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123-536: Robert Swan Mueller III ( / ˈ m ʌ l ər / ; born August 7, 1944) is an American lawyer who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended

246-634: A House Judiciary Committee hearing. He said that surveillance programs could have "derailed" the September 11 attacks. Congressman John Conyers disagreed: "I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call." Mueller also testified that the government's surveillance programs complied "in full with U.S. law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution". He said that "We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures ." On June 19, 2017, in

369-407: A sociologist who is a St. Paul's alumnus, students are socialized to function as privileged holders of power and status in an open society. Privilege in meritocracy is acquired through talent, hard work, and a wide variety of cultural and social experiences. Economic inequality and social inequality are explained by the lack of talent, hard work, and limited cultural and social experience of

492-512: A campaign by parents and alumni that criticized his management of school finances and investments. As alleged, Anderson had severely cut back on school expenses while simultaneously being quite liberal with his own compensation and perks. The state attorney general investigated the issue, resulting in a settlement agreement and an Internal Revenue Service audit. The "Senior Salute", an alleged tradition in which seniors would proposition younger classmates for sexual encounters before graduation,

615-506: A case against Comey. That directive was forwarded to Trump as a recommendation to dismiss Comey the following day, which Trump did. Comey first learned of his termination from television news reports that flashed on screen while he was delivering a speech to agents at the Los Angeles Field Office. Sources said he was surprised and caught off guard by the termination. Comey immediately departed for Washington, D.C., and

738-665: A convicted felon, and rightly so" after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation. On May 16, 2017, Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director. This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director. President Trump broached resuming

861-515: A discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21, 2017, former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller. He also said it was "the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that, again, are inconsistent with what this country is all about". After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller,

984-504: A field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, then–Major General William K. Jones , where he "significantly contributed to the rapport" Jones had with other officers, according to one report. Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career, but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the corps to be unexciting. After returning from South Vietnam, Mueller

1107-679: A number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service. And it flows from there." Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị province by small arms fire. After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal, Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these, he said later that he considered Ranger School

1230-543: A partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service. In 1989, he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting deputy attorney general. James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters, said he had "an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law". In 1990, Mueller became

1353-811: A plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynn's negotiations, his son, Michael G. Flynn, was not expected to be charged, and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trump's team directed him to make contact with the Russians. On February 16, 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20, 2018, Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in

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1476-608: A program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional. Ashcroft refused to sign, as he had previously agreed, but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway. Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign. On March 12, 2004, after private, individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House, the president supported changing

1599-570: A senior thesis titled "Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases." Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton. Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967. In 1968, Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on

1722-576: A stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice; Barr quoted Mueller as saying "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." On April 18, 2019, the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsel's final report and its conclusions. On May 29, 2019, Mueller announced that he

1845-513: A subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey. On June 14, 2017, The Washington Post reported that Mueller's office was also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe. The report was questioned by Trump's legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBC 's Meet the Press , "The President

1968-426: A ten-year term unless they resign, die, or are removed, but in practice, since Hoover, none have served a full ten years, except Mueller who served twelve years with the leave of Congress. The director of the FBI can be removed from office by the president of the United States. After removal and until a replacement is confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the deputy director automatically acts in the role. The appointment of

2091-404: A week, courses were shortened to be terms (rather than years) long, mandatory (non-Sunday) chapel attendance was reduced to four times a week, and the school's grading system was changed to ease student competition. Oates also expanded the arts program. An excellent fundraiser, Oates doubled the size of the school's endowment with an ambitious $ 30 million fundraising campaign, which left SPS

2214-456: A wild couple of months." On October 30, 2017, Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money, violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading FARA statements, and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1, 2017, Mueller reached

2337-583: Is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton, New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School (now known as the Princeton Day School ). After he completed eighth grade, his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire for high school, where he was captain of

2460-541: Is a superb choice to be special counsel. His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity." Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) said, "Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job. I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead." Senator Rob Portman (R-OH) stated, "former FBI dir. Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe". Some, however, pointed out an alleged conflict of interest. "The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller

2583-596: Is appointed by the president and, since 1972, subject to confirmation by the Senate . J. Edgar Hoover , appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to the predecessor office of Director of the Bureau of Investigation in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, holding the position from its establishment under the current title in 1935 until his death in 1972. In 1976, in response to Hoover's lengthy tenure and during

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2706-443: Is as follows: Since the office's inception, only two directors have been dismissed: William S. Sessions by President Bill Clinton in 1993, and James Comey by President Donald Trump in 2017. Just before Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United States on January 20, 1993, allegations of ethical improprieties were made against Sessions. A report by outgoing Attorney General William P. Barr presented to

2829-502: Is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey," Rep. Trent Franks ( R - AZ ), who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer, said in a statement to Fox News. "The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code. … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger." Upon his appointment as special counsel, Mueller and two colleagues (former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on

2952-551: Is currently building a 16,000-square-foot admissions center, scheduled to open in early 2025. There are 19 dorms: nine boys', nine girls', and one all-gender. Each houses between 20 and 40 students, and every dorm has members of all four forms. The architecture of the dormitories varies from the Collegiate Gothic style of the "Quad" dorms (built in 1927) to the spare, modern style of the Kittredge building (built in

3075-579: Is in office." He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a "process other than the criminal justice system." Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media. Referring to those actions, he declared that "there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves

3198-518: Is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction, period." Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign, the transition, and the White House, the President's son-in-law, Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller. Also in June, Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller, but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit. During

3321-573: Is now used for ceremonial events. Overlooking the Lower School Pond, the Ohrstrom Library was remodeled in 2016 and is now home to 75,000 print books and almost half a million e-books in its digital archive. According to the alumni magazine, this "put[s] the school archives on par with some of the country’s major universities." Lindsay Center, the science and math building, contains a greenhouse and an observatory. The school

3444-581: Is of German, English, and Scottish descent. His paternal great-grandfather, Gustave A. Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh, whose own father, August C. E. Müller, had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia (a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany). On his mother's side, he

3567-685: The Boston Globe published an article implicating a former SPS teacher in sexual misconduct during his time at a different school, SPS issued a public invitation to its alumni to report incidents of sexual misconduct during their time on campus. It also retained the law firm of former Massachusetts Attorney General Scott Harshbarger to conduct an investigation. Harshbarger's team issued an initial report in May 2017. It also published follow-up reports in September 2017 and August 2018 outlining additional allegations of sexual misconduct that SPS received after

3690-608: The Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973. Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service. Of his classmate, Mueller has said, "One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend, a Marine in Vietnam, who was a year ahead of me at Princeton. There were

3813-527: The Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington, D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C. law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI. He is the only FBI Director that Congress has allowed to serve more than the statutory limit of 10 years since the death of J. Edgar Hoover in 1972 by giving him a special two-year extension. On May 17, 2017, Mueller

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3936-577: The Justice Department that month by the Office of Professional Responsibility included criticisms that he had used an FBI plane to travel to visit his daughter on several occasions, and had a security system installed in his home at government expense. Janet Reno , the 78th Attorney General of the United States , announced that Sessions had exhibited "serious deficiencies in judgment." Although Sessions denied that he had acted improperly, he

4059-1004: The Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1980, 1994, and 2004. The girls' crew team won the Peabody Cup at the Henley Women's Regatta in 1996, 1998, 2001, and 2019. St. Paul's is a member of the Lakes Region League , an athletic conference of prep schools in New Hampshire and Vermont. It was previously a member of the Boston-centered Independent School League , but withdrew in 2017 due to league bylaws surrounding merit scholarships. In addition,

4182-590: The Saturday Night Massacre , President Richard Nixon 's termination of special prosecutor Archibald Cox , who had been investigating the Watergate scandal , and to the firing of Acting Attorney General Sally Yates in January 2017. In the dismissal letter Trump stated that Comey had asserted "on three separate occasions that I am not under investigation" which was later confirmed by Comey to

4305-605: The Senate . The FBI is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), and thus the director reports to the attorney general of the United States . The director briefed the president on any issues that arose from within the FBI until the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was enacted following the September 11 attacks . Since then, the director reports in an additional capacity to

4428-523: The Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30, only three days before his prostate cancer surgery. The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2, 2001, voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment. He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4, 2001, one week before

4551-940: The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that "[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans. As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive

4674-770: The United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure, he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) case, and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991, Mueller declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure. Also in 1991, he

4797-439: The University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington, D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice. He was an assistant United States attorney, a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for

4920-671: The Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L. Quarles III) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel. The spokesperson for the special counsel, Peter Carr, told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry. In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become

5043-454: The Watergate era , by an amendment to the 1968 Omnibus Crime Control Act , Congress limited the term of future FBI directors to ten years, "an unusually long tenure that Congress established to insulate the director from political pressure." This rule was waived by the Senate for Robert Mueller on July 27, 2011, due to serious security concerns at that time. Since 1976, directors serve

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5166-570: The director of national intelligence , as the FBI is also part of the United States Intelligence Community . The current director is Christopher A. Wray , who assumed the role on August 2, 2017, after being confirmed by the United States Senate , taking over from Acting Director Andrew McCabe after the dismissal of former Director James Comey by President Donald Trump . The FBI director

5289-645: The 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017, he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019, it was announced that Mueller, along with James L. Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice. On July 11, 2020, Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone "remains

5412-822: The 2021-22 school year, SPS reported total assets of $ 953.8 million, net assets of $ 854.6 million, investment holdings of $ 724.4 million, and cash holdings of $ 14.9 million. SPS also reported $ 64.7 million in program service expenses and $ 10.9 million in grants (primarily student financial aid ). St. Paul's has historically been one of the wealthiest boarding schools in the United States. In 1978, Time magazine reported that St. Paul's had an endowment per student of $ 92,555 ($ 440,524 in February 2024 dollars), nearly two-thirds more than second-placed Groton . A 2009 study found that Exeter ($ 987,000) had passed St. Paul's ($ 827,000), and Andover ($ 722,000) and Hotchkiss ($ 716,000) were not far behind. However, in January 2019 St. Paul's

5535-493: The 2021-22 school year, St. Paul's reported that 62.4% of its students were white, 15.1% were Asian, 7.9% were black, 7.7% were Hispanic, 0.2% were Native American/Alaska Native, and 6.6% were multiracial. The survey did not permit the school to identify one student in multiple categories. At the end of the 2021-22 school year, SPS announced that 47% of its 158 incoming students were non-Caucasian and 19% came from abroad. George Shattuck supported outdoors education, and St. Paul's

5658-936: The Bronze Star with "V" device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties. In April 1969, he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh, recovered, and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969. For his service in and during the Vietnam War, his military decorations and awards include: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat "V", Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at

5781-528: The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was established in 1908, its head was called Chief of the Bureau of Investigation. It was changed to the Director of the Bureau of Investigation in the term of William J. Flynn (1919–1921) and to its current name when the BOI was renamed FBI in 1935. The FBI became an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed to

5904-401: The FBI." In May 2011, President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term, which would have expired on September 4, 2011. The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27, 2011. On September 4, 2013, Mueller was replaced by James Comey. In June 2013, Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before

6027-571: The Hargate Building, was renovated in 2017 to become the new Friedman Community Center. A replacement arts building was opened in 2017. However, the school has endured a series of controversies in the 21st century, primarily concerning sexual misconduct. The modern-day St. Paul's serves a diverse body of students from all backgrounds while still educating students drawn from the highest levels of American society and international elites. According to sociologist Shamus Khan (an alumnus),

6150-562: The Northern District of California in San Francisco, where he rose to be chief of the criminal division, and in 1982, he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud, terrorism and public corruption cases, as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers. After serving as

6273-521: The President and Attorney General." On March 10, 2004, while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery, then deputy attorney general James Comey received a call from Ashcroft's wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew

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6396-666: The Russia probe. On May 20, 2018, Trump criticized Mueller, tweeting "the World's most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World!" Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr. and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign. Mueller

6519-583: The Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation". Mueller's appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress. Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator, stated via Twitter that "Robert Mueller

6642-430: The Senate while under oath. This is disputed by reporting from multiple news agencies with multiple sources. According to the reporting, Trump had been openly talking about firing Comey for at least a week before his dismissal. Trump and Democratic leaders had long questioned Comey's judgment. Moreover, Trump was angry that Comey would not support his claim that President Barack Obama had his campaign offices wiretapped,

6765-602: The Spring Term, St. Paul's holds a school-wide public speaking contest called the Hugh Camp Cup. The finalists' speeches are delivered before the entire school, and the student body votes on a winner, whose name is engraved on the prize. Alumnus John Kerry achieved this distinction during his sixth form year. St. Paul's students once had a close relationship with jam bands like the Grateful Dead . Some of

6888-562: The St. Paul's campus for five and a half weeks and are immersed in their subject of choice. Recent offerings have included astronomy and Shakespeare. In addition to the course load, students choose a daily extracurricular activity or sport to participate in four afternoons per week. The program had a 37% admission rate in 2010. In 2014, 267 students from 78 high schools participated in the Advanced Studies Program. In 2016, after

7011-424: The White House pushed back, encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects. When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S., Mueller responded, saying, "If they [suspects] don't commit a crime, it would be difficult to identify and isolate" them. Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying, "That's just not good enough. We're hearing this too much from

7134-702: The athletic directors of St. Paul's and the other members of the Eight Schools Association comprise the Eight Schools Athletic Council, which organizes sports events and tournaments among ESA schools. St. Paul's conducts its Humanities classes using the Harkness method , which encourages discussion between students and the teacher, and between students. According to Shamus Khan , author of Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School (2010) and

7257-414: The attention of every American." Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , a United States federal law enforcement agency , and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The FBI director is appointed for a single 10-year term by the president of the United States and confirmed by

7380-441: The board appointed David Hicks (r. 1992-96) as rector and ordered him to improve the school's academic reputation, as "[n]obody had gone to Harvard in five years, except for legacies." Hicks introduced an interdisciplinary humanities curriculum which the school still employs today. Although the faculty eventually forced him to resign, the school rebounded academically. In 2001, SPS ranked fifth among boarding schools and fifteenth in

7503-454: The campus stretches over 2,000 acres, the overwhelming majority of which is undeveloped wildland and woodland. The campus itself includes four ponds and the upper third of the Turkey River . In 2018, Architectural Digest named St. Paul's the most beautiful private high school campus in New Hampshire. The centerpiece of the campus is the Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul (informally the "New Chapel"), constructed between 1886 and 1888. It

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7626-581: The case of Arar v. Ashcroft , Mueller, along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W. Ziglar and others, was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post- 9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place. After leaving the FBI in 2013, Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity. In addition to his speaking and teaching roles, Mueller also joined

7749-423: The culture of the school. The annual Inter-House Inter-Club Race, known among students as the "Dorm Run," but now officially named the "Charles B. Morgan Run", takes place late in Fall Term, usually in early to mid-November. Students are invited to earn points for their dorm and club by running in a 2-mile (3.2 km) cross country race. The current student record is 9:48, set in 2006 by Peter Harrison '07. In

7872-400: The day, that schools should not be repressive and that adolescents should be free to experiment and try out different identities." He conciliated the students by offering them the opportunity to participate in disciplinary decisions. He also accepted several of the demands that the students had made in 1968. In the following years, seated meals were reduced from three times a day to four times

7995-435: The deputy director is not a presidential appointment and does not require Senate confirmation. The president can appoint an interim director pending Senate confirmation or nominate a permanent director. Along with the deputy director, the director ensures that cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of staffing the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices with qualified agents. When

8118-474: The early 1970s). In the 2023-24 school year, St. Paul's charged students $ 65,410 plus fees, of which financial aid covered, on average, $ 57,000. St. Paul's offers need-based financial aid , and commits to meet 100% of demonstrated financial need for every admitted student. The school states that families with annual household incomes of $ 125,000 or below "generally qualify for full tuition support." Thirty-eight percent of SPS students are on financial aid, and

8241-408: The estates of prominent Bostonians." Although it shut down in 1834, it left a strong impression on Shattuck, who believed that in the isolation of a boarding school, attentive teachers could better foster "physical and moral culture" in their students. Roughly 70 percent of Round Hill families eventually sent children to St. Paul's. The school started with just three students, but grew quickly. By

8364-560: The first boys' boarding schools to admit girls and is now home to a diverse student body from all backgrounds. It is one of the only remaining boarding-only high schools in the United States. With a financial endowment of $ 759.3 million as of June 2024, St. Paul's is one of the wealthiest boarding schools in New England on a per capita basis. Students with annual household incomes of $ 125,000 or below "generally qualify for full tuition support." Thirty-eight percent of students are on financial aid. In 1856, Boston physician George Cheyne Shattuck,

8487-436: The future dean of Harvard Medical School , converted his summer home in Millville, New Hampshire (a satellite town of Concord) into a boarding school for boys. Inspired by the educational theories of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , who believed that classroom learning should be balanced with the "direct experience of the senses," Shattuck wanted his two sons educated in the austere, bucolic countryside. He hoped that eventually,

8610-461: The international community. Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material." Highlighting this worry in February 2003, FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that "the bureau will [not] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq" and encouraged Mueller to "share [her concerns] with

8733-409: The investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections . Many members of Congress, mostly Democrats, expressed concern over the firing and argued that it would put the integrity of the investigation into jeopardy. Comey's termination was immediately controversial, even being characterized as corrupt by news commentators. It was compared, by the aforementioned news outlets, to

8856-420: The kind of well-schooled, upper-class young men that schools like St. Paul's produced in large quantities. In 1934, 95% of St. Paul's graduates matriculated at Harvard, Yale, or Princeton. In addition, in 1940 (shortly after Drury's death), 77 students applied to Harvard from the " St. Grottlesex " schools (of which St. Paul's was the largest member), and only one was rejected. Drury also sought to democratize

8979-409: The late 1950s the school allowed John Kerry '62 to attend Mass off campus as long as he also attended the school's Episcopal Sunday chapel services later that day; and by the end of the 1960s, Catholics were no longer required to attend Protestant services on campus. SPS' first black faculty member ( John T. Walker ) and student arrived in 1957 and 1959, respectively. Warren's last major achievement

9102-515: The law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014. Among other roles at the firm, he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFL 's conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée. In January 2016, he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S. consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11, 2017,

9225-401: The less privileged. Thus high status is earned, not based on entitlement. According to Khan, "Today what is distinct among the elite is not their exclusivity but their ease within and broad acceptance of a more open world." Hierarchy is embedded in the rituals and traditions of the school from the first day. According to Khan, the student advances up the ladder of the hierarchy embedded in

9348-552: The mid-1860s, it was already filled to capacity, leading an SPS parent to establish St. Mark's School . Enrollment reached 204 students by 1878 and 345 students by 1895. Although the school (founded by Bostonians) was initially not associated with the New York upper class, SPS gradually extended its reach to New York and the Philadelphia Main Line . By 1894, there were only six students from Boston. In 1923,

9471-484: The most valuable because he felt "more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat." In the summer of 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11, 1968, during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned

9594-477: The nation in a study of which schools sent the most students to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. The succeeding rectors ushered in a relative period of calm, and the trustees and rectors have continued to modernize the campus. The new Ohrstrom Library, designed by Robert A. M. Stern and Carroll Cline, opened in 1991. A 95,000-square-foot athletic center opened in 2004. The Lindsay Center for Mathematics and Science opened in fall 2011. The former visual arts center,

9717-420: The position in their meeting; however, Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits, and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position. The next day, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity, Mueller oversaw the investigation into "any links and/or coordination between

9840-449: The position of FBI director on July 5, 2001. He and two other candidates, Washington lawyer George J. Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job, but Mueller, described at the time as a conservative Republican, was always considered the front-runner. Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June, while confirmation hearings for Mueller before

9963-476: The present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), with J. Edgar Hoover receiving the current title of Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Since 1972, the United States Senate has had to confirm the nomination of a permanent officeholder. Frank Johnson had been nominated by Jimmy Carter in 1977, but withdrew for health reasons. The line of succession for the director of the FBI

10086-584: The program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller, Ashcroft, and Comey. He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004. As director, Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA. At a dinner, Mueller defended an attorney, Thomas Wilner , who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees. Mueller stood up, raised his glass, and said, "I toast Tom Wilner. He's doing what an American should." However,

10209-606: The publication of the May 2017 report. The initial report was limited to the period between 1948 and 1988, and the follow-up reports addressed allegations of misconduct through 2009. All together, the three reports substantiated allegations of misconduct against twenty former SPS employees (including future politician Gerry Studds ), which included assaults , harassment , and rape . The investigators concluded that allegations against fifteen other SPS employees were unsubstantiated, and lacked sufficient information to reach an conclusion with respect to thirteen other SPS employees. Per

10332-442: The recommendation of United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein . Rosenstein's memorandum to Sessions objected to Comey's conduct in the investigation into Hillary Clinton's emails . This was contradicted by multiple unnamed sources to news outlets, who said that Trump and high-level officials personally asked for Comey to be fired. Comey was fired after he asked for more money for

10455-503: The report did not recommend any new indictments. On March 24, Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , "The Special Counsel's investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election." Mueller's report also reportedly did not take

10578-692: The scandal has resulted in $ 11.2   billion in customer settlements. On October 19, 2016, Mueller began an external review of "security, personnel, and management processes and practices" at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T. Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6, 2017, he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $ 850   million and $ 125   million for automakers and consumers, respectively, affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received

10701-435: The school educated 199 students from New York and 26 from Massachusetts. The Coits' immediate successor, Henry Ferguson (r. 1906-11), left after just five years. In 1910, Samuel Drury (r. 1911-38) assumed control of the school. He presided over what the school historian called its " Augustan age." Drury stayed at St. Paul's for twenty-seven years. Along the way, he declined the rectorship of Manhattan's Trinity Church —at

10824-628: The school through World War II before leaving to become the Bishop of Massachusetts . He was succeeded by Henry Kittredge (r. 1947-54), the first SPS rector who was not an Episcopal minister. Although Kittredge questioned colleges' increasing reliance on standardized tests in college admissions, he was generally able to sustain SPS' enviable college placement record. In 1953, SPS sent 78% of its students to Harvard, Yale, or Princeton, second among New England boarding schools. Under Matthew Warren (r. 1954-70),

10947-419: The school underwent significant changes. Tuition was increased to $ 1,800; applications increased significantly despite rising tuition, aided by an improving economy; and the campus was substantially renovated. As competition for spots at SPS increased, Warren conciliated the alumni, many of whom wanted to send their own sons to SPS. He announced that under his watch, SPS would not "use scholarship funds to entice

11070-504: The school would "educate the sons of [other] wealthy inhabitants of large cities." For the first fifty years of St. Paul's history, it was run by two brothers, Henry Augustus Coit (r. 1856-95) and Joseph Howland Coit (r. 1895-1906). An Anglophile , Henry Coit endeavored to make St. Paul's an American equivalent of an English public school , importing Anglicisms such as " forms ," " removes ," " evensong ," and " matins ." The school's religious services were Anglo-Catholic , and enrollment

11193-603: The school's financial aid budget is roughly $ 10 million. Although most financial aid at St. Paul's is administered strictly on the basis of financial need, the school offers a limited number of regional scholarships for students from Alabama, California, New Jersey, New Mexico, Montana, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming, as well as Mexico. As of June 30, 2024, St. Paul's disclosed in its 2023-24 Annual Report that its financial endowment stands at $ 759.3 million, equivalent to approximately $ 1.4 million per student. In its Internal Revenue Service filings for

11316-421: The school's financial endowment from $ 1.1 million in 1920 to $ 3.6 million in 1930, and conducted a $ 1.6 million fundraising campaign that primarily went towards student financial aid. From 1920 to 1938, the share of SPS students on scholarship nearly tripled, from roughly 6% to 17%. Starting in 1922, Drury and his successors froze tuition at $ 1,400 for 22 consecutive years. Norman Nash (r. 1939-47) guided

11439-402: The school's unparalleled financial resources allow it to cultivate "an intentional diversity that few communities share or can afford." Financial aid students admitted to SPS receive, on average, an 87% discount on frontline tuition. In 2019, Kathleen Giles became the fourteenth rector of St. Paul's. She had previously served as the head of Middlesex School from 2003 to 2019. Before that, she

11562-678: The slang peculiar to St. Paul's originated as the "Pyramid Dialect" among St. Paul's students and alumni who followed the Grateful Dead 's 1978 shows in Egypt. Phish played in the Upper Dining Hall on May 19, 1990. American electro house artist Steve Aoki performed in the school's Athletic & Fitness Center on April 9, 2015. St. Paul's School founded the summer Advanced Studies Program in 1957 to provide juniors from public and parochial New Hampshire high schools with challenging educational opportunities. The students live and study at

11685-475: The soccer, hockey, and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the school's top athlete in 1962. A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St. Paul's School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St. Paul's, Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing

11808-417: The student body and curtail snobbery among the richer students. Although St. Paul's was heavily oversubscribed—in 1920 it received over 1,600 applications for just over 100 openings —Drury set aside 10 slots a year for the winners of a competitive examination, dryly explaining that "we try to admit every son of an alumnus," but also "wish to admit every boy with high marks." A capable fundraiser, Drury raised

11931-538: The terms of a settlement with the New Hampshire Attorney General (see below), SPS has retained an independent monitor to review any further reports of sexual misconduct by SPS employees. In 2019, the school removed the names of two rectors from campus buildings, explaining that they had mishandled abuse claims during their respective tenures. In July 2020, alumna Lacy Crawford wrote that she had been raped by multiple SPS students when she

12054-497: The time the nation's wealthiest congregation—and the bishopric of Pennsylvania . Drury turned SPS into one of America's most reliable feeder schools to Ivy League universities. Like other leading New England prep schools of the period, SPS was not founded as a college-preparatory school : of the first 70 graduates, only five went directly to college. However, times were changing. Ferguson had recognized that parents were increasingly interested in sending their sons to college, but

12177-402: The top 40% of the SPS class, but was no longer interested in bottom-half SPS students. The school gradually opened its doors to a broader cross-section of America. The school scrapped its Episcopalians-only rule, although not without some hiccups. In 1939, Rose Kennedy withdrew Robert F. Kennedy from the school after just one month because she believed its culture was still anti-Catholic; in

12300-475: The unusually able boy to our school." It was an ill-timed concession, as colleges were receiving the same flood of applications as boarding schools and took the opportunity to tighten their own standards for admission. By 1967 the proportion of SPS graduates going on to Harvard, Yale, or Princeton had nearly halved from 1953. Warren personally visited Yale president Kingman Brewster to ask him to reverse course. Brewster replied that Yale would accept students from

12423-415: The wealthiest boarding school in the United States (per capita) by a comfortable margin. By the 1980s and 1990s, the board of trustees wanted the administration to exercise a firmer hand over the school. They confronted St. Paul's emerging image (warranted or not) as a "party school"—a poll found that 80% of the students were using drugs —and sought to restore faculty discipline over the students. In 1992,

12546-623: Was "perhaps the first school in which the deed of gift accented physical development." St. Paul's has a long tradition of ice hockey . The school, and the city of Concord more broadly, were early cradles for ice hockey in America. The first squash courts in the United States were built at St. Paul's in 1884. In addition to bringing hockey to the United States, Conover introduced an early variant of squash ( squash tennis ) to SPS. The St. Paul's boys' and girls' crews have each won multiple titles in international competition. The boys' crew won

12669-479: Was also investigating the Trump campaign's possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18, 2018, The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S. Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller. On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the special counsel's final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that

12792-533: Was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and related matters. He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019. On April 18, the Department of Justice released it. On May 29, he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel

12915-442: Was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War, Mueller said, "I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam. There were many—many—who did not. And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam, I have always felt compelled to contribute." In 2009, he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments, he

13038-637: Was closed. Mueller was born on August 7, 1944, at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C. Truesdale (1920–2007) and Robert Swan Mueller Jr. (1916–2007). He has four younger sisters: Susan, Sandra, Joan, and Patricia. His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse . Mueller

13161-558: Was coeducation: in May 1970, shortly before he stepped down, the board of trustees agreed to begin admitting girls in 1971. Nonetheless, the tail end of Warren's tenure marked the start of a turbulent period for St. Paul's. In 1968, students wrote an acerbic manifesto describing the school administration as an oppressive regime, and issued demands for change. St. Paul's rode out the storm under Warren's successor William Oates (r. 1970-82). According to Alex Shoumatoff '64, Oates applied "the prevailing educational and developmental thinking of

13284-497: Was designed by Henry Vaughan , and was one of the first American chapels to employ Perpendicular Gothic . Although Vaughan was the architect of Washington National Cathedral , an architecture critic at Princeton University called the New Chapel Vaughan's masterpiece, as Vaughan died before the cathedral was completed. SPS preserved the smaller Old Chapel, which dates back to 1858 and was the school's first building; it

13407-614: Was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993, Mueller became a partner at Boston's Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation. He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorney's Office. In 1998, Mueller was named U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001. President George W. Bush nominated Mueller for

13530-418: Was fifteen, and accused SPS of a cover-up. The school issued a statement that it would "honor her desire that the school acknowledge its failings, accept responsibility, and work, not just promise, to do better." Crawford later disclosed that the school had issued her a written apology and that she was pleased with its response. Rector Craig B. Anderson (r. 1997-2005) retired under pressure in May 2005 after

13653-584: Was forced to cancel his scheduled speech that night at an FBI recruitment event at the Directors Guild of America in Hollywood. In the absence of a Senate-confirmed FBI director, Deputy Director Andrew McCabe automatically became the acting director, serving until the confirmation of Christopher Wray . St. Paul%27s School (Concord, New Hampshire) Established in 1856 to educate boys from upper-class families, St. Paul's later became one of

13776-414: Was frustrated when Comey revealed in Senate testimony the breadth of the counterintelligence investigation into Russia's effort to sway the 2016 U.S. presidential election and that Comey was giving too much attention to the Russia probe and not to internal leaks within the government. On May 8, 2017, he gave Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein a directive to explain in writing

13899-570: Was initially limited to Episcopalians. In the 1890s, Coit also attempted to ban baseball in favor of cricket; the SPS cricket team toured New England and Canada. SPS almost immediately attracted an upper-class clientele. Shattuck had attended Round Hill School , a short-lived experimental school that was "the most famous American school of its time." Founded in 1823, Round Hill was one of Harvard College 's top feeder schools, and "offered an excellent but very expensive education" with "an elegant lifestyle," including "servants, stables, and tours of

14022-416: Was not able to implement his ideas. Although Drury shared some of Henry Coit's skepticism about higher education—he once wrote in his annual report that a quarter of every St. Paul's class should be encouraged to forego college —he significantly improved St. Paul's academic reputation. He hired better teachers, tightened academic standards, and reestablished student discipline. Universities were attracted to

14145-593: Was once again the wealthiest boarding school in New England, with an endowment per student of $ 1.19 million. In 2024, St. Paul's welcomed 141 new students and reported an admissions rate of 13%. The new students came from 24 states and 22 countries. Based on 2023 data, 71.7% of accepted students chose to enroll at SPS. In the 2023-24 school year, St. Paul's reported that 48% of its students identified as people of color and 22% were international students. The student body represented 37 states and 28 countries. In

14268-416: Was pressured to resign in early July, with some suggesting that President Clinton was giving Sessions the chance to step down in a dignified manner. Sessions refused, saying that he had done nothing wrong, and insisted on staying in office until his successor was confirmed. As a result, President Clinton dismissed Sessions on July 19, 1993, five and a half years into a ten-year term. Clinton's public explanation

14391-411: Was publicly revealed in 2015, when a former student, Owen Labrie, was charged with the rape of 15-year-old freshman Chessy Prout. Labrie was convicted on three counts of statutory rape, one count of endangering the welfare of a child, and one felony count of using a computer to lure a minor. The New Hampshire court system rejected Labrie's appeals and new trial requests in 2018 and 2019. Labrie

14514-509: Was released from prison in June 2019, having served eight months of his twelve-month sentence. He was also sentenced to five years of probation and was required to register as a sex offender . In 2018, SPS confidentially settled a civil suit filed by Prout's parents. Later that year, Prout published her memoir of the incident, titled I Have the Right To: A High School Survivor's Story of Sexual Assault, Justice, and Hope . In July 2017,

14637-696: Was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality, Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20, 2017, before the Senate, warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller. On June 22, 2018, Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying, "If you get me one more glass of wine, I'll tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know. If you think you've seen wild stuff so far, buckle up. It's going to be

14760-401: Was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down, and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time. Saying "The report is my testimony," he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report. On the subject of obstruction of justice, he said, "under long-standing Department [of Justice] policy, a president cannot be charged with a crime while he

14883-473: Was still "most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines." After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976. He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices. He first worked in the office of the U.S. Attorney for

15006-486: Was that there had been a loss of confidence in Sessions' leadership, and then-Attorney General Reno recommended the dismissal. Clinton nominated Louis Freeh to be FBI Director on July 20. Then-FBI deputy director Floyd I. Clarke , who Sessions suggested had led a coup to force his removal, served as acting director until September 1, 1993, when Freeh was sworn in. On May 9, 2017, President Trump dismissed Comey after

15129-443: Was the dean of academic affairs at Groton School . Under her administration, St. Paul's bills itself as "one of the nation's only 100% boarding high schools"; nearly all of its competitors enroll some day students. The school's rural campus is familiarly known as "Millville," after a now-abandoned mill whose relic still stands in the woods near the Lower School Pond. When St. Paul's was founded, its campus covered 50 acres. Today,

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