th century, Shash was structurally divided into a citadel , an inner city (madina) and two suburbs - an inner (rabad-dahil) and an outer (rabad-harij). The citadel, surrounded by

1776-488: The terms of peace after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . On the next day, Shastri died suddenly, reportedly due to a heart attack. It is widely speculated that Shastri was killed by poisoning the water he drank. Much of Tashkent's old city was destroyed by a powerful earthquake on 26 April 1966 . More than 300,000 residents were left homeless, and some 78,000 poorly engineered homes were destroyed, mainly in

1824-799: The west to the east. Taxiatosh District was created in 2017 from part of Xoʻjayli District . Boʻzatov District was created in September 2019 from parts of the Kegeyli District and the Chimboy District . Ohunboboev District was renamed to Qoʻshtepa District in August 2010. Since 2020, when the Yangihayot district was created, Tashkent is divided into 12 districts . Tashkent#Districts Tashkent ( / t æ ʃ ˈ k ɛ n t / ), also known as Toshkent ,

1872-594: Was a center of espionage in the Great Game rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. The Turkestan Military District was established as part of the military reforms of 1874. The Trans-Caspian Railway arrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds of Bolshevik Revolution . With the fall of the Russian Empire ,

1920-481: Was also built during this time. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970, but the builders occupied many, rather than the homeless residents of Tashkent. Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzor area, north-east and south-east of the city. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth-largest city in

1968-507: Was born in Tashkent. He was an Islamic theologian, scholar, jurist of the Shafi'i madhhab , hadith scholar and linguist. After the 11th century, the name evolved from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand. The modern spelling of "Tashkent" reflects Russian orthography and 20th-century Soviet influence. At the end of the 10th century, Tashkent became part of the possessions of the Turkic state of

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2016-557: Was considered a strategic city. In 1391 Timur set out in the spring from Tashkent to Desht-i-Kipchak to fight the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh Khan . Timur returned from this victorious campaign through Tashkent. The most famous saint Sufi of Tashkent was Sheikh Khovendi at-Takhur (13th to the first half of the 14th century). According to legend, Amir Timur, who was treating his wounded leg in Tashkent with

2064-515: Was dominated by the Jadid , Muslim reformers. A more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around the Ulema . This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful. In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of

2112-419: Was rebuilt and profited from its location on the Silk Road . From the 18th to the 19th centuries, the city became an independent city-state , before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand . In 1865, Tashkent fell to the Russian Empire ; as a result, it became the capital of Russian Turkestan . In Soviet times, it witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout

2160-596: Was replaced with a globe, featuring a geographic map of Uzbekistan. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new modern buildings. The "Downtown Tashkent" district includes the 22-story NBU Bank building, international hotels, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building. The Tashkent Business district is a special district, established for the development of small, medium and large businesses in Uzbekistan. In 2018, construction began on

2208-529: Was ruled by the Shaybanid Keldi Muhammad, who issued silver and copper coins on his behalf. In 1598, Kazakh Tauekel Khan was at war with the Khanate of Bukhara . The Bukhara troops sent against him were defeated by Kazakhs in the battle between Tashkent and Samarkand. During the reign of Yesim-Khan, a peace treaty was concluded between Bukhara and Kazakhs, according to which Kazakhs abandoned Samarkand, but left behind Tashkent, Turkestan and

2256-459: Was the basis for Turkic adaptation Tashkent, popularly etymologized as "stone city". Livshits proposes that Čač originally designated only the Aral Sea before being used for the Tashkent oasis. Ünal (2022) critiques Gershevitch's and Livshits's etymology as being "based on too many assumptions". He instead derives the name Čač from Late Proto-Turkic * t 1 iāt 2 (ă) "stone", which he proposes to be seemingly another translation, besides

2304-415: Was the educator of the son of Suyunchhoja Khan Keldi Muhammad, with whom, after the death of his father in 1525, he moved to Tashkent. After the death of his former pupil, he became the educator of his son, Abu-l-Muzaffar Hasan-Sultan. Later the city was subordinated to Shaybanid Abdullah Khan II (the ruler actually from 1557, officially in 1583–1598), who issued his coins here. From 1598 to 1604 Tashkent

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