The Quinipissa (sometimes spelled Kinipissa in French sources) were an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands who were living on the lower Mississippi River , in present-day Louisiana , as reported by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1682.
93-753: In 1682, La Salle encountered a group of Quinipissa living with the Koroa in a village on the western bank of the Mississippi River . The Quinipissa joined the Mougoulacha . The combined group shared a village with the Bayagoula . In 1700, the Bayagoula massacred both the Quinipissa and Mougoulacha, and they were not mentioned again by chroniclers of the time. The Quinipissa may have spoken
186-544: A family estate near Rouen. However, the phrase La Salle has become iconic, and associated with the person as if it were his name; he is therefore often called Robert La Salle, or simply "La Salle". The Seneca told La Salle of a great river, called the Ohio , which flowed into the sea, the "Vermilion Sea". He began to plan for expeditions to find a western passage to China. He sought and received permission from Governor Daniel Courcelle and Intendant Jean Talon to embark on
279-582: A group of 40, La Salle and Henri de Tonti headed south from Fort Miami. They canoed up the St. Joseph and followed it to a portage at present-day South Bend, Indiana . They crossed to the Kankakee River and followed it to the Illinois River . In January 1680, they reached an area that is near the current city of Peoria, Illinois . In order to help the local Peoria tribe defend themselves against
372-542: A hydrography which was non-existent. In those days, maps as well as descriptions were based part on observation and part on hearsay, of necessity. This confounded courses, mouths and confluences among the rivers. At various times, La Salle invented such rivers as the Chucagoa, Baudrane, Louisiane (Anglicized "Saint Louis"), and Ouabanchi-Aramoni. Confounding fact with fiction started with publication in 1876 of Pierre Margry's Découvertes et Établissements des Français . Margry
465-632: A load of furs, but was never seen again. La Salle continued with his men in canoes down the western shore of Lake Michigan , rounding the southern end to the mouth of the Miami River (now St. Joseph River ), where they built a stockade in November, 1679. They called it Fort Miami (now known as St. Joseph, Michigan ). There they waited for Tonti and his party, who had crossed the Lower Michigan peninsula on foot. On December 3, 1679, with
558-527: A map by Nicolas de Fer states that all nations of this region spoke different languages and barely understood each other. Thus, there is no real linguistic evidence to conclude that the Quinipissa are Muskogean. Ren%C3%A9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle ( / l ə ˈ s æ l / ; November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687), was a 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America. He explored
651-503: A military nobility until 1750. The immemorial nobility (also called noblesse de race or noblesse d'extraction ) includes the families recognized for having always lived nobly and never ennobled. Genealogists sometimes make the following distinctions: The ennobled families includes the families ennobled by an office or by letters patent from the King. Different principles of ennoblement can be distinguished: Depending on
744-653: A name, after a request to the Department of Justice. The idea of what it meant to be noble went through a radical transformation from the 16th to the 17th centuries. Through contact with the Italian Renaissance and their concept of the perfect courtier ( Baldassare Castiglione ), the rude warrior class was remodeled into what the 17th century would come to call l'honnête homme ('the honest or upright man'), among whose chief virtues were eloquent speech, skill at dance, refinement of manners, appreciation of
837-507: A new knightly order in 1802, the Légion d'honneur , which still exists but is no longer hereditary. He decreed that after three generations of legionaries created knights by letters patent, they would receive hereditary nobility, but a small number of French families meet the requirement and the decree was abrogated and no longer applied. From 1814 to 1848 ( Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy ) and from 1852 to 1870 ( Second French Empire )
930-400: A noble lifestyle on seigneurial taxes), these rural nobles ( hobereaux ) often went into debt. A strict etiquette was imposed: a word or glance from the king could make or destroy a career. At the same time, the relocation of the court to Versailles was also a brilliant political move by Louis. By distracting the nobles with court life and the daily intrigue that came with it, he neutralized
1023-661: A particle are non-noble and a few authentic "extraction" nobles are without any particle at all. Noble hierarchies were further complicated by the creation of chivalric orders – the Chevaliers du Saint-Esprit (Knights of the Holy Spirit) created by Henry III in 1578; the Ordre de Saint-Michel created by Louis XI in 1469; the Order of Saint Louis created by Louis XIV in 1696 – by official posts, and by positions in
SECTION 10
#17327982279331116-524: A powerful threat to his authority and removed the largest obstacle to his ambition to centralize power in France. Much of the power of nobles in these periods of unrest comes from their "clientèle system". Like the king, nobles granted the use of fiefs, and gave gifts and other forms of patronage to other nobles to develop a vast system of noble clients. Lesser families would send their children to be squires and members of these noble houses, and to learn in them
1209-783: A single career. Though he died at the hands of some of his quarrelling followers in the mud of reeds of the Gulf of Mexico lowlands, he was essentially a man of the lakes, of Ontario and Erie, Huron and Michigan...." A sculpture of de La Salle is located on the south facade of the Knute Rockne Memorial on the campus of the University of Notre Dame . There is also a statue of him in Chicago 's Lincoln Park . La Salle University in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , adopted
1302-494: A special tax ( franc-fief ) on the property to the noble liege-lord. Henry IV began to enforce the law against usurpation of nobility, and in 1666–1674 Louis XIV mandated a massive program of verification. Oral testimony maintaining that parents and grandparents had been born noble and lived as such were no longer accepted: written proofs (marriage contracts, land documents) proving noble rank since 1560 were required to substantiate noble status. Many families were put back on
1395-569: Is a French title roughly translating to "Lord of the manor". Sieur is a French title of nobility, similar to the English "Sir," but under the French seigneurial system, the title is purchased rather than earned, and does not imply military duty. Robert Cavelier took the title with his seigneurial purchase of Lachine from the Sulpician order at Ville Marie around 1667. It refers to the name of
1488-597: Is now Memphis, Tennessee , where La Salle built a small fort, named Fort Prudhomme . In April 1682, the expedition reached the Gulf of Mexico. There, La Salle named the Mississippi basin La Louisiane in honor of Louis XIV and claimed it for France. During 1682–83, La Salle, with Henry de Tonti, established Fort Saint-Louis of Illinois at Starved Rock on the Illinois River to protect and hold
1581-707: Is worn on the little finger of either the right or left hand, depending on the country); French women, however, wore it on their left little finger. Daughters sometimes wore the signet ring of their mother if the father lacked a coat of arms, but a son would not. Originally, its purpose was practical and was worn by nobles and officials in the Middle Ages to press down and seal the hot wax with their coat of arms for identification on official letters , but this function became degraded over time as more non-nobles wore them for perceived status. The chevalière may either be worn facing up ( en baise-main ) or facing toward
1674-543: The Discovery Channel featured the story of the ship; divers who were involved in the investigation were convinced that Le Griffon sank in the Mississagi Strait . Historians debated the site of La Salle's "Fort St Louis" colony, which had been said to be near Lavaca Bay at Garcitas Creek, and was a significant part of the history of French colonization of Texas . A June 1996 dig at the site that
1767-693: The Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada , and the Mississippi River . He is best known for an early 1682 expedition in which he canoed the lower Mississippi River from the mouth of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; there, on 9 April 1682, he claimed the Mississippi River basin for France after giving it the name La Louisiane , in honor of Saint Louis and Louis XIV . One source states that "he acquired for France
1860-666: The Iroquois , La Salle and his group built a stockade and named it Fort Crèvecoeur . In March 1680, La Salle set off on foot for Fort Frontenac for supplies. A month after his departure, the soldiers at Ft. Crevecoeur, led by Martin Chartier , mutinied , destroyed the fort, and exiled Tonti, whom he had left in charge. The group later travelled along the Illinois River and arrived at the Mississippi River in February 1682; they built canoes there. The exploration reached an area that
1953-718: The cataract later known as Niagara Falls . The first ship built by La Salle, called the Frontenac , a 10-ton single-decked brigantine or barque, was lost in Lake Ontario, on January 8, 1679. Afterward, La Salle built Le Griffon , a seven-cannon, 45-ton barque , on the upper Niagara River at or near Cayuga Creek . She was launched on August 7, 1679. La Salle sailed in Le Griffon up Lake Erie to Lake Huron , then up Huron to Michilimackinac and on to present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin . Le Griffon left for Niagara with
SECTION 20
#17327982279332046-409: The name of a U.S. state . The Encyclopædia Britannica provides this summary of La Salle's achievements: "His claim of Louisiana for France, though but a vain boast at the time, pointed the way to the French colonial empire that was eventually built by other men". Pierre Berton wrote, "no other man had crammed so much adventure, so much excitement, so many triumphs, and so many heartbreaks into
2139-484: The 15th century. With a total population of 28 million, this would represent merely 0.5%. Historian Gordon Wright gives a figure of 300,000 nobles (of which 80,000 were from the traditional noblesse d'épée , lit. ' nobility of the sword ' ), which agrees with the estimation of historian Jean de Viguerie, or a little over 1%. At the time of the Revolution, noble estates comprised about one-fifth of
2232-440: The 16th century the signet ring ( chevalière ) bearing a coat of arms was not a sign or proof of nobility, as many bourgeois families were allowed to register their arms, and they often wore them as a pretense of nobility. However, all noble families did have a registered coat of arms. The ring was traditionally worn by Frenchmen on the ring finger of their left hand, contrary to usage in most other European countries (where it
2325-545: The Assembly on 26 August 1789, but the abolition of nobility did not occur at that time. The Declaration declared in its first article that "Men are born free and equal in rights; social distinctions may be based only upon general usefulness." It was not until 19 June 1790, that hereditary titles of nobility were abolished. The notions of equality and fraternity won over some nobles such as the Marquis de Lafayette who supported
2418-549: The French nobility could have two origins as to their principle of nobility: the families of immemorial nobility and the ennobled families . Sources differ about the actual number of French families of noble origin, but agree that it was proportionally among the smallest noble classes in Europe. For the year 1789, French historian François Bluche gives a figure of 140,000 nobles (9,000 noble families) and states that about 5% of nobles could claim descent from feudal nobility before
2511-484: The French nobility was restored as a hereditary distinction without any privileges and new hereditary titles were granted. Since the beginning of the French Third Republic on 4 September 1870 the French nobility has no legal existence and status. However, the former authentic titles transmitted regularly can be recognized as part of the name after a request to the Department of Justice. Families of
2604-601: The French nobility was restored as an hereditary distinction without privileges, and new hereditary titles were granted. Nobility and titles of nobility were abolished in 1848 during the French Revolution of 1848 , but hereditary titles were restored in 1852 by decree of the emperor Napoleon III . Since the French Third Republic on 4 September 1870 the French nobility is no longer recognized and has no legal existence and status. The former regularly transmitted authentic titles can however be recognized as part of
2697-479: The French royal court to Versailles in the 1680s, Louis XIV further modified the role of the nobles. Versailles became a gilded cage: to leave spelled disaster for a noble, for all official charges and appointments were made there. Provincial nobles who refused to join the Versailles system were locked out of important positions in the military or state offices, and lacking royal subsidies (and unable to keep up
2790-659: The Governor of New France, Louis de Buade de Frontenac , arrived at the mouth of the Cataraqui River to meet with leaders of the Five Nations of the Iroquois to encourage them to trade with the French. While the groups met and exchanged gifts, Frontenac's men, led by La Salle, hastily constructed a rough wooden palisade on a point of land by a shallow, sheltered bay. Originally the fort was named Fort Cataraqui but
2883-603: The Ohio River. La Salle's own journal of the expedition was lost in 1756. Two indirect historical accounts exist. The one, Récit d’un ami de l’abbé de Galliné , purported to be a recitation by La Salle himself to an unknown writer during his visit to Paris in 1678, and the other Mémoire sur le projet du sieur de la Salle pour la descouverte de la partie occidentale de l’Amérique septentrionale entre la Nouvelle-France, la Floride et le Mexique . A letter from Madeleine Cavelier, his now elderly niece, written in 1746, commenting on
Quinipissa - Misplaced Pages Continue
2976-492: The Provinces. The rank of noble was forfeitable: certain activities could cause dérogeance (loss of nobility), within certain limits and exceptions. Most commercial and manual activities, such as tilling land, were strictly prohibited, although nobles could profit from their lands by operating mines , glassworks and forges . A nobleman could emancipate a male heir early, and take on derogatory activities without losing
3069-660: The Royal House (the Great Officers of the Crown of France ), such as grand maître de la garde-robe ('grand master of the wardrobe', the royal dresser) or grand panetier (royal bread server), which had long ceased to be actual functions and had become nominal and formal positions with their own privileges. The 17th and 18th centuries saw nobles and the noblesse de robe compete with each other for these positions and any other signs of royal favor. In France, by
3162-739: The Spanish, and 10 other adults, who lived for a while among the Native Americans and were later captured and released by the Spanish. Six found their way to Canada and eventually returned to France. Three others were refused passage by the Spanish; an Italian was imprisoned. For as long as 30 years after the demise of the colony, there were specious accounts of survivors still living among the Native Americans in Texas. La Salle never married, but has been linked to Madeleine de Roybon d'Allonne , an early colonizer of New France . In addition to
3255-491: The St. Lawrence and across Lake Ontario for 35 days, they arrived at what is called today Irondequoit Bay on the southern shore of Lake Ontario at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek, a place now commemorated as La Salle's Landing. There they were greeted by a party of Natives, who escorted them starting the next day to a village some leagues distant, a journey of a few days. At the village, the Seneca vehemently attempted to dissuade
3348-616: The Texas Historical Commission. The collection is held by the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History. Artifacts from La Belle are shown at nine museums across Texas. The wreckage of his ship L'Aimable has yet to be located. In 1998, The National Underwater and Marine Agency claimed that it had found the wreck in Matagorda Bay but the Texas Historical Commission stated that the wreck
3441-610: The abolition of legal recognition of nobility, but other liberal nobles who had happily sacrificed their fiscal privileges saw this as an attack on the culture of honor. From 1808 to 1815 during the First Empire the Emperor Napoléon bestowed titles, which the ensuing Bourbon Restoration acknowledged as a new nobility by the Charter of 4 June 1814 granted by King Louis XVIII of France . Napoleon also established
3534-459: The arts of court society and arms. The elaboration of the ancien régime state was made possible only by redirecting these clientèle systems to a new focal point (the king and the state), and by creating countervailing powers (the bourgeoisie, the noblesse de robe ). By the late 17th century, any act of explicit or implicit protest was treated as a form of lèse-majesté and harshly repressed. Economic studies of nobility in France at
3627-465: The arts, intellectual curiosity, wit, a spiritual or platonic attitude in love, and the ability to write poetry. Most notable of noble values are the aristocratic obsession with glory ( la gloire ) and majesty ( la grandeur ) and the spectacle of power, prestige, and luxury. For example, Pierre Corneille 's noble heroes have been criticised by modern readers who have seen their actions as vainglorious, criminal, or hubristic; aristocratic spectators of
3720-474: The arts. Conversely, social parvenus who took on the external trappings of the noble classes (such as the wearing of a sword) were severely criticised, sometimes by legal action; laws on sumptuous clothing worn by the bourgeois existed since the Middle Ages . Traditional aristocratic values began to be criticised in the mid-17th century: Blaise Pascal , for example, offered a ferocious analysis of
3813-681: The beginning of the French Revolution , on 4 August 1789, the dozens of small dues that a commoner had to pay to the lord, such as the banalités of manorialism , were abolished by the National Constituent Assembly ; noble lands were stripped of their special status as fiefs; the nobility were subjected to the same taxation as their co-nationals, and lost their privileges (the hunt, seigneurial justice, funeral honors). The nobles were, however, allowed to retain their titles. This did not happen immediately. Decrees of application had to be drafted, signed, promulgated and published in
Quinipissa - Misplaced Pages Continue
3906-474: The century and the inability of nobles to participate in most fields without losing their nobility contributed to their relative poverty. Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret divides the nobility of France into five distinct wealth categories, based on research into the capitation tax, which nobles were also subject to. The first category includes those paying over 500 livres in capitation and enjoying at least 50,000₶ in annual income. 250 families in total comprised this group,
3999-523: The conquered Gallo-Romans and subdued Germanic tribes that had also attempted to seize Gaul before the Franks, such as the Alemanni and Visigoths . The theory had no proven basis, but offered a comforting myth for an increasingly impoverished noble class. The French historian Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, specialist of the French nobility in the 18th century, writes that some historians mistakenly confused
4092-593: The content therein. English and American scholars were immediately skeptical of the work, since full and faithful publication of some of the original documents had previously existed. The situation was so fraught with doubt, that the United States Congress appropriated $ 10,000 in 1873, which Margry wanted as an advance, to have the original documents photostated, witnessed by uninvolved parties as to veracity. La Salle undertook several other smaller unknown expeditions between 1671 and 1673. On July 12, 1673,
4185-465: The discoverer managed, during a voyage to France in 1674–75, to secure for himself the grant of Fort Cataraqui and acquired letters of nobility for himself and his descendants. With Frontenac's support, he received not only a fur trade concession, with permission to establish frontier forts, but also a title of nobility . He returned and rebuilt Frontenac in stone. An Ontario Heritage Trust plaque describes La Salle at Cataraqui as "[a] major figure in
4278-419: The end of the 18th century, reveal great differences in financial status at this time. A well-off family could earn 100,000–150,000 livres (₶) per year, although the most prestigious families could gain two or three times that much. For provincial nobility, yearly earnings of 10,000 livres permitted a minimum of provincial luxury, but most earned far less. The ethics of noble expenditure, the financial crises of
4371-469: The enterprise. He sold his interests in Lachine to finance the venture. La Salle left Lachine by the St. Lawrence on July 6, 1669, with a flotilla of nine canoes and 24 men, an unknown number of Seneca guides: himself and 14 hired men in four canoes, the two Sulpicians Dollier de Casson and Abbé René de Bréhan de Galinée with seven new recruits in three canoes, and two canoes of Natives. Having travelled up
4464-486: The entrance to Green Bay in northern Lake Michigan was located by Steve Libert of the Great Lakes Exploration Group in 2001. The organization prevailed in a lawsuit against the state of Michigan over ownership of artifacts in 2012, and in 2013 was issued a permit to excavate the wreck. Only one artifact, a wood pole, was recovered, and it is indeterminate whether it was from a shipwreck. In 2019,
4557-578: The expansion of the French fur trade into the Lake Ontario region. Using the fort as a base, he undertook expeditions to the west and southwest in the interest of developing a vast fur-trading empire." After leaving Lower Canada in September 1678, La Salle and his lieutenant Henri de Tonti travelled to Fort Frontenac (now in Kingston, Ontario ) and then to Niagara where, in December 1678, they were
4650-457: The expedition ran out of supplies in northern Texas and failed to reach the site. It is now known that there were 15 survivors of the original 180 colonists at the fort, most of whom had accompanied La Salle on his final eastward trek to locate the mouth of the Colbert (Mississippi) River and escaped the massacre: five children kidnapped by Native Americans at the settlement and later rescued by
4743-549: The expression noblesse oblige – and without expecting financial or political gain), and to master their own emotions, especially fear, jealousy, and the desire for vengeance. One's status in the world demanded appropriate externalisation (or conspicuous consumption ). Nobles indebted themselves to build prestigious urban mansions ( hôtels particuliers ) and to buy clothes, paintings, silverware, dishes, and other furnishings befitting their rank. They were also required to show liberality by hosting sumptuous parties and by funding
SECTION 50
#17327982279334836-719: The factual record of La Salle's first expedition ends, and what prevails is obscurity and fabrication. It is likely that he spent the winter in Ville Marie. The next confirmed sighting of La Salle was by Nicolas Perrot on the Ottawa River near the Rapide des Chats in early summer, 1670, hunting with a party of Iroquois. That would be 700 miles as the crow flies from the Falls of the Ohio, the point supposed by some that he reached on
4929-479: The family's nobility. If nobility was lost through prohibited activities, it could be recovered as soon as the said activities were stopped, by obtaining letters of relief. Finally, certain regions such as Brittany applied loosely these rules allowing poor nobles to plough their own land. From feudal times to the abolition of the privileges in 1789, the French nobility had specific legal and financial rights and prerogatives. The first official list of these prerogatives
5022-465: The first Europeans to view Niagara Falls ; they built Fort Conti at the mouth of the Niagara River. There they loaded supplies into smaller boats ( canoes or bateaux ), so they could continue up the shallow and swiftly flowing lower Niagara River to what is now the location of Lewiston, New York . There the Iroquois had a well-established portage route which bypassed the rapids and
5115-508: The flagship La Belle , the only remaining ship, ran aground and sank into the mud, stranding the colony on the Texas coast. Some of his men mutinied , near the site of present-day Navasota, Texas . On March 19, 1687, La Salle was slain by Pierre Duhaut during an ambush while talking to Duhaut's decoy, Jean L'Archevêque . They were "six leagues" from the westernmost village of the Hasinai (Tejas) Indians. One source states that Duhaut
5208-405: The forts, which also served as authorized agencies for the extensive fur trade, La Salle's visits to Illinois and other Natives cemented the French policy of alliance with Natives in the common causes of containing both Iroquois influence and Anglo-American colonization. He also gave the name Louisiana ( La Louisiane ) to the interior North American territory he claimed for France, which lives on in
5301-440: The fourth group, 11,000 noble families had between 1,000 and 4,000₶ per year. They could still lead a comfortable life provided they were frugal and did not tend toward lavish expenditures. Finally in the fifth group were those with less than 1,000₶ per year; over 5,000 noble families lived at this level. Some of them had less than 500₶, and some others had 100 or even 50₶. This group paid either no or very little capitation tax. At
5394-560: The hand of a centralizing royal power. Before and immediately after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 , many Protestant noble families emigrated and by doing so lost their lands in France. In certain regions of France a majority of the nobility had turned to Protestantism and their departure significantly depleted the ranks of the nobility. Some were incorporated into the nobility of their countries of adoption. By relocating
5487-643: The journal of La Salle in her possession may also shed some light on the issue. La Salle himself never claimed to have discovered the Ohio River. In a letter to the intendant Talon in 1677, he claimed "discovery" of a river, the Baudrane, flowing southwesterly below the Great Lakes (well north of the Ohio's location) with its head on Lake Erie and emptying into the Saint Louis (i.e. the Mississippi),
5580-551: The king. They were required to go to war and fight and die in the service of the king, so called impôt du sang ("blood tax"). Before Louis XIV imposed his will on the nobility, the great families of France often claimed a fundamental right to rebel against unacceptable royal abuse. The Wars of Religion , the Fronde , the civil unrest during the minority of Charles VIII and the regencies of Anne of Austria and Marie de' Medici are all linked to these perceived loss of rights at
5673-416: The knightly nobility (noblesse chevaleresque) with the sword nobility (noblesse d'épée) that they opposed the robe nobility. He reminds that sword nobility and robe nobility are states, professions and not social classes within the French nobility and that they often merge within the same family. He writes that the notion of sword nobility means nothing and he reminds us that the King of France did not establish
SECTION 60
#17327982279335766-449: The land. In 2016, it was estimated that roughly 4,000 families could claim to be French nobility, totaling around 50,000–100,000 individuals, or roughly the same number as they were in the 1780s. Among the French nobility, two classes were distinguished: In the 18th century, the comte de Boulainvilliers , a rural noble, posited the belief that French nobility had descended from the victorious Franks , while non-nobles descended from
5859-400: The lists of the taille and/or forced to pay fines for usurping nobility. Many documents such as notary deeds and contracts were forged, scratched or overwritten resulting in rejections by the crown officers and more fines. During the same period Louis XIV, in dire need of money for wars, issued blank letters- patent of nobility and urged crown officers to sell them to aspiring squires in
5952-458: The majority living in Paris or at court. The second group numbered around 3,500 families with incomes between 10,000₶ and 50,000₶. These were the rich provincial nobility. In the provinces, their incomes allowed them a lavish lifestyle, and they made up 13% of the nobility. The third group were the 7,000 families whose income was between 4,000 and 10,000₶ per annum, which allowed a comfortable life. In
6045-474: The most fertile half of the North American continent". A later ill-fated expedition to the Gulf coast of Mexico (today the U.S. state of Texas) gave the United States a claim to Texas in the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803. La Salle was assassinated in 1687 during that expedition. Although Joliet and Marquette preceded him on the upper Mississippi in their journey of 1673–74, La Salle extended exploration, and France's claims, all
6138-463: The nickname " Explorers " for its athletic teams after René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. La Salle University is named after Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle , the French priest, educator and founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools . In 1931, a sportswriter mistakenly referred to the La Salle football team as the "Explorers" thinking the school was named after the French explorer. In 1932 students voted to pick "Explorers" as
6231-430: The nobility: although nobility itself could not, legally, be purchased, lands to which noble rights and/or title were attached could be and often were bought by commoners who adopted use of the property's name or title and were henceforth assumed to be noble if they could find a way to be exempted from paying the taille to which only commoners were subject. Moreover, non-nobles who owned noble fiefs were obliged to pay
6324-415: The office, the acquisition of nobility could be done in one generation or gradually over several generations: Once acquired, nobility was hereditary in the legitimate male line for all male and female descendants, with some exceptions of noblesse uterine (through the female line) recognized as valid in the provinces of Champagne and Lorraine . Wealthy families found ready opportunities to pass into
6417-447: The official nickname. The La Salle University mascot is The Explorer. In 1995, La Salle's primary ship La Belle was discovered in the muck of Matagorda Bay . It has been the subject of archeological research. A search of the wreck and surrounding area during 1996 to 1997 yielded numerous artifacts from the 17th century. Through an international treaty, the artifacts excavated from La Belle are owned by France and held in trust by
6510-474: The other. He also used in some cases one or another copies of original documents previously edited, extracted or altered by others, without specifying which transcriptions were original, and which were copies, or whether the copy was dated earlier or later. Reproductions were scattered in fragments across chapters, so that it was impossible to ascertain the integrity of the document from its fragments. Chapter headings were oblique and sensational, so as to obfuscate
6603-410: The party from proceeding into the lands of their enemies, the Algonquins , telling of the dire fate awaiting them. The necessity of securing guides for the further part of the journey, and the refusal of the Seneca to provide them, delayed the expedition a month. A fortuitous capture by the Natives in the lands to the south of a Dutchman who spoke Iroquois well but French poorly, and was to be burned at
6696-516: The past thirty years. No system of credit was established for small farmers, and only well-off individuals could take advantage of the ruling. This created a massive land grab by well-off peasants and members of the middle-class, who became absentee landowners and had their land worked by sharecroppers and poor tenants. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen had adopted by vote of
6789-632: The period would have seen many of these same actions as representative of their noble station. The château of Versailles , court ballets, noble portraits, and triumphal arches were all representations of glory and prestige. The notion of glory (military, artistic, etc.) was seen in the context of the Roman Imperial model; it was not seen as vain or boastful, but as a moral imperative to the aristocratic classes. Nobles were required to be "generous" and " magnanimous ", to perform great deeds disinterestedly (i.e. because their status demanded it – whence
6882-420: The provinces, such that certain noble rights were still being applied well into 1791. Nevertheless, it was decided that certain annual financial payments which were owed the nobility and which were considered "contractual" (i.e. not stemming from a usurpation of feudal power, but from a contract between a landowner and a tenant) such as annual rents (the cens and the champart ) needed to be bought back by
6975-413: The region for France. La Salle then returned to Montreal and later, to France. On July 24, 1684, he departed France and returned to America with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico , at the mouth of the Mississippi River. They had four ships and 300 colonists. The expedition was plagued by pirates , Natives defending their land, and poor navigation. One ship
7068-519: The royal court was based on the family's ancienneté , its alliances (marriages), its hommages (dignities and offices held) and, lastly, its illustrations (record of deeds and achievements). Note: The use of the nobiliary particle de in a name is not a sign of nobility. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the de was adopted by large numbers of non-nobles (like Honoré de Balzac or Gérard de Nerval ) in an attempt to appear noble. It has been estimated that today 90% of names with
7161-514: The same language as the Mougoulacha and Bayagoula. The Bayagoula language is only attested with a single word. Albert Gatschet considered Quinipissa a Muskogean language Coast Choctaw ("Coast Chaʼhta") based on evidence that many peoples of this area spoke the lingua franca Mobilian Jargon and have names that appear to be exonyms of Mobilian Jargon or Muskogean origin. This is repeated by John W. Powell and John Swanton . However,
7254-600: The sovereign. If a title was not created or recognized by the sovereign it was a courtesy title without legal status or rank. Generally the titles were hereditary but could sometimes be personal. Under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution of 1789) titles were linked to a land called fiefs de dignité . During the Ancien Régime , there was no distinction of rank by title (except for
7347-409: The spectacle of power and François de La Rochefoucauld posited that no human act – however generous it pretended to be – could be considered disinterested. Nobility and hereditary titles were distinct: while all hereditary titleholders were noble, most nobles were untitled, although many assumed courtesy titles . The authentic titles of nobility would be created or recognized by letters patent of
7440-646: The stake for transgressions unknown, provided an opportunity to obtain a guide. The Dutchman's freedom was purchased by the party in exchange for wampum . While at the Native village in September 1669, La Salle was seized with a violent fever and expressed the intention of returning to Ville Marie . At this juncture, he parted from his company and the narrative of the Jesuits, who continued on to upper Lake Erie. Other accounts have it that some of La Salle's men soon returned to New Holland or Ville Marie. Beyond that,
7533-440: The tenant for the tenant to have clear title to his land. Since the feudal privileges of the nobles had been termed droits de feodalité dominante , these were called droits de féodalité contractante . The rate set (3 May 1790) for purchase of these contractual debts was 20 times the annual monetary amount (or 25 times the annual amount if given in crops or goods); peasants were also required to pay back any unpaid dues over
7626-399: The title of duke, which was often associated with the strictly regulated privileges of the peerage , including precedence above other titled nobles). The hierarchy within the French nobility below peers was initially based on seniority; a count whose family had been noble since the 14th century was higher ranked than a marquis whose title only dated to the 18th century. Precedence at
7719-528: The way to the river's mouth, while the existing historical evidence does not indicate that La Salle ever reached the Ohio/Allegheny Valley . Robert Cavelier was born on November 22, 1643, into a comfortably well-off family in Rouen , France, in the parish Saint-Herbland. His parents were Jean Cavelier and Catherine Geest. His older brother, Jean Cavelier, became a Sulpician priest. When Robert
7812-623: The year before. At La Salle's request on March 27, 1667, after he was in Canada, he was released from the Society of Jesus after citing "moral weaknesses". La Salle was granted a seigneurie on land at the western end of the Island of Montreal , which became known as Lachine . La Salle immediately began to issue land grants, set up a village and learn the languages of the Native people, several tribes of Iroquois in this area. Sieur de La Salle
7905-400: Was a "disenchanted follower". Duhaut was shot and killed by James Hiems to avenge La Salle. Over the following week, others were killed; confusion followed as to who killed whom. The colony lasted only until 1688, when Karankawa -speaking Natives killed the 20 remaining adults and took five children as captives. Tonti sent a search mission in 1689 when he learned of the colonizers' fate, but
7998-407: Was a French archivist and partisan who had private access to the French archives. He came to be the agent of American historian Francis Parkman. Margry's work, a massive nine volumes, encompassed an assemblage of documents some previously published, but many not. In it, he sometimes published a reproduction of the whole document, and sometimes only an extract, or summary, not distinguishing the one from
8091-462: Was an aristocratic social class in France from the Middle Ages until its abolition on 23 June 1790 during the French Revolution . From 1808 to 1815 during the First Empire the Emperor Napoléon bestowed titles that were recognized as a new nobility by the Charter of 4 June 1814 granted by King Louis XVIII of France . From 1814 to 1848 ( Bourbon Restoration in France and July Monarchy ) and from 1852 to 1870 ( Second French Empire )
8184-792: Was believed to be the correct location revealed eight French cannon. This led archeologists to excavate the Keeran Ranch site in the area, during 1996–2002; they concluded that the Spanish Presidio La Bahía fort "was built on the La Salle settlement". Some 10 percent of the artifacts recovered are believed to have originated in France. Many places, streets, parks, buildings and other things were named in La Salle's honor: Counties and towns Parks and streets Buildings and other French nobility The French nobility ( French : la noblesse française )
8277-548: Was established relatively late, under Louis XI after 1440, and included the right to hunt , to wear a sword and to possess a seigneurie (land to which certain feudal rights and dues were attached). Nobles were also granted an exemption from paying the taille , except for non-noble lands they might possess in some regions of France. Furthermore, certain ecclesiastic, civic, and military positions were reserved for nobles. These feudal privileges are often termed droits de féodalité dominante . Nobles were required to serve
8370-468: Was later renamed Fort Frontenac by La Salle in honor of his patron. The purpose of Fort Frontenac was to control the lucrative fur trade in the Great Lakes Basin to the west. The fort was also meant to be a bulwark against the English and Dutch, who were competing with the French for control of the fur trade. La Salle was left in command of the fort in 1673. Thanks to his powerful protector,
8463-566: Was lost to pirates in the West Indies , a second sank in the inlets of Matagorda Bay . The La Belle made landfall in Feb. 1685. They founded a settlement , near the bay which they called the Bay of Saint Louis, on Garcitas Creek in the vicinity of present-day Victoria, Texas . La Salle led a group eastward on foot on three occasions to try to locate the mouth of the Mississippi. In the meantime,
8556-456: Was much more recent. The possible remains of Le Griffon were found in 1898 by lighthouse keeper Albert Cullis, on a beach on the western edge of Manitoulin Island in northern Lake Huron. Results of testing some of the artifacts were disputed. Many of the recovered artifacts were lost and the wreck was washed away in 1942. A possible shipwreck of Le Griffon near Poverty Island at
8649-455: Was young, he enjoyed science and nature. In his teens, he studied with the Jesuit religious order and became a member after taking initial vows in 1660. Required to reject his father's legacy when he joined the Jesuits, La Salle was nearly destitute when he traveled as a prospective colonist to North America. He sailed for New France in the spring of 1666. His brother Jean, had moved there
#932067