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125-606: Parts of the school collapsed in August 2017 due to Hurricane Harvey . Its new gymnasium, built for $ 1 million donated by Ellen DeGeneres and Lowe's Home Improvement , has a capacity of 1,000 and opened in the fall of September 2019. The Rockport-Fulton Pirates compete in the following sports This article about a high school in Texas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hurricane Harvey Effects  • Texas Hurricane Harvey

250-451: A Category 4 hurricane later that day with peak 1-minute sustained winds of 130 mph. Hours later, Harvey made landfall at San José Island, Texas , at peak intensity, followed by another landfall at Holiday Beach at Category 3 intensity. Rapid weakening then ensued, and Harvey had downgraded to a tropical storm as it stalled near the coastline, dropping torrential and unprecedented amounts of rainfall over Texas. On August 28,

375-466: A category 5 hurricane . In the Arctic , the average pressure for cyclones is 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) during the winter, and 1,000 millibars (29.53 inHg) during the summer. Tropical cyclones often transform into extratropical cyclones at the end of their tropical existence, usually between 30° and 40° latitude, where there is sufficient forcing from upper-level troughs or shortwaves riding

500-505: A 90% confidence interval of $ 90–160 billion. The scope of flooding in areas with low National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) participation lends to the large uncertainty in the damage total. This ranks Harvey as the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the country alongside Hurricane Katrina in 2005. However, accounting for inflation and cost increases since 2005, the National Hurricane Center considers Harvey

625-451: A Category 4 hurricane. Around 03:00 UTC on August 26, the hurricane made landfall at peak intensity on San Jose Island , just east of Rockport , with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h) and an atmospheric pressure of 937  mbar (27.7  inHg ). It made a second landfall on the Texas mainland, at Rockport, three hours later in a slightly weakened state. Harvey became

750-508: A Dios , Olancho , and Yoro departments . About 8 inches (200 mm) of precipitation was expected along the coast, while inland areas were forecast to receive 2.76 to 3.15 in (70 to 80 mm) of rain. As the remnants of Harvey approached Mexico, the Civil Protection Secretary of the state of Campeche issued a blue alert, indicating minimal danger. When Harvey redeveloped at 15:00 UTC on August 23,

875-518: A combined $ 1 million into the hurricane relief fund, while also opening BBVA Compass Stadium to accept donated supplies for processing and distribution. Athletic events were rescheduled as far away as Kentucky , where the storm's remnants were expected to cause heavy rains on September 1, interfering with Friday night high school football . More than 50 high schools in the state moved games that had been scheduled for Friday to either Thursday or Saturday. Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner imposed

1000-454: A cyclone occludes, a tr ough o f w arm air al oft—or "trowal" for short—will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately into its northwestern periphery (also known as the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the occluded front. The trowal creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its comma head , due to

1125-406: A definitive lower to mid-level warm core structure. A warm seclusion, the result of a baroclinic lifecycle, occurs at latitudes well poleward of the tropics. As latent heat flux releases are important for their development and intensification, most warm seclusion events occur over the oceans ; they may impact coastal nations with hurricane force winds and torrential rain . Climatologically,

1250-415: A favorable quadrant of a maximum in the upper level jetstream known as a jet streak. The favorable quadrants are usually at the right rear and left front quadrants, where divergence ensues. The divergence causes air to rush out from the top of the air column. As mass in the column is reduced, atmospheric pressure at surface level (the weight of the air column) is reduced. The lowered pressure strengthens

1375-413: A frontal boundary, eventually occluding and reaching a barotropically cold environment. It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries. This theory still retains merit, as it is a good description for extratropical cyclones over continental landmasses. A second competing theory for extratropical cyclone development over

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1500-667: A fuel depot in Speightstown was flooded. Winds from Harvey ripped the roof off a church. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , nine homes were flooded and four others experienced wind damage. Also, a tree fell on a school, damaging the building. Blocked drains in Port Elizabeth resulted in more than 15 businesses being flooded. A total of 15 people were housed in shelters after the storm. Strong winds and heavy rainfall also affected Suriname and Guyana . In

1625-409: A fundraiser to help Texas residents impacted by Hurricane Harvey. Because of an anonymous donor willing to match $ 2 for every $ 1 raised up to a total of $ 100,000, Peter Huntsman also agreed to match donations up to $ 100,000. The combined total of $ 200,000 was met by August 31, 2017. Following this, their new goal was $ 1 million. Singapore dispatched Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters from

1750-471: A highest recorded wind of 220 km/h (140 mph), resulting in the loss of 19 lives, 15 million trees, widespread damage to homes and an estimated economic cost of £ 1.2 billion ( US$ 2.3 billion). Although most tropical cyclones that become extratropical quickly dissipate or are absorbed by another weather system, they can still retain winds of hurricane or gale force. In 1954, Hurricane Hazel became extratropical over North Carolina as

1875-500: A large number of Superfund -designed brownfield sites that contain a wide variety of toxins and carcinogens. Two Superfund sites in Corpus Christi were flooded. In the months after the hurricane struck, some hospitals in Texas saw a spike in birth rates, with a 17% increase in birth rates being reported at Corpus Christi Medical Center. A similar, larger baby boom also occurred after Hurricane Sandy in 2012 . Due to

2000-510: A mandatory curfew on August 29 from midnight to 5 a.m. local time until further notice. He cited looting as the primary reason for the curfew. On August 29, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump , and U.S. Senators John Cornyn and Ted Cruz toured damage in the Corpus Christi metropolitan area . President Trump made a formal request for $ 5.95 billion in federal funding on August 31 for affected areas,

2125-661: A nor'easter caused at least 286 deaths in the Northeastern United States, one of the deadliest nor'easters on record. 62 years later in 2022 , a winter storm caused $ 8.5 billion in damages and 106 deaths across the United States and Canada. In September 1954, the extratropical remnants of Typhoon Marie caused the Tōya Maru to run aground and capsize in the Tsugaru Strait . 1,159 out of

2250-642: A pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), with the possibility of a pressure between 912–913 mbar (26.9–27.0 inHg), lower than the Braer Storm. The most intense extratropical cyclone across the North Pacific Ocean occurred in November 2014, when a cyclone partially related to Typhoon Nuri reached a record low pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg). In October 2021, the most intense Pacific Northwest windstorm occurred off

2375-492: A storm surge watch became in effect from Port Mansfield to High Island. Additional watches and warnings were posted in these areas at 09:00 UTC on August 24, with a hurricane warning from Port Mansfield to Matagorda ; a tropical storm warning from Matagorda to High Island; a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande; a storm surge warning from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass; and

2500-474: A storm surge watch from Port Mansfield to the Rio Grande. As the hurricane neared landfall on August 24, an extreme wind warning —indicating an immediate threat of 115–145 mph (185–235 km/h) winds—was issued for areas expected to be impacted by the eyewall; this included parts of Aransas , Calhoun , Nueces , Refugio , and San Patricio counties. The watches and warnings were adjusted accordingly after Harvey moved inland and began weakening, with

2625-526: A strong Category 3 storm. The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 , which evolved from the remains of Typhoon Freda, caused heavy damage in Oregon and Washington , with widespread damage equivalent to at least a Category 3. In 2005, Hurricane Wilma began to lose tropical characteristics while still sporting Category 3-force winds (and became fully extratropical as a Category 1 storm). In summer, extratropical cyclones are generally weak, but some of

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2750-536: A strong baroclinic system and achieved warm seclusion status at maturity (or lowest pressure). Extratropical cyclones are generally driven, or "steered", by deep westerly winds in a general west to east motion across both the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. This general motion of atmospheric flow is known as "zonal". Where this general trend is the main steering influence of an extratropical cyclone, it

2875-477: A temporary reprieve as a result of Harvey, as his legal team was based in Harris County, an area heavily affected by the hurricane. By August 30, corporations across the nation collectively donated more than $ 72 million to relief efforts, with 42 companies donating at least $ 1 million. Professional athletic teams, their players, and managers provided large donations to assist victims of

3000-415: A tropical cyclone and re-attained tropical storm intensity by 18:00 UTC. Initial reorganization was slow; however, within a highly favorable environment, the system soon underwent rapid intensification as an eye developed and its central pressure quickly fell. After becoming a hurricane on August 24, Harvey continued to quickly strengthen over the next day, ultimately reaching peak intensity as

3125-513: A tropical cyclone has intruded into the mid latitudes. Weather forecasters and the general public often describe them simply as " depressions " or "lows". Terms like frontal cyclone, frontal depression, frontal low, extratropical low, non-tropical low and hybrid low are often used as well. Extratropical cyclones are classified mainly as baroclinic , because they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient known as frontal zones . They can become barotropic late in their life cycle, when

3250-468: A tropical cyclone. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center uses the extratropical transition (XT) technique to subjectively estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones becoming extratropical based on visible and infrared satellite imagery . Loss of central convection in transitioning tropical cyclones can cause the Dvorak technique to fail; the loss of convection results in unrealistically low estimates using

3375-583: A tropical storm watch was posted for Dominica , while a tropical storm warning became in effect in Barbados , Martinique , Saint Lucia , and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . All watches and warnings were discontinued by late on August 18, as the storm continued westward into the Caribbean. In Honduras, a green alert was issued for the Atlántida , Islas de la Bahía , Colón , Cortés , Gracias

3500-563: A tropical wave by August 19. Though it lacked an organized surface low, the remnants of Harvey continued to produce significant convection as it traversed the Caribbean Sea and Yucatán Peninsula . The system reached the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico on August 23 and soon consolidated around a new surface low. Late on August 23, the remnants of Harvey regenerated into

3625-427: Is associated with the warm front is often extensive. In mature extratropical cyclones, an area known as the comma head on the northwest periphery of the surface low can be a region of heavy precipitation, frequent thunderstorms , and thundersnows . Cyclones tend to move along a predictable path at a moderate rate of progress. During fall , winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through

3750-675: Is at about 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) altitude. Cyclone phase diagrams are used to tell whether a cyclone is tropical, subtropical, or extratropical. There are two models of cyclone development and life cycles in common use: the Norwegian model and the Shapiro–Keyser model. Of the two theories on extratropical cyclone structure and life cycle, the older is the Norwegian Cyclone Model, developed during World War I . In this theory, cyclones develop as they move up and along

3875-406: Is best. The stronger the upper level divergence over the cyclone, the deeper the cyclone can become. Hurricane-force extratropical cyclones are most likely to form in the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific oceans in the months of December and January. On 14 and 15 December 1986, an extratropical cyclone near Iceland deepened to below 920 millibars (27 inHg), which is a pressure equivalent to

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4000-560: Is known as a " zonal flow regime ". When the general flow pattern buckles from a zonal pattern to the meridional pattern, a slower movement in a north or southward direction is more likely. Meridional flow patterns feature strong, amplified troughs and ridges, generally with more northerly and southerly flow. Changes in direction of this nature are most commonly observed as a result of a cyclone's interaction with other low pressure systems , troughs , ridges , or with anticyclones . A strong and stationary anticyclone can effectively block

4125-475: Is known as the cold sector, while the area equatorward and east of its associated cold and warm fronts is known as the warm sector. The wind flow around an extratropical cyclone is counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to the Coriolis effect (this manner of rotation is generally referred to as cyclonic ). Near this center, the pressure gradient force (from

4250-431: Is no longer used. The windfield of an extratropical cyclone constricts with distance in relation to surface level pressure, with the lowest pressure being found near the center, and the highest winds typically just on the cold/poleward side of warm fronts, occlusions, and cold fronts , where the pressure gradient force is highest. The area poleward and west of the cold and warm fronts connected to extratropical cyclones

4375-585: Is possible. Although tornadoes can form anywhere on Earth, the greatest number occur in the Great Plains in the United States, because downsloped winds off the north–south oriented Rocky Mountains , which can form a dry line, aid their development at any strength . Explosive development of extratropical cyclones can be sudden. The storm known in Great Britain and Ireland as the " Great Storm of 1987 " deepened to 953 millibars (28.14 inHg) with

4500-529: The Bergen School of Meteorology , largely observed cyclones at the tail end of their lifecycle and used the term occlusion to identify the decaying stages. Warm seclusions may have cloud-free, eye -like features at their center (reminiscent of tropical cyclones ), significant pressure falls, hurricane-force winds, and moderate to strong convection . The most intense warm seclusions often attain pressures less than 950 millibars (28.05 inHg) with

4625-571: The Gulf of Mexico declined in the wake of Harvey by approximately 21% — the output dropped to 378,633 barrels per day from the original 1.75 million barrels of oil produced each day. The Eagle Ford Rock Formation (shale oil and gas) in southern Texas reduced production by 300,000 to 500,000 bpd , according to the Texas Railroad Commission . Many energy-related ports and terminals closed, delaying about fourteen crude oil tankers. About 2.25 million bpd of refining capacity

4750-620: The Lesser Antilles , reaching tropical storm status on August 17. The storm crossed through the Windward Islands on the following day, making landfall on the southern end of Barbados and a second landfall on Saint Vincent . Upon entering the Caribbean, Harvey began to weaken due to moderate wind shear , and degenerated into a tropical wave north of Colombia , late on August 19. The remnants were monitored for regeneration as it continued west-northwestward across

4875-573: The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), $ 3 billion in "insured windstorm and other storm-related property losses"; and about $ 4.75 billion in insured flood losses of private and commercial vehicles. By January 1, 2018, payouts from the NFIP reached $ 7.6 billion against total estimated losses of $ 8.5–9.5 billion. Economists Michael Hicks and Mark Burton at Ball State University estimated damage in

5000-854: The National Women's Soccer League rescheduled their August 27 match against the North Carolina Courage to a later date. Both teams moved their training camps to Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas (near Dallas) while preparing for their next matches; the Dash's match the following week, against the Seattle Reign , was played in Frisco, with all proceeds from ticket sales benefiting an American Red Cross relief fund for hurricane victims. The Dynamo and Major League Soccer also donated

5125-780: The New England Patriots pledged to match up to $ 1 million in donations to the Red Cross. Multiple Hollywood celebrities also pitched in, collectively donating more than $ 10 million, with Sandra Bullock providing the largest single donation of $ 1 million. Leonardo DiCaprio provided $ 1 million to the United Way Harvey Recovery Fund through his foundation . President Donald Trump donated $ 1 million to 12 charities involved in relief efforts. Rachael Ray provided donations totaling $ 1 million to animal shelters across

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5250-1018: The Northern Hemisphere and 71,289–74,229 extratropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere were detected between 1979 and 2018 based on reanalysis data. A study of extratropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere shows that between the 30th and 70th parallels , there are an average of 37 cyclones in existence during any 6-hour period. A separate study in the Northern Hemisphere suggests that approximately 234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter. Extratropical cyclones form along linear bands of temperature/dew point gradient with significant vertical wind shear , and are thus classified as baroclinic cyclones. Initially, cyclogenesis , or low pressure formation, occurs along frontal zones near

5375-774: The Republic of Singapore Air Force to areas affected by the hurricane for humanitarian operations, working alongside the Texas National Guard. Israel pledged $ 1 million in relief funds for restoration of non-state run communal infrastructure. Mexico sent volunteers from the Mexican Red Cross , firemen from Coahuila , and rescue teams from Guanajuato to Houston to assist in relief. Mexico later rescinded their commitment for aid after Hurricane Katia made landfall on Mexico's Gulf Coast, on September 9, 2017. Venezuela offered $ 5 million through

5500-753: The Texas Rangers from Minute Maid Park in Houston to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida ; ironically, just two weeks later, Hurricane Irma would force the stadium's regular tenants, the Tampa Bay Rays , to move three home games to Citi Field in New York City. In the aftermath, the Houston Astros began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on

5625-463: The Westerlies for the process of extratropical transition to begin. During this process, a cyclone in extratropical transition (known across the eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans as the post-tropical stage), will invariably form or connect with nearby fronts and/or troughs consistent with a baroclinic system. Due to this, the size of the system will usually appear to increase, while

5750-557: The anticyclones of high-pressure areas , drive the weather over much of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild showers to severe hail , thunderstorms , blizzards , and tornadoes . These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones , extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines, called weather fronts , about

5875-410: The comma -like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the trowal is unstable enough for convection. Extratropical cyclones slant back into colder air masses and strengthen with height, sometimes exceeding 30,000 feet (approximately 9 km) in depth. Above

6000-468: The sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability. On rare occasions, an extratropical cyclone can transform into a tropical cyclone if it reaches an area of ocean with warmer waters and an environment with less vertical wind shear. An example of this happening is in the 1991 Perfect Storm . The process known as "tropical transition" involves the usually slow development of an extratropically cold core vortex into

6125-571: The $ 120 billion that it took to rebuild New Orleans after Katrina. According to weather analytics firm Planalytics , lost revenue to Houston area retailers and restaurants alone will be approximately $ 1 billion. The Houston area controls 4% of the spending power in the United States. In September 2017, the Insurance Council of Texas estimated the total insured losses from Hurricane Harvey at $ 19 billion. This figure represents $ 11 billion in flood losses insured by

6250-499: The Caribbean and the Yucatán Peninsula , before redeveloping over the Bay of Campeche on August 23. Harvey then began to rapidly intensify on August 24, regaining tropical storm status and becoming a hurricane later that day. While the storm moved generally northwest, Harvey's intensification phase stalled slightly overnight from August 24–25; however, Harvey soon resumed strengthening and quickly became

6375-501: The Dvorak scale and is applied in the same way, except that "XT" is used instead of "T" to indicate that the system is undergoing extratropical transition. Also, the XT technique is only used once extratropical transition begins; the Dvorak technique is still used if the system begins dissipating without transition. Once the cyclone has completed transition and become cold-core , the technique

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6500-472: The Dvorak technique. The system combines aspects of the Dvorak technique, used for estimating tropical cyclone intensity, and the Hebert-Poteat technique, used for estimating subtropical cyclone intensity. The technique is applied when a tropical cyclone interacts with a frontal boundary or loses its central convection while maintaining its forward speed or accelerating. The XT scale corresponds to

6625-646: The Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch in Tamaulipas from Boca De Catan to the mouth of the Rio Grande . The watch remained in effect until 21:00 UTC on August 25, after it became evident that the storm no longer posed a significant threat to that area. FEMA worked with the Coast Guard , Customs and Border Protection , and Immigration and Customs Enforcement to prepare for

6750-657: The Houston area. Moody's Analytics initially estimated the total economic cost of the storm at $ 81 billion to $ 108 billion or more; most of the economic losses are damage to homes and commercial property. Reinsurance company Aon Benfield estimated total economic losses at $ 100 billion, including $ 30 billion in insured damage, making Harvey the costliest disaster in 2017 by their calculations. USA Today reported an AccuWeather estimate of $ 190 billion, released August 31. On September 3, Texas state governor Greg Abbott estimated that damages will be between $ 150 billion and $ 180 billion, surpassing

6875-568: The Houston metropolitan area alone at $ 198.63 billion. Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $ 125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $ 161 billion (after adjusting for inflation). A significant portion of the storm's damages are uninsured losses. Regular homeowner insurance policies generally exclude coverage for flooding, as

7000-486: The NFIP underwrites most flood insurance policies in the US. Although the purchase of flood insurance is obligatory for federally guaranteed mortgages for homes within the 100-year flood plain , enforcement of the requirement is difficult and many homes, even within the 100-year flood plain, lack flood insurance. In Harris County, Texas —which includes the city of Houston—only 15% of homes have flood insurance policies issued by

7125-567: The NFIP. Participation in the NFIP is higher, but still low, in neighboring Galveston (41%), Brazoria (26%), and Chambers Counties (21%). Homeowners sued authorities after reservoir releases damaged homes. On September 8, President Donald Trump signed into law H.R. 601, which among other spending actions designated $ 15 billion for Hurricane Harvey relief. The American Red Cross , Salvation Army , United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR), Gulf Coast Synod Disaster Relief, United States Equestrian Federation , Humane Society of

7250-515: The Northern Hemisphere sees warm seclusions during the cold season months, while the Southern Hemisphere may see a strong cyclone event such as this during all times of the year. In all tropical basins, except the Northern Indian Ocean, the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone may result in reintensification into a warm seclusion. For example, Hurricane Maria (2005) and Hurricane Cristobal (2014) each re-intensified into

7375-702: The Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg). In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical cyclone was the Braer Storm , which reached a pressure of 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) in early January 1993. Before the Braer Storm, an extratropical cyclone near Greenland in December 1986 reached a minimum pressure of at least 916 mbar (27.0 inHg). The West German Meteorological Service marked

7500-445: The United States , Knights of Columbus , Samaritan's Purse , Catholic Charities USA , AmeriCares , BakerRipley , Operation BBQ relief, many celebrities, and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm. Anarchists (including Antifa ) also provided relief. Business aviation played a part in the rescue efforts, providing support during the storm as well as relief flights bringing in suppliers in

7625-524: The United States. Due to the extensive damage, the name "Harvey" was retired in April 2018 and will not be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. A westward-moving tropical wave emerged from Africa over the eastern Atlantic Ocean on August 12. A surface circulation slowly developed and convection consolidated around the low over the subsequent days; the system became a tropical depression on August 17. Maintaining its brisk westward motion,

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7750-528: The area were inundated with water. One indirect death occurred in Memphis due to a weather-related head-on collision of a car and a tractor trailer on Interstate 40 . Heavy rainfall in Nashville inundated a number of roads and flooded an apartment complex, resulting in the evacuation of 13 people. Overall, about 50 people in the city evacuated from flooded areas. An EF1 tornado also touched down in

7875-436: The atmosphere), the two may combine to become a binary cyclone, where the vortices of the two cyclones rotate around each other (known as the " Fujiwhara effect "). This most often results in a merging of the two low pressure systems into a single extratropical cyclone, or can less commonly result in a mere change of direction of either one or both of the cyclones. The precise results of such interactions depend on factors such as

8000-458: The bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong , prominently displaying them as the Astros won the 2017 World Series . Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city. The annual Texas Kickoff game that was to feature BYU and LSU to kick off the 2017 college football season

8125-710: The brunt of the storm. Four homes were demolished, while five other residences and two shops were damaged. Several public buildings were also damaged, including the community center, the village council buildings, the nursery, and public schools. A 29-year-old woman died after her house collapsed on her. The widespread and catastrophic effects of Hurricane Harvey resulted in one of the costliest natural disasters in United States history. An estimated 300,000 structures and 500,000 vehicles were damaged or destroyed in Texas alone. The storm also spawned 53 tornadoes across six states. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $ 125 billion, with

8250-471: The center and along a warm front on September 1 as it moved further inland, indicating that the system transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC that day. The remnants continued northeastwards before being absorbed into another extratropical system on September 3. Tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the Windward Islands were issued starting at 15:00 UTC on August 17, about six hours before Harvey developed. At that time,

8375-423: The center of the cyclone. The term " cyclone " applies to numerous types of low pressure areas, one of which is the extratropical cyclone. The descriptor extratropical signifies that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside the tropics and in the middle latitudes of Earth between 30° and 60° latitude. They are termed mid-latitude cyclones if they form within those latitudes, or post-tropical cyclones if

8500-516: The central part of the state. High wind knocked out power in Fuquay-Varina, Sanford, and Holly Springs, and large hail hit parts of Wake, Harnett, and Johnston counties. In Willow Spring, hail larger than softballs damaged homes and cars. Flash flooding hit Greenville further east. Tornadoes were also reported in Angier, Clayton, and Smithfield, but they were unconfirmed. Energy production in

8625-465: The city's drainage system could handle a heavy rainfall event, with only 105 of the 120 water pumps being operational and some power turbines being out of service. The city's public schools, as well as six universities and a medical school, closed on August 29. As Harvey began re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28, the tropical storm warning in Texas from Mesquite Bay to High Island

8750-783: The coast of Oregon , peaking with a pressure of 942 mbar (27.8 inHg). One of the strongest nor'easters occurred in January 2018 , in which a cyclone reached a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg). Extratropical cyclones have been responsible for some of the most damaging floods in European history. The Great storm of 1703 killed over 8,000 people and the North Sea flood of 1953 killed over 2,500 and destroyed 3,000 houses. In 2002, floods in Europe caused by two genoa lows caused $ 27.115 billion in damages and 232 fatalities,

8875-419: The cooler air ahead of the system is denser , and therefore more difficult to dislodge. Later, the cyclones occlude as the poleward portion of the cold front overtakes a section of the warm front, forcing a tongue, or trowal , of warm air aloft. Eventually, the cyclone will become barotropically cold and begin to weaken. Atmospheric pressure can fall very rapidly when there are strong upper level forces on

9000-413: The core weakens. However, after transition is complete, the storm may re-strengthen due to baroclinic energy, depending on the environmental conditions surrounding the system. The cyclone will also distort in shape, becoming less symmetric with time. During extratropical transition, the cyclone begins to tilt back into the colder airmass with height, and the cyclone's primary energy source converts from

9125-702: The country to assist with disaster relief efforts, while stating that no immigration enforcement operations would be conducted. Approximately 32,000 people were displaced in shelters across the state by August 31. The George R. Brown Convention Center , the state's largest shelter, reached capacity with 8,000 evacuees. The NRG Center opened as a large public shelter accordingly. More than 210,000 people registered with FEMA for disaster assistance. The Cajun Navy , an informal organization of volunteers with boats from Louisiana, deployed to Texas to assist in high-water rescues. The Houston Independent School District announced that all students on any of

9250-422: The cyclone (a low pressure system). The lowered pressure acts to draw in air, creating convergence in the low-level wind field. Low-level convergence and upper-level divergence imply upward motion within the column, making cyclones cloudy. As the cyclone strengthens, the cold front sweeps towards the equator and moves around the back of the cyclone. Meanwhile, its associated warm front progresses more slowly, as

9375-499: The deaths in Texas, 68 were from the direct effects of Harvey, the highest such number in the state since 1919. 22 weak tornadoes touched down throughout the state. An EF1 tornado near Fresno caused some minor injuries. Throughout Texas, approximately 336,000 people were left without electricity and tens of thousands required rescue. Throughout the state, 103 people died in storm-related incidents: 68 from its direct effects, including flooding, and 35 from indirect effects in

9500-439: The depth of the troposphere to cause snowfall. Squall lines, or solid bands of strong thunderstorms, can form ahead of cold fronts and lee troughs due to the presence of significant atmospheric moisture and strong upper level divergence, leading to hail and high winds. When significant directional wind shear exists in the atmosphere ahead of a cold front in the presence of a strong upper-level jet stream, tornado formation

9625-400: The distribution of heat around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform with its radius. Extratropical cyclones form anywhere within the extratropical regions of the Earth (usually between 30° and 60° latitude from the equator ), either through cyclogenesis or extratropical transition. In a climatology study with two different cyclone algorithms, a total of 49,745–72,931 extratropical cyclones in

9750-406: The district's campuses would be eligible for free lunch throughout the 2017–18 school year. The Federal Department of Education eased financial aid rules and procedures for those affected by Harvey, giving schools the ability to waive paperwork requirements; loan borrowers were given more flexibility in managing their loan payments. A 36-year-old inmate sentenced to death for a 2003 murder was granted

9875-405: The entire Gulf Coast of Texas from High Island northward. Governor Greg Abbott declared a state of emergency for 30  counties on August 23, while mandatory evacuations were issued for Calhoun, Jackson , Refugio, San Patricio, and Victoria counties, as well as parts of Brazoria , and Matagorda counties. On August 26, Governor Abbott added an additional 20 counties to

10000-584: The extensive damage and loss of life the hurricane caused along its track, particularly in Texas, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Harvey from its rotating name lists in April 2018, and it will never again be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Harold for the 2023 season . Extratropical cyclone Extratropical cyclones , sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones , are low-pressure areas which, along with

10125-405: The first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 . Once Harvey moved inland, it began to weaken rapidly as its speed slowed dramatically to a crawl, and Harvey weakened to a tropical storm on August 26. For about two days the storm stalled just inland, dropping very heavy rainfall and causing catastrophic flash flooding. Harvey's center drifted back towards

10250-715: The former, high winds in the capital city of Paramaribo caused roof damage to the Presidential Palace and two homes, while the Torarica Hotel and Casino suffered structural impact. Additionally, four dwellings were deroofed in Commewijne and three others lost their roofs in Wanica ; in the latter, the Ministry of Social Affairs building was damaged by falling trees. In Guyana, the village of Jawalla bore

10375-477: The higher latitudes). The existence of such transients are also closely related to the formation of the Icelandic and Aleutian Low — the two most prominent general circulation features in the mid- to sub-polar northern latitudes. The two lows are formed by both the transport of kinetic energy and the latent heating (the energy released when water phase changed from vapor to liquid during precipitation) from

10500-457: The hurricane's aftermath. By August 29, 2017 approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced. The refinery industry capacity was reduced, and oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas. On Monday, the closure of oil refineries ahead of Hurricane Harvey created a fuel shortage. Panicked motorists waited in long lines. Consequently, gas stations through

10625-675: The immediate aftermath. Volunteers from amateur radio 's emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service , provided communications in American Red Cross shelters in South Texas. Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. Operation BBQ relief had the help from several local individuals and businesses kick off the support of providing meals for volunteers and victims. Smokers, pallets of wood, and another company came up with

10750-764: The mid- latitude cyclones. The most intense extratropical cyclone on record was a cyclone in the Southern Ocean in October 2022. An analysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts estimated a pressure of 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) and a subsequent analysis published in Geophysical Research Letters estimated a pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg). The same Geophysical Research Letters article notes at least five other extratropical cyclones in

10875-580: The most damaging flood in European since at least 1985. In late December 1999, Cyclones Lothar and Martin caused 140 deaths combined and over $ 23 billion in damages in Central Europe, the costliest European windstorms in history. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the Northeastern United States . The storm killed over 100 people and caused $ 65 billion in damages,

11000-471: The northeastern side of the city, damaging trees, homes, carports, and power lines. An additional EF0 tornado on the southeastern side of the city damaged trees, a carport, a warehouse, and a garage, while also flipping an 18-wheeler. Rain in Kentucky was blamed for a fatal car accident. On September 1, the outer bands of Harvey's remnants passed through North Carolina . Severe weather was reported across

11125-467: The oceans is the Shapiro–Keyser model, developed in 1990. Its main differences with the Norwegian Cyclone Model are the fracture of the cold front, treating warm-type occlusions and warm fronts as the same, and allowing the cold front to progress through the warm sector perpendicular to the warm front. This model was based on oceanic cyclones and their frontal structure, as seen in surface observations and in previous projects which used aircraft to determine

11250-463: The part of the cold front ahead of the cyclone will develop into a warm front, giving the frontal zone (as drawn on surface weather maps ) a wave-like shape. Due to their appearance on satellite images, extratropical cyclones can also be referred to as frontal waves early in their life cycle. In the United States , an old name for such a system is "warm wave". In the northern hemisphere, once

11375-572: The path of an extratropical cyclone. Such blocking patterns are quite normal, and will generally result in a weakening of the cyclone, the weakening of the anticyclone, a diversion of the cyclone towards the anticyclone's periphery, or a combination of all three to some extent depending on the precise conditions. It is also common for an extratropical cyclone to strengthen as the blocking anticyclone or ridge weakens in these circumstances. Where an extratropical cyclone encounters another extratropical cyclone (or almost any other kind of cyclonic vortex in

11500-400: The pounds of pork to kick off the support effort. Operation BBQ relief vendors volunteering for the Houston flood relief estimates that they will serve at least 450,000 meals. On August 27, 2017, it was estimated that Operation BBQ relief will be expecting 25,000 to 30,000 meals a day. On August 27, 2017, KSL-TV , KSL Newsradio , FM100.3 , and 103.5 The Arrow created

11625-471: The pressure at the center of the cyclone compared to the pressure outside the cyclone) and the Coriolis force must be in an approximate balance for the cyclone to avoid collapsing in on itself as a result of the difference in pressure. The central pressure of the cyclone will lower with increasing maturity, while outside of the cyclone, the sea-level pressure is about average. In most extratropical cyclones,

11750-475: The release of latent heat from condensation (from thunderstorms near the center) to baroclinic processes. The low pressure system eventually loses its warm core and becomes a cold-core system . The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and

11875-489: The second costliest tropical cyclone at the time. Other extratropical cyclones have been related to major tornado outbreaks . The tornado outbreaks of April 1965 , April 1974 and April 2011 were all large, violent, and deadly tornado outbreaks related to extratropical cyclones. Similarly, winter storms in March 1888 , November 1950 and March 1993 were responsible for over 300 deaths each. In December 1960

12000-593: The second-costliest. Harvey was the costliest natural disaster recorded in Texas at the time, until it was surpassed in February 2021 by a severe winter storm that crippled the state's power grid , which was estimated to have cost at least $ 195 billion (2021 USD) in damages in Texas. Nationwide, 107 people died in storm-related incidents: 103 in Texas, 2 in Arkansas, 1 in Tennessee, and 1 in Kentucky. Of

12125-417: The shutdown in refineries, gas prices did see an increase nationwide. However, the increase was not as extensive as Hurricane Katrina . Additionally, Harvey's impact coincided with Labor Day Weekend , which sees a traditional increase in gas prices due to the heavy travel for that weekend. Nonetheless, the spike brought the highest gas prices in two years. The flooding in Houston from the storm required

12250-431: The size of the two cyclones, their strength, their distance from each other, and the prevailing atmospheric conditions around them. Extratropical cyclones can bring little rain and surface winds of 15–30 km/h (10–20 mph), or they can be dangerous with torrential rain and winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), and so they are sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe. The band of precipitation that

12375-603: The southeast, ultimately re-emerging into the Gulf of Mexico on August 28. Once offshore, the poorly organized system struggled against strong wind shear. Deep convection persisted north of the cyclone's center near the Houston metropolitan area along a stationary front , resulting in several days of record-breaking rain. Early on August 30, the former hurricane made its fifth and final landfall just west of Cameron, Louisiana , with winds of 45 mph (70 km/h). Associated convection with Harvey became focused north of

12500-670: The state of emergency declaration. Furthermore, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the Governor's Texas Emergency Management Council , including the Texas Division of Emergency Management , thus providing for humanitarian satellite coverage. In Louisiana , Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for the entire state. A mandatory evacuation

12625-603: The state were forced to close due to the rush. More than 20 percent of refining capacity was affected. More than 48,700 homes were affected by Harvey throughout the state, including over 1,000 that were completely destroyed and more than 17,000 that sustained major damage; approximately 32,000 sustained minor damage. Nearly 700 businesses were damaged as well. Yet the Texas Department of Public Safety stated more than 185,000 homes were damaged and 9,000 destroyed. The hurricane also caused many people to believe that in

12750-555: The state, about 500 people were rescued by August 28, while 269 people went to a shelter in southwest Louisiana, about 200 of whom were rescued from their homes. An EF2 tornado near Evangeline damaged four homes, one of which was destroyed. The tornado also damaged fences, a motorcycle, a pickup truck, and toppled three electrical poles. Rain-slicked roads were blamed for two fatal accidents in Arkansas . In Alabama , an unusually large, long-tracked EF2 tornado in

12875-473: The state-owned Citgo Petroleum , which operates a refinery in Corpus Christi. Houston officials stated that the Houston drinking water and sewer systems were intact; however, "hundreds of thousands of people across the 38 Texas counties affected by Hurricane Harvey use private wells, according to an estimate by Louisiana State University researchers, and those people must fend for themselves." Additionally, Harris County , which includes Houston, contains

13000-569: The storm and its aftermath. The agency placed disaster response teams on standby at emergency posts in Austin, Texas , and Baton Rouge, Louisiana . Upon the NHC resuming advisories for Harvey at 15:00 UTC on August 23, a hurricane watch was issued in Texas from Port Mansfield to San Luis Pass , while a tropical storm watch was posted from Port Mansfield south to the mouth of the Rio Grande and from San Luis Pass to High Island . Additionally,

13125-540: The storm emerged back over the Gulf of Mexico, strengthening slightly before making a fifth and final landfall in Louisiana on August 29. As Harvey drifted inland, it quickly weakened again as it became an extratropical cyclone on September 1, before dissipating two days later. In addition to the huge cost and extent of the damage it caused, Harvey caused at least 107 confirmed deaths: 1 in Guyana and 106 in

13250-629: The storm the costliest natural disaster recorded in Texas at the time. It was the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005, ending a record 12-year span in which no hurricanes made landfall at the intensity of a major hurricane throughout the country. In a four-day period, many areas received more than 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain as the system slowly meandered over eastern Texas and adjacent waters, causing unprecedented flooding. With peak accumulations of 60.58 in (1,539 mm), in Nederland, Texas , Harvey

13375-599: The storm. The Houston Astros pledged $ 4 million to relief along with all proceeds from their home game raffles. Houston Rockets owner Leslie Alexander also donated $ 4 million to the cause. A fundraiser established by Houston Texans defensive lineman J. J. Watt exceeded $ 37 million. For his efforts, Watt received the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award . The Texas Rangers and Tennessee Titans both provided $ 1 million, while

13500-441: The surface of the earth, the air temperature near the center of the cyclone is increasingly colder than the surrounding environment. These characteristics are the direct opposite of those found in their counterparts, tropical cyclones ; thus, they are sometimes called "cold-core lows". Various charts can be examined to check the characteristics of a cold-core system with height, such as the 700 millibars (20.67 inHg) chart, which

13625-459: The system strengthened slightly and became a tropical storm later that day, at which time it was assigned the name Harvey . With maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), Harvey made landfalls in Barbados and St. Vincent on August 18 before entering the Caribbean. Hostile environmental conditions, namely wind shear , imparted weakening and caused Harvey to degenerate into

13750-499: The system. When pressures fall more than 1 millibar (0.030  inHg ) per hour, the process is called explosive cyclogenesis, and the cyclone can be described as a bomb . These bombs rapidly drop in pressure to below 980 millibars (28.94 inHg) under favorable conditions such as near a natural temperature gradient like the Gulf Stream , or at a preferred quadrant of an upper-level jet streak, where upper level divergence

13875-502: The systems can cause significant floods overland because of torrential rainfall. The July 2016 North China cyclone never brought gale -force sustained winds, but it caused devastating floods in mainland China , resulting in at least 184 deaths and ¥ 33.19 billion ( US$ 4.96 billion) of damage. An emerging topic is the co-occurrence of wind and precipitation extremes, so-called compound extreme events, induced by extratropical cyclones. Such compound events account for 3–5% of

14000-460: The total number of cyclones. In the classic analysis by Edward Lorenz (the Lorenz energy cycle ), extratropical cyclones (so-called atmospheric transients) acts as a mechanism in converting potential energy that is created by pole to equator temperature gradients to eddy kinetic energy. In the process, the pole-equator temperature gradient is reduced (i.e. energy is transported poleward to warm up

14125-674: The traditional Governor's Cup National Football League preseason game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans scheduled for August 31 to be moved from NRG Stadium in Houston to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas . The game was later canceled to allow the Houston Texans players to return to Houston after the storm. In addition, the Houston Astros were forced to move their August 29–31 series with

14250-542: The vast majority of which would go to FEMA. Texas Governor Greg Abbott deployed the state's entire National Guard for search and rescue, recovery, and clean up operations due to the devastating damage caused by the storm and resulting floods. Other states' National Guard's have offered assistance, with several having already been sent. Meanwhile, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement assigned approximately 150 employees from around

14375-554: The vertical structure of fronts across the northwest Atlantic. A warm seclusion is the mature phase of the extratropical cyclone life cycle. This was conceptualized after the ERICA field experiment of the late 1980s, which produced observations of intense marine cyclones that indicated an anomalously warm low-level thermal structure, secluded (or surrounded) by a bent-back warm front and a coincident chevron-shaped band of intense surface winds. The Norwegian Cyclone Model , as developed by

14500-723: The vicinity of Reform and Palmetto damaged two homes and destroyed a barn along SR 17 , while four people were hospitalized for their injuries. The same tornado also caused damage to trees and roofs in Lamar County near Kennedy and additional damage in Fayette County , causing two more injuries. Another EF2 tornado in Arab destroyed chicken houses and damaged homes and trees. In Tennessee , more than 19,000 people lost electricity in Memphis . Low-lying streets in

14625-404: The warning discontinued at 15:00 UTC on August 26. By 09:00 UTC on the following day, only a tropical storm warning and a storm surge warning remained in effect from Port O'Connor to Sargent . However, watches and warnings were re-issued as Harvey began to re-emerge into the Gulf of Mexico, and beginning at 15:00 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm warning was in effect for

14750-529: The wild, only 10 individuals of Attwater's prairie chicken remained at most until Spring 2018, when it was discovered that there were about a dozen wild individuals left. Heavy rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana, with the state recording up to 14.88 in (378 mm) of precipitation near the town of Iowa . In the city of Lake Charles , flood waters reached 4 ft (1.2 m) in height in some areas, with homes inundated and hundreds of people forced to evacuate in one neighborhood alone. Throughout

14875-487: Was a devastating tropical cyclone that made landfall on Texas and Louisiana in August ;2017, causing catastrophic flooding and more than 100 deaths. It is tied with 2005 's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $ 125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas ; this made

15000-650: Was extended eastward into Louisiana to the community of Cameron at 12:00 UTC, while a tropical storm watch was issued from Cameron to Intracoastal City . Winds left residents throughout Barbados without electricity, with a majority of outages occurring in Christ Church , Saint Joseph , Saint Lucy , and Saint Michael provinces. Flooding washed one house off its foundation, while water entered some houses, forcing some people to evacuate. Bridges in Saint Andrew and Saint Joseph were damaged. Additionally,

15125-678: Was moved to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans . The NCAA FBS football game between Houston and UTSA was postponed due to the aftermath of the storm. It was originally scheduled for September 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio and was ultimately canceled. The Houston Dynamo rescheduled a planned Major League Soccer match against Sporting Kansas City on August 26 to October 11. The Houston Dash of

15250-657: Was offline for several days; that is about 12% of total US capacity, with refineries affected at Corpus Christi, and later Port Arthur and Beaumont , and Lake Charles, Louisiana . The price of Brent crude versus West Texas Intermediate crude oil achieved a split of U.S. $ 5. Two ExxonMobil refineries had to be shut down following related storm damage and releases of hazardous pollutants. Two oil storage tanks owned by Burlington Resources Oil and Gas collectively spilled 30,000 gallons of crude in DeWitt County . An additional 8,500 gallons of wastewater

15375-619: Was ordered in Cameron Parish for the cities of Big Lake, Cameron , Creole , Grand Chenier , Hackberry , Holly Beach , and Johnson Bayou . Additionally, a voluntary evacuation was ordered in Vermilion Parish for low-lying areas south of State Highway 14 . The Louisiana National Guard prepared about 500,000 sandbags and emergency boats and high-water-rescue vehicles were placed on standby should flooding occur. In New Orleans , there were concerns about whether or not

15500-680: Was spilled in the incidents. On August 30, the CEO of Arkema warned one of its chemical plants in Crosby, Texas , could explode or be subject to intense fire due to the loss of "critical refrigeration" of materials. All workers at the facility and residents within 1.5 mi (2.4 km) were evacuated. Eight of the plant's nine refrigeration units failed without power, enabling the stored chemicals to decompose and become combustible. Two explosions occurred around 2:00 a.m. on August 31; 21 emergency personnel were briefly hospitalized. Due to

15625-402: Was the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States . The resulting floods inundated hundreds of thousands of homes, which displaced more than 30,000 people and prompted more than 17,000 rescues. The eighth named storm , third hurricane, and first major hurricane of the extremely active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Harvey developed from a tropical wave to the east of

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