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111-587: The Native American trail called the Manatawny, now Ridge Avenue, was central to the well-organized development of farms and plantations within the area then known as Manatawna. The Court of Upland in England appointed local Swedish settler Peter Rambo to be the maintainer of the Manatawny road. In 1690, the road was renamed Ridge Road (it follows the crest of the ridge between the Wissahickon valley and

222-557: A Cherokee ancestor on the Dawes Rolls, although all Cherokee Freedmen and their descendants had been members since 1866. As of 2004, various Native Americans are wary of attempts by others to gain control of their reservation lands for natural resources, such as coal and uranium in the West. The State of Maine is the only State House Legislature that allows Representatives from Indian Tribes. The three nonvoting members represent

333-465: A body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for Native Americans, and other people of color living in the south. Native American identity was especially targeted by a system that only wanted to recognize white or colored, and the government began to question the legitimacy of some tribes because they had intermarried with African Americans. Native Americans were also discriminated and discouraged from voting in

444-495: A federal Indian trust relationship are based. Cultural activism since the late 1960s has increased the participation of Indigenous peoples in American politics. It has also led to expanded efforts to teach and preserve Indigenous languages for younger generations, and to establish a more robust cultural infrastructure: Native Americans have founded independent newspapers and online media outlets, including First Nations Experience ,

555-546: A large Victorian manor built for the area's elderly women, The Roxborough Home for Women. Since the 1950s, most of Philadelphia's major television and FM radio stations have located their transmission towers in Roxborough because of its hilly terrain and high elevation. The tallest of these towers, the American Tower, stands approximately 1,250 feet (381m) tall. Public television station "MiND" , once called "WYBE",

666-470: A large degree of tribal sovereignty . For this reason, many Native American reservations are still independent of state law and the actions of tribal citizens on these reservations are subject only to tribal courts and federal law. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted US citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US who had not yet obtained it. This emptied the "Indians not taxed" category established by

777-724: A more collective basis than the culture which Europeans were familiar with. Most Indigenous American tribes treated their hunting grounds and agricultural lands as land that could be used by their entire tribe. Europeans had developed concepts of individual property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. The differences in cultures, as well as the shifting alliances among different nations during periods of warfare, caused extensive political tension, ethnic violence, and social disruption. Native Americans suffered high fatality rates from contact with European diseases that were new to them, and to which they had not acquired immunity . Smallpox epidemics are thought to have caused

888-475: A resolution recommending that the federal and legislative branches of the U.S. government terminate tribal governments. In 2007, a group of Democratic Party congressmen and congresswomen introduced a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives to terminate Federal recognition of the Cherokee Nation . This was related to their voting to exclude Cherokee Freedmen as members of the tribe unless they had

999-613: A suburban character: larger front lawns, garages, and shopping centers. The area of Roxborough was likely named for Roxburghshire , Scotland , the original home of Andrew Robeson, one of the first settlers of the area. In 1676, Andrew Robeson, his wife Elizabeth, and his nephew Andrew Jr. came to America from Scotland, where Andrew Sr. became Surveyor General for 300,000 acres of land in southern New Jersey, where he presided as Judge in Gloucester County . In 1690, Andrew Sr. moved to Philadelphia and purchased an estate located in

1110-400: A variety of diseases, but in many cases this happened long after Europeans first arrived. When severe epidemics did hit, it was often less because Native bodies lack immunity than because European colonialism disrupted Native Communities and damaged their resources, making them more vulnerable to pathogens." After the thirteen British colonies revolted against Great Britain and established

1221-666: Is Benjamin C. Telsey. Gloucester County Courthouse is located in Woodbury. Gloucester County is part of the 1st and 2nd Congressional Districts. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 1st congressional district is represented by Donald Norcross ( D , Camden ). For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 2nd congressional district is represented by Jeff Van Drew ( R , Dennis Township ). The 24 municipalities of Gloucester County are part of three legislative districts. Dave Bailey (D) Cody Miller (D) Bill Moen (D) The county leans toward

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1332-537: Is condescending for such lands to be considered "held in trust" and regulated in any fashion by any entity other than their own tribes. Some tribal groups have been unable to document the cultural continuity required for federal recognition. To achieve federal recognition and its benefits, tribes must prove continuous existence since 1900. The federal government has maintained this requirement, in part because through participation on councils and committees, federally recognized tribes have been adamant about groups' satisfying

1443-499: Is governed by a Board of County Commissioners and includes seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis in partisan elections, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November. At a reorganization meeting held each January, the Board selects a director and a deputy director from among the members. In 2017, commissioners, then called freeholders, were paid $ 16,908 annually and

1554-789: Is in Sewell in Gloucester County; it also operates two satellite campuses in Vineland and Millville , both in Cumberland County . School districts in Gloucester County include: Gloucester County has a vocational school, the Gloucester County Institute of Technology , a four-year vocational-technical high school in Deptford Township that serves students from across the county and

1665-608: Is known as the " Kelp Highway ". The early inhabitants by land were classified as Paleo-Indians , who spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into numerous culturally distinct nations. Major Paleo-Indian cultures included the Clovis and Folsom traditions , identified through unique spear points and large-game hunting methods, especially during the Lithic stage . Around 8000 BCE, as the climate stabilized, new cultural periods like

1776-673: Is located in Conrail 's South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area, freight rail in the county travels along Penns Grove Secondary , the Salem Branch, and the Vineland Secondary. SMS Rail Lines handles interchanges with CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway . The Port of Paulsboro is located on the Delaware River and Mantua Creek in and around Paulsboro in the county. Traditionally one of

1887-578: Is part of the Gloucester County Vocational-Technical School District , located in Sewell . Gloucester County's 24 municipalities along with population, housing units and area from the 2010 U.S. census include: As of 2010 , the county had 1,698.59 miles (2,733.62 km) of roadways, 1,126.99 miles (1,813.71 km) of which is maintained by the local municipality, 406.47 miles (654.15 km) by Gloucester County, 145.11 miles (233.53 km) by

1998-615: Is part of the North-South Freeway, Route 45 , Route 47 , Route 55 , Route 77 , and Route 168 . Route 324 is located in Logan Township in the county. The three U.S. routes that traverse the county include: U.S. Route 130 in the northwest, U.S. Route 322 near the county's center, and U.S. Route 40 at the county's southern tip. The Commodore Barry Bridge crosses the Delaware River , carrying U.S. Route 322 between Chester, Pennsylvania and Logan Township in

2109-733: Is the largest tribe if only full-blood individuals are counted; the Navajo are the tribe with the highest proportion of full-blood individuals, 86.3%. The Cherokee have a different history; it is the largest tribe, with 819,000 individuals, and it has 284,000 full-blood individuals. As of 2012, 70% of Native Americans live in urban areas, up from 45% in 1970 and 8% in 1940. Urban areas with significant Native American populations include Minneapolis, Denver, Phoenix, Tucson, Chicago, Oklahoma City, Houston, New York City, and Los Angeles. Many live in poverty. Racism, unemployment, drugs and gangs are common problems which Indian social service organizations such as

2220-466: The 2008 presidential election , Barack Obama carried Gloucester County by a 12.2% margin over John McCain , while Obama carried the state by 15.5% over McCain. In the 2012 election , Barack Obama carried Gloucester County by an even larger margin, even as his support declined nationwide. In 2016 , Donald Trump became the first Republican to win Gloucester County since 1988 , when George H. W. Bush won it and New Jersey's electoral votes as well,

2331-635: The 2017 gubernatorial election . In the 2021 gubernatorial election , the county voted for Republican Jack Ciattarelli over the Democratic incumbent, Governor Phil Murphy, making it one of three counties that Ciattarelli flipped. Gloucester County is served by the Gloucester County Emergency Medical Services (GCEMS), the first county-based EMS agency in New Jersey, which provides emergency services to

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2442-473: The 2020 census , the county was the state's 14th-most populous county with a population of 302,294, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 14,006 (+4.9%) from the 288,288 counted in the 2010 census , which in turn represented an increase of 33,615 (+13.2%) from the 2000 census population of 254,673. Its county seat is Woodbury . The county is part of the South Jersey region of

2553-564: The American Indian Movement (AIM) drawing attention to Indigenous rights. Landmark legislation like the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 recognized tribal autonomy, leading to the establishment of Native-run schools and economic initiatives. Tribal sovereignty has continued to evolve, with legal victories and federal acknowledgments supporting cultural revitalization. By

2664-543: The Archaic stage arose, during which hunter-gatherer communities developed complex societies across North America. The Mound Builders created large earthworks, such as at Watson Brake and Poverty Point , which date to 3500 BCE and 2200 BCE, respectively, indicating early social and organizational complexity. By 1000 BCE, Native societies in the Woodland period developed advanced social structures and trade networks, with

2775-518: The Census Bureau until 1930: American Indians and Alaska Natives as percentage of the total population between 1880 and 2020: Absolute numbers of American Indians and Alaska Natives between 1880 and 2020 (since 1890 according to the Census Bureau ): 78% of Native Americans live outside a reservation. Full-blood individuals are more likely to live on a reservation than mixed-blood individuals. The Navajo , with 286,000 full-blood individuals,

2886-655: The County Sheriff , who is elected for a three-year term. Gloucester County's constitutional officers are: Gloucester County's prosecutor, appointed in March 2020, is Christine A. Hoffman. Along with Cumberland and Salem counties, Gloucester County is part of Vicinage 15 of the New Jersey Superior Court , which is based in Woodbury in Gloucester County; the assignment judge for the vicinage

2997-664: The Dawes Act , which undermined communal landholding. A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of the Indigenous people emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of Native Americans as "merciless Indian savages" (as described in the United States Declaration of Independence ). Sam Wolfson in The Guardian writes, "The declaration's passage has often been cited as an encapsulation of

3108-480: The Democratic Party , though to a slightly lesser degree than the state of New Jersey as a whole. As of October 2021, there were a total of 230,545 registered voters in Gloucester County. Of these, 89,073 (38.6%) were registered as Democrats , 57,779 (25.1%) were registered as Republicans and 80,776 (35.0%) were registered as unaffiliated . There were 2,917 voters (1.3%) registered to other parties. In

3219-791: The Hopewell tradition connecting the Eastern Woodlands to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico . This period led to the Mississippian culture , with large urban centers like Cahokia —a city with complex mounds and a population exceeding 20,000 by 1250 CE. From the 15th century onward, European contact drastically reshaped the Americas. Explorers and settlers introduced diseases, causing massive Indigenous population declines, and engaged in violent conflicts with Native groups. By

3330-680: The Indigenous peoples of the United States , particularly of the lower 48 states and Alaska . They may also include any Americans whose origins lie in any of the indigenous peoples of North or South America. The United States Census Bureau publishes data about "American Indians and Alaska Natives ", whom it defines as anyone "having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America ... and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment". The census does not, however, enumerate "Native Americans" as such, noting that

3441-821: The Indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations , Inuit and Métis ( FNIM ). The history of Native Americans in the United States began before the founding of the U.S., tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by the Paleo-Indians . The Eurasian migration to the Americas occurred over millennia via Beringia , a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska , as early humans spread southward and eastward, forming distinct cultures and societies. Archaeological evidence suggests these migrations began 60,000 years ago and continued until around 12,000 years ago. Some may have arrived even before this time fishing in kayaks along what

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3552-625: The Mississippi River , in order to accommodate continued European American expansion. This resulted in what amounted to the ethnic cleansing or genocide of many tribes, who were subjected to brutal forced marches . The most infamous of these came to be known as the Trail of Tears . Contemporary Native Americans have a unique relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes, or bands that have sovereignty and treaty rights upon which federal Indian law and

3663-917: The New Jersey Department of Transportation , 2.22 miles (3.57 km) by the Delaware River Port Authority , 1.09 miles (1.75 km) by the South Jersey Transportation Authority , and 16.71 miles (26.89 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority . Various county, state, U.S. routes, and interstates pass through the county. Major county highways include County Route 534 , County Route 536 , County Route 538 , County Route 544 , County Route 551 , County Route 553 , County Route 555 , and County Route 557 . State Routes include Route 41 , Route 42 , which

3774-536: The Schuylkill valley ), and the area was renamed Roxburgh, likely named for Roxburghshire, Scotland, the ancestral home of Andrew Robeson, one of the earliest settlers of the area. By 1707, the name had been changed to Roxborough. Roxborough is first mentioned as a township in QS Road Docket II: 31 in 1706. In 1840, Manayunk was erected as a borough within the township, and on March 31, 1847, Manayunk

3885-620: The Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition to tribes in Virginia. As of 2000 , the largest groups in the United States by population were Navajo , Cherokee , Choctaw , Sioux , Chippewa , Apache , Blackfeet , Iroquois , and Pueblo . In 2000, eight of ten Americans with Native American ancestry were of mixed ancestry. It is estimated that by 2100 that figure will rise to nine out of ten. The civil rights movement

3996-504: The U.S. Census Bureau , as of the 2020 census, the county had a total area of 336.77 square miles (872.2 km ), of which 322.00 square miles (834.0 km ) was land (95.6%) and 14.77 square miles (38.3 km ) was water (4.4%). Gloucester County is largely comprised of low-lying rivers and coastal plains , stretching southeastward from the Delaware River to the New Jersey Pine Barrens . The highest elevation in

4107-734: The United States Constitution , allowed Natives to vote in elections, and extended the Fourteenth Amendment protections granted to people "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States. However, some states continued to deny Native Americans voting rights for decades. Titles II through VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to Native American tribes and makes many but not all of

4218-552: The Wissahickon section of Roxborough, continues through Manayunk, and stops again at the Ivy Ridge station in Roxborough. Philadelphia University and St. Joseph's University are nearby. Henry Avenue runs parallel to Ridge Avenue from the border of East Falls and North Philadelphia to Andorra, where it merges into Ridge Avenue. Constructed in the 1930s, it was extended in 1959 from Roxborough Avenue to Andorra, and includes several concrete arch bridges. One of these bridges,

4329-757: The Wissahickon Memorial Bridge , which crosses over the Wissahickon Creek and Lincoln Drive, includes a pair of box tunnels under the roadway designed to carry a never built extension of the Broad Street Subway into Roxborough. Because of the Wissahickon Creek and the park that protects much of its watershed , Roxborough and Manayunk are physically separated from the rest of the city. Much of lower Roxborough, consisting of "row homes" and homes dating from

4440-565: The first written accounts of the contact were provided by Europeans . Ethnographers classify the Indigenous peoples of North America into ten geographical regions which are inhabited by groups of people who share certain cultural traits, called cultural areas. The ten cultural areas are: At the time of the first contact, the Indigenous cultures were different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some Northeastern and Southwestern cultures, in particular, were matrilineal and they were organized and operated on

4551-567: The 19th and early 20th centuries, has a historic, urban character. Roxborough abuts the Wissahickon Valley Park portion of the Fairmount Park system. The park's numerous trails are used by cyclists, runners, walkers, dog owners, and mountain bikers. The northwest section of Roxborough is often considered a separate neighborhood called Upper Roxborough. Much of the development in this area occurred after 1950, and has

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4662-537: The 19th century, westward U.S. expansion, rationalized by Manifest destiny , pressured tribes into forced relocations like the Trail of Tears , which decimated communities and redefined Native territories. Despite resistance in events like the Sioux Uprising and Battle of Little Bighorn , Native American lands continued to be reduced through policies like the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and later

4773-513: The 21st century, Native Americans had achieved increased control over tribal lands and resources, although many communities continue to grapple with the legacy of displacement and economic challenges. Urban migration has also grown, with over 70% of Native Americans residing in cities by 2012, navigating issues of cultural preservation and discrimination. Continuing legal and social efforts address these concerns, building on centuries of resilience and adaptation that characterize Indigenous history across

4884-455: The 48 states and Alaska. Native American population rebounded sharply from 1950, when they numbered 377,273; it reached 551,669 in 1960, 827,268 in 1970, with an annual growth rate of 5%, four times the national average. Total spending on Native Americans averaged $ 38 million a year in the late 1920s, dropping to a low of $ 23 million in 1933, and returning to $ 38 million in 1940. The Office of Indian Affairs counted more American Indians than

4995-647: The Americas , including Mesoamerican peoples such as the Maya , as well as Canadian and South American natives . In 2022, 634,503 Indigenous people in the United States identified with Central American Indigenous groups, 875,183 identified with the Indigenous people of Mexico , and 47,518 identified with Canadian First Nations . Of the 3.2 million Americans who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native alone in 2022, around 45% are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, with this number growing as increasing numbers of Indigenous people from Latin American countries immigrate to

5106-399: The Americas. According to the 2020 census, the U.S. population was 331.4 million. Of this, 3.7 million people, or 1.1 percent, reported American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry alone. In addition, 5.9 million people (1.8 percent), reported American Indian or Alaska Native in combination with one or more other races. The definition of American Indian or Alaska Native used in the 2010 census

5217-652: The Avandale Park/Ride in Winslow Township ) routes. The Glassboro–Camden Line , a proposed 18-mile (28.97 km) diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system to connect with the River Line and PATCO Speedline in Camden , was initially anticipated to be in operation by 2019. However, a lack of an official sponsor and funding source have to date delayed the project. Gloucester County

5328-552: The Ghost Dance properly, the European American colonists would vanish, the bison would return, and the living and the dead would be reunited in an Eden ic world. On December 29 at Wounded Knee, gunfire erupted, and U.S. soldiers killed up to 300 Indians, mostly old men, women, and children. Days after the massacre, the author L. Frank Baum wrote: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon

5439-579: The Indians were destined to vanish under the pressure of white civilization, stating in an 1886 lecture: I don't go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of ten are, and I shouldn't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth. One of the last and most notable events during the Indian wars was the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. In

5550-746: The Little Earth housing complex in Minneapolis attempt to address. Below are numbers for U.S. citizens self-identifying to selected tribal groupings, according to the 2010 U.S. census. There are 573 federally recognized tribal governments and 326 Indian reservations in the United States. These tribes possess the right to form their own governments, to enforce laws (both civil and criminal) within their lands, to tax, to establish requirements for membership, to license and regulate activities, to zone, and to exclude persons from tribal territories. Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include

5661-730: The Middle Years (AMY) Northwest Middle School , a special admissions middle school (6–8), now occupies the building. AMY used to be located in the Mount Airy section of Philadelphia, in a rented church building. The area has been one of the main feeder regions for Roman Catholic and J.W. Hallahan High Schools . The Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Roxborough Branch at 6245 Ridge Avenue at Hermitage Street. The "Roxborough - Manayunk - Wissahickon - East Falls - Andorra Historical Society" also has an archive room in

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5772-492: The Penobscot Nation, Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, and Passamaquoddy Tribe . These representatives can sponsor any legislation regarding American Indian affairs or co-sponsor any pending State of Maine legislation. Maine is unique regarding Indigenous leadership representation. In the state of Virginia , Native Americans face a unique problem. Until 2017 Virginia previously had no federally recognized tribes but

5883-550: The Roxborough Branch. It is maintained by one of the Historical Societies' top members and one of the area's community leaders, Sylvia Myers. One of the main and oldest thoroughfares through Roxborough is Ridge Avenue . Previously a Native American trail called the Manatawny, by the 18th century the trail was known as "Ridge Road," and by the 1730s, Ridge Road was popularized as “The Great Road from Philadelphia to Reading.” Passenger stagecoaches frequently traveled on

5994-511: The Secretary of State, rather than the Bureau of Indian Affairs . The Bureau of Indian Affairs reports on its website that its "responsibility is the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km ) of land held in trust by the United States for American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives ". Many Native Americans and advocates of Native American rights believe that it

6105-420: The Township, and Kelpius's "where foxes burrow" letter of 1706, convinced many that the township's origins related to foxes. Kelpius popularized his spelling of the township, but not long afterward the spelling was changed to its current form. The Township could have retained the names "Manatawna" or "Leverington", as they were popular names the area was referred to as in the 1690s and early 1700s, but thanks to

6216-478: The U.S. federal government's claim to recognize the "sovereignty" of Native American peoples falls short, given that the United States wishes to govern Native American peoples and treat them as subject to U.S. law. Such advocates contend that full respect for Native American sovereignty would require the U.S. government to deal with Native American peoples in the same manner as any other sovereign nation, handling matters related to relations with Native Americans through

6327-405: The US and more Latinos self-identify with indigenous heritage. Of groups Indigenous to the United States, the largest self-reported tribes are Cherokee (1,449,888), Navajo (434,910), Choctaw (295,373), Blackfeet (288,255), Sioux (220,739), and Apache (191,823). 205,954 respondents specified an Alaska Native identity. Native Hawaiians are counted separately from Native Americans by

6438-522: The United States was established, Native American tribes were considered semi-independent nations, because they generally lived in communities which were separate from communities of white settlers . The federal government signed treaties at a government-to-government level until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended recognition of independent Native nations, and started treating them as "domestic dependent nations" subject to applicable federal laws. This law did preserve rights and privileges, including

6549-404: The United States, President George Washington and Secretary of War Henry Knox conceived the idea of " civilizing " Native Americans in preparation for their assimilation as U.S. citizens. Assimilation, whether it was voluntary, as it was with the Choctaw , or forced , was consistently maintained as a matter of policy by consecutive American administrations. During the 19th century,

6660-410: The area that is known today as Roxborough, roughly where the on and off ramps for City Line Avenue and Lincoln Drive are. Andrew Jr. became Chief of Justice in Pennsylvania from 1693 until 1699. He was responsible for making Roxborough a township in 1690. The Robeson family is known to have originally come from Kelso , Roxburghshire , Scotland. Roxburgh (pronounced Rocs-burr-ah) was a small region in

6771-407: The census, being classified as Pacific Islanders . According to 2022 estimates, 714,847 Americans reported Native Hawaiian ancestry. The 2010 census permitted respondents to self-identify as being of one or more races. Self-identification dates from the census of 1960; prior to that the race of the respondent was determined by the opinion of the census taker. The option to select more than one race

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6882-447: The colonization process as comprising genocide against Native Americans. As part of a policy of white settler colonialism , European settlers continued to wage war and perpetrated massacres against Native American peoples, removed them from their ancestral lands , and subjected them to one-sided government treaties and discriminatory government policies. Into the 20th century, these policies focused on forced assimilation . When

6993-430: The county and Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal in Center City Philadelphia is available on the 313 and 315 routes. Additional public transportation in the county includes the 400 , 401 (from Salem ), 402 (from Pennsville Township ), 403 , 408 , 410 (from Bridgeton ), and 412 (from Sewell ) routes, and local service is available on the 455 ( Cherry Hill to Paulsboro ) and 463 (between Woodbury and

7104-420: The county is a slight rise on County Road 654 southeast of Monroe Township that rises to approximately 180 feet (55 m) above sea level. The county's lowest elevation is at sea level on the Delaware River . Average temperatures in the county seat of Woodbury have ranged from a low of 26 °F (−3 °C) in January to a high of 87 °F (31 °C) in July. A record low of −11 °F (−24 °C)

7215-431: The county. Interstate 295 is an interstate that runs through the county's northwest for about 14 miles (23 km). The New Jersey Turnpike passes through the county in the northwest and interchanges at Exit 2 in Woolwich Township in the county. The Atlantic City Expressway briefly passes through the county in Washington Township before ending at an interchange with Route 42 . NJ Transit bus service between

7326-575: The county. GCEMS administrative offices are located at the county's Emergency Response Center in Clayton . It was the winner of the 2010 Outstanding Public EMS Agency by the State of New Jersey. Gloucester County's special weapons and tactics (SWAT) unit includes police officers from Gloucester County and provides emergency services for SWAT-oriented scenarios, including barricaded and suicidal subjects, hostage rescues, high-risk warrant service, dignitary protection, and counterterrorism responses. In 2014, heroin overose rate in Gloucester County

7437-484: The county. The population density was 895.3 inhabitants per square mile (345.7/km ). There were 109,796 housing units at an average density of 341 per square mile (132/km ). The racial makeup was 83.56% (240,890) White , 10.06% (29,006) Black or African American , 0.17% (501) Native American , 2.64% (7,609) Asian , 0.03% (95) Pacific Islander , 1.41% (4,055) from other races , and 2.13% (6,132) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.76% (13,712) of

7548-428: The creation of neighboring Camden County . The county was named for the city of Gloucester and the county of Gloucestershire in the United Kingdom. As of the 2020 United States census , the county's population was 302,294, representing an increase of 14,006 (4.9%) from 288,288 enumerated in the 2010 U.S. census . The 2010 United States census counted 288,288 people, 104,271 households, and 75,805 families in

7659-464: The dehumanizing attitude toward Indigenous Americans that the US was founded on." Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the U.S. throughout the 19th century, through what were called generally Indian Wars . Notable conflicts in this period include the Dakota War , Great Sioux War , Snake War , Colorado War , and Texas-Indian Wars . Expressing the frontier anti-Indian sentiment, Theodore Roosevelt believed

7770-452: The director was paid $ 17,908. As of 2024 , Gloucester County's Commissioners are (with terms for director and deputy director ending December 31): Pursuant to Article VII Section II of the Constitution of New Jersey , each county in New Jersey is required to have three elected administrative officials known as constitutional officers. These officials are the County Clerk and County Surrogate , both elected for five-year terms of office, and

7881-488: The earliest European settlements in New Jersey and were both part of the 17th century New Sweden colony. Gloucester County dates back to May 26, 1686, when courts were established separate from those in Burlington County . On May 17, 1694, the county was officially formed and its boundaries defined as part of West Jersey . Portions of Gloucester County were set off on February 7, 1837, to create Atlantic County . On March 13, 1844, its boundaries were again defined as part of

7992-977: The first Native American television channel; established Native American studies programs, tribal schools universities , museums, and language programs. Literature is at the growing forefront of American Indian studies in many genres, with the notable exception of fiction—some traditional American Indians experience fictional narratives as insulting when they conflict with traditional oral tribal narratives. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial . The ways Native Americans refer to themselves vary by region and generation, with many older Native Americans self-identifying as "Indians" or "American Indians", while younger Native Americans often identify as "Indigenous" or "Aboriginal". The term "Native American" has not traditionally included Native Hawaiians or certain Alaskan Natives , such as Aleut , Yup'ik , or Inuit peoples. By comparison,

8103-525: The greatest loss of life for Indigenous populations. "The decline of native American populations was rapid and severe, probably the greatest demographic disaster ever. Old World diseases were the primary killer. In many regions, particularly the tropical lowlands, populations fell by 90 percent or more in the first century after the contact." Estimates of pre-Columbian population of the United States vary from 4 to 18 million. Jeffrey Ostler writes: "Most Indigenous communities were eventually afflicted by

8214-402: The guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. Since the 1960s, Native American self-determination movements have resulted in positive changes to the lives of many Native Americans, though there are still many contemporary issues faced by them . Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the US, about 80% of whom live outside reservations. The states with

8325-561: The highest percentage of Native Americans are Alaska , Oklahoma , New Mexico , South Dakota , Montana , and North Dakota . Beginning toward the end of the 15th century, the migration of Europeans to the Americas led to centuries of population, cultural, and agricultural transfer and adjustment between Old and New World societies, a process known as the Columbian exchange . Because most Native American groups had preserved their histories by means of oral traditions and artwork,

8436-541: The ideology known as manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Westward expansion of European American populations after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native Americans and their lands, warfare, and rising tensions. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , authorizing the federal government to relocate Native Americans from their homelands within established states to lands west of

8547-407: The last time a Republican has done so. In 2020 , Democrat Joe Biden was declared victor in the county in the closest Democratic victory in the county in the last 30 years. In 2024 , Republican Donald Trump repeated his 2016 victory in the county by an even larger margin, beating Democrat Kamala Harris by 4,617 votes, the largest margin of victory for a Republican in the county since 1988 . On

8658-521: The latter term can encompass a broader set of groups, e.g. Native Hawaiians , which it tabulates separately. The European colonization of the Americas from 1492 resulted in a precipitous decline in the size of the Native American population because of newly introduced diseases , including weaponized diseases and biological warfare by colonizers, wars , ethnic cleansing , and enslavement . Numerous scholars have classified elements of

8769-494: The municipalities of Clayton , Deptford Township , East Greenwich Township , Elk Township , Franklin Township , Glassboro , Greenwich Township , Harrison Township , Logan Township , Mantua Township , Monroe Township , National Park , Newfield , Paulsboro , Pitman , South Harrison Township , Swedesboro , Wenonah , West Deptford Township , Westville , Woolwich Township , Woodbury , and Woodbury Heights . GCEMS

8880-499: The nation's sixth-most populous city , to its northwest across the Delaware River . Atlantic City is 52 miles (84 km) to the county's southeast. Gloucester County and adjacent Salem County , also in South Jersey, have become an East Coast epicenter for logistics and warehouse construction. Woodbury , the county seat, was founded in 1683 and is the county's oldest municipality. National Park in Gloucester County

8991-444: The nation's busiest ports for marine transfer operations of petroleum products , the port is undergoing redevelopment as an adaptable omni port able to handle bulk , breakbulk cargo , and shipping containers . Studies completed in 2012 concluded that the port is well suited to become a center for the manufacture, assembly, and transport of wind turbines and platforms involved in wind power development. Gloucester County

9102-622: The neighborhood to Center City: the Manayunk/Norristown Line stops at the Ivy Ridge station , Manayunk station , and Wissahickon station . SEPTA closed the historic Shawmont station in 1996. The neighborhood is also served by SEPTA bus routes 1, 9, 27, 32, 35, and 65. Native Americans in the United States This is an accepted version of this page Native Americans (also called American Indians , First Americans , or Indigenous Americans ) are

9213-597: The popular writings of Johannes Kelpius, the name remained as Roxborough. Other spellings have also been noted in early writings as Roxbury and Roxboro. The School District of Philadelphia operates public schools. Its zoned schools include Shawmont Elementary , Cook Wissahickon , and Roxborough High School . The Walter Biddle Saul High School of Agricultural Sciences and Lankenau Environmental Magnet High School are in upper Roxborough. William Levering School, founded in 1748, closed its doors in June 2012. The Academy for

9324-424: The population were under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, the population had 94.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 91.1 males. The Bureau of Economic Analysis calculated that the county's gross domestic product was $ 14.0 billion in 2021, which

9435-417: The population. Of the 104,271 households, 33.4% had children under the age of 18; 55.6% were married couples living together; 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present and 27.3% were non-families. Of all households, 22% were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.2. 24.4% of

9546-484: The problem was quickly resolved. King would later make trips to Arizona visiting Native Americans on reservations, and in churches encouraging them to be involved in the Civil Rights Movement. In King's book Why We Can't Wait he writes: Gloucester County, New Jersey Gloucester County ( / ˈ ɡ l ɒ s t ər / GLOST -ər ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of

9657-410: The problems of Virginia Indians in establishing documented continuity of identity, due to the work of Walter Ashby Plecker (1912–1946). As registrar of the state's Bureau of Vital Statistics, he applied his own interpretation of the one-drop rule , enacted in law in 1924 as the state's Racial Integrity Act. It recognized only two races: "white" and "colored". Plecker, a segregationist , believed that

9768-511: The right to label arts and crafts as Native American and permission to apply for grants that are specifically reserved for Native Americans. But gaining federal recognition as a tribe is extremely difficult; to be established as a tribal group, members have to submit extensive genealogical proof of tribal descent and continuity of the tribe as a culture. In July 2000, the Washington State Republican Party adopted

9879-576: The road, and many inns were built along it. Ridge Road even played a part during the American Revolution as various sections of the road were travelled by soldiers in 1777 during the lead-up to the Battle of Germantown. The other main thoroughfare through Roxborough is Henry Avenue, which was laid out in the late 1950s as a four-lane road running the length of the neighborhood and parallel to Ridge Avenue. One SEPTA Regional Rail line connects

9990-471: The same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money (this includes paper currency). In addition, there are a number of tribes that are recognized by individual states , but not by the federal government. The rights and benefits associated with state recognition vary from state to state. Many Native Americans and advocates of Native American rights point out that

10101-521: The same requirements as they did. The Muwekma Ohlone of the San Francisco Bay Area are pursuing litigation in the federal court system to establish recognition. Many of the smaller eastern tribes, long considered remnants of extinct peoples, have been trying to gain official recognition of their tribal status. Several tribes in Virginia and North Carolina have gained state recognition. Federal recognition confers some benefits, including

10212-660: The south in the late 1950s after they reached out to him. At that time the remaining Creek in Alabama were trying to completely desegregate schools in their area. In this case, light-complexioned Native children were allowed to ride school buses to previously all white schools, while dark-skinned Native children from the same band were barred from riding the same buses. Tribal leaders, upon hearing of King's desegregation campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, contacted him for assistance. He promptly responded and, through his intervention,

10323-462: The southeast of Scotland until it was changed to the region of "The Borders" in 1975; the town of Kelso still remains as a historic Scottish village. In 1706, a German philosopher named Johannes Kelpius , who lived in the woods not far from the Robesons, wrote about "foxes burrowing in rocks" in the area. A correlation between the phonetic spelling "Rocksburrow" that many resident Germans applied to

10434-613: The southern and western states. In the south segregation was a major problem for Native Americans seeking education, but the NAACP's legal strategy would later change this. Movements such as Brown v. Board of Education was a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement headed by the NAACP , and inspired Native Americans to start participating in the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. began assisting Native Americans in

10545-535: The state as "colored" and gave them lists of family surnames to examine for reclassification based on his interpretation of data and the law. This led to the state's destruction of accurate records related to families and communities who identified as Native American (as in church records and daily life). By his actions, sometimes different members of the same family were split by being classified as "white" or "colored". He did not allow people to enter their primary identification as Native American in state records. In 2009,

10656-500: The state had recognized eight. This is related historically to the greater impact of disease and warfare on the Virginia Indian populations, as well as their intermarriage with Europeans and Africans. Some people confused ancestry with culture, but groups of Virginia Indians maintained their cultural continuity. Most of their early reservations were ended under the pressure of early European settlement. Some historians also note

10767-478: The state level, the county is far more competitive. In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 47% of the vote, defeating Democrat Jon Corzine , who received around 43%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 50,640 votes in the county (64.1%), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 27,060 votes (34.2%). However, Gloucester County narrowly opted for Democrat Phil Murphy over Republican Kim Guadagno in

10878-529: The state's Native Americans had been "mongrelized" by intermarriage with African Americans; to him, ancestry determined identity, rather than culture. He thought that some people of partial black ancestry were trying to " pass " as Native Americans. Plecker thought that anyone with any African heritage had to be classified as colored, regardless of appearance, amount of European or Native American ancestry, and cultural/community identification. Plecker pressured local governments into reclassifying all Native Americans in

10989-640: The state. The county's largest municipality by population in 2020 was Washington Township , with a population of 48,677, while the largest municipality by area was Franklin Township , which covered 56.39 square miles (146.0 km ). The county is part of the Camden, New Jersey metropolitan division of both the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington metropolitan statistical area , and the Delaware Valley combined statistical area . Gloucester County borders Philadelphia ,

11100-474: The total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In the 20th century, Native Americans served in significant numbers during World War II, marking a turning point for Indigenous visibility and involvement in broader American society. Post-war, Native activism grew, with movements such as

11211-717: The years leading up to it the U.S. government had continued to seize Lakota lands. A Ghost Dance ritual on the Northern Lakota reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota , led to the U.S. Army's attempt to subdue the Lakota. The dance was part of a religious movement founded by the Northern Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka that told of the return of the Messiah to relieve the suffering of Native Americans and promised that if they would live righteous lives and perform

11322-677: Was a very significant moment for the rights of Native Americans and other people of color. Native Americans faced racism and prejudice for hundreds of years, and this increased after the American Civil War . Native Americans, like African Americans, were subjected to the Jim Crow Laws and segregation in the Deep South especially after they were made citizens through the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. As

11433-556: Was also formerly located in Upper Roxborough, close to neighboring Andorra . The Upper Roxborough Historic District and William Levering School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Roxborough is well-connected to Center City Philadelphia with multiple bus routes and bike lanes reaching the river and downtown area of Philadelphia. SEPTA's Manayunk/Norristown Regional Rail line stops in

11544-519: Was as follows: According to Office of Management and Budget, "American Indian or Alaska Native" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. Despite generally referring to groups indigenous to the continental US and Alaska, this demographic as defined by the US Census Bureau includes all Indigenous people of

11655-557: Was declared separate from the township. Most of modern-day Roxborough was once part of Roxborough Township, which was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854 . At this time, Roxborough was the home of the area's wealthiest, the owners of the Manayunk mills. These textile mills produced revenue that was spent building schools, parks, and

11766-635: Was introduced in 2000. If American Indian or Alaska Native was selected, the form requested the individual provide the name of the "enrolled or principal tribe". Censuses counted around 346,000 Native Americans in 1880 (including 33,000 in Alaska and 82,000 in Oklahoma, back then known as Indian Territory ), around 274,000 in 1890 (including 25,500 in Alaska and 64,500 in Oklahoma), 362,500 in 1930 and 366,500 in 1940, including those on and off reservations in

11877-746: Was launched in September 2007 with the goal of providing emergency medical services to county residents within nine minutes from the time of dispatch 90 percent of the time, which is considered to be the gold standard in EMS services. The program currently has 15 ambulances in service around the clock and four power shift ambulances on duty from 8am to 8pm seven days a week. GCEMS operates three Quick Response Vehicles (QRV) units that based in West Deptford Township, Newfield, and South Harrison Township. The department operates from 19 stations throughout

11988-471: Was ranked 14th in the state and was a 2.8% increase from the prior year. Rowan University in Glassboro is a public university that was founded in 1923 on a 25-acre (10 ha) site donated by the borough. Rowan College of South Jersey is the county college for Gloucester County. It was established in 1966 as Gloucester County College and opened to students two years later in 1968. Its main campus

12099-694: Was recorded in February 1934 and a record high of 106 °F (41 °C) was recorded in August 1918. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.75 inches (70 mm) in February to 4.35 inches (110 mm) in July. The county has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Average monthly temperatures in Newfield range from 33.0 °F in January to 76.6 °F in July. Swedesboro and Bridgeport were among

12210-691: Was the site of the American Revolutionary War 's Battle of Red Bank , where Fort Mercer once stood. It is now the site of Red Bank Battlefield Park in National Park. The remains of the Royal Navy 's HMS  Augusta were laid in Red Bank Battlefield Park until they were later moved to Gloucester City . During the colonial era , Gloucester County's main industry sector was agriculture. Woodbury

12321-481: Was the site of the county courthouse, the county jail, a Quaker meeting house that is still in existence, and an inn located on the current location of Woodbury Crossings. Due in part to the county's many creeks that lead to the Delaware River and Atlantic Ocean , smuggling was once common in the county. The county is named after the city of Gloucester and county of Gloucestershire in England. According to

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