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48-485: Konstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky was born in a small town in the city of Blagoveshchensk , the administrative city of Amur Oblast on the 11th of August 1907. Konstantin's family was decidedly middle class and was a part of a quite rare and frail status of Siberian bourgeoise. Vladimir Ivanovich, his father, was a gentleman who worked as a notary with a degree in law. His mother, Nadezhda Mikhailovna

96-599: A buffer zone under control of the Russian SFSR . The city became the administrative center of Amur Oblast in 1932. During the Cultural Revolution in China, the city was subject to Maoist propaganda blasted from loudspeakers across the river 24 hours a day. Blagoveshchensk is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as

144-523: A miraculous icon of Our Lady of Albazin, which was prayed to continuously during the shelling which lasted almost two weeks. On 3 July ( Old Style ), a decision was made by the city's Police Chief Batarevich and the Military Governor Gribsky to deport the city's entire community of Qing subjects including ethnic Manchus , Daur people and Han, numbering 4,008 ), who were viewed as potential fifth columnists . As cross-river shipping

192-518: A monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ), bordering on a monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate ( Dwb ) which it had before 1990. The climate is very strongly continental. The city features frigid, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high , and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon . On 1 August 2011, it became

240-601: A public hearing was held at which citizens declared themselves to be in favor of a return to the direct election of the mayor. A meeting of deputies voted for rejection of the "two-headed" management. In September 2013, City Council voted for a return to the mayoral election of the mayor. The city is located at the confluence of the Amur and the Zeya Rivers, opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe. Blagoveschensk experiences

288-535: A sign of mental disorder. The assumption of mainstream medical psychiatry was also challenged by critics from within the field of medical psychiatry itself. For example, R. D. Laing argued that mental health problems could also be a transcendental experience with healing and spiritual aspects. Arthur J. Deikman further suggested use of the term " mystical psychosis " to characterize first-person accounts of psychotic experiences that are conceptually similar to reports of mystical experiences. Due to growing recognition of

336-603: A spiritual orientation focusing only on positive themes is arguably incomplete, as it fails to address evil and suffering ( Pargament et al., 2004). Scholarly attention to spiritual struggle is therefore timely as it can provide greater balance to the empirical literature and increase understanding of everyday spirituality. Another reason for the study of spiritual crisis is that growth often occurs through suffering (e.g., Tedeschi, Park, & Calhoun, 1998). As such, neglecting problems of suffering might result in neglecting vital sources of spiritual transformation and development. Both

384-682: Is a form of identity crisis where an individual experiences drastic changes to their meaning system (i.e., their unique purposes, goals, values, attitude and beliefs, identity, and focus) typically because of a spontaneous spiritual experience . A spiritual crisis may cause significant disruption in psychological, social, and occupational functioning. Among the spiritual experiences thought to lead to episodes of spiritual crisis or spiritual emergency are psychiatric complications related to existential crisis , mystical experience , near-death experiences , Kundalini syndrome , paranormal experiences, religious ecstasy , or other spiritual practices. Before

432-634: Is believed that more than 10,000 of these bandits, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese officers, are now in the pay of Japan. The city was also the site of conflict during the Russian Civil War , with Japanese troops occupying the city in support of the White Army . From 1920 until 1922, the city was declared part of the Far Eastern Republic , an area which was nominally independent, but in reality

480-552: Is served by a branch highway and railway connecting it to Belogorsk on the Trans-Siberian Railway and Trans-Siberian Highway . It is also served by a river port. On the other side of the Amur River is Heihe , Heilongjiang Province , China, which is the starting point of China National Highway 202 that goes south to Harbin and Dalian . Ignatyevo Airport , located 20 kilometers (12 mi) northwest of

528-607: The Asano Detachment , an entirely ethnic-Russian special force in the Kwantung Army , organized for carrying out sabotage against Soviet forces in case of any Japanese invasion of Siberia . Japan was apparently interested in creating a White Russian regime in Russian Manchuria . During World War II , Rodzaevsky tried to launch an open struggle against Bolshevism , but Japanese authorities limited

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576-613: The Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689. As the balance of power in the region had changed by the mid-19th century, the Russian Empire was able to take over the left (generally northern, but around Blagoveshchensk, eastern) bank of the Amur from China. Since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and the 1860 Treaty of Peking , the river has remained the border between the countries, although the Qing subjects were allowed to continue to live in

624-793: The Russian Fascist Organization . On May 26, 1931, he became the Secretary General of the newly created Russian Fascist Party; in 1934 the Party amalgamated with the All-Russian Fascist Organization of Anastasy Vonsyatsky , Rodzaevsky becoming its leader. He modeled himself on Benito Mussolini , and also used the Swastika as one of the symbols of the movement. Rodzaevsky collected around himself personally selected bodyguards , using

672-404: The administrative center of Blagoveshchensky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with six rural localities , incorporated separately as Blagoveshchensk Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. In July 2013,

720-624: The 1858 Aigun Treaty and the 1860 Treaty of Peking . The area north of the Amur belonged to the Manchu Qing dynasty by the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 until it was ceded to Russia by the Aigun Treaty in 1858. The early residents of both sides of the Amur in the region of today's Blagoveshchensk were the Daurs and Duchers . An early settlement in the area of today's Blagoveshchensk was

768-418: The Amur is at its narrowest—and make them leave Russia there. As the local ataman refused to provide boats to take them across the river (despite the orders of his superior), few of them made it to the Chinese side. The rest drowned in the Amur, or were shot or axed by the police, Cossacks and local volunteers, when refusing to leave the bank. Local Chinese memory holds that a massacre that took place then, at

816-588: The Annunciation ' ) is a city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast , Russia . It is located at the confluence of the Amur and the Zeya Rivers , opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe . Population: 241,437 ( 2021 Census ) ; 214,390 ( 2010 Census ) ; 219,221 ( 2002 Census ) ; 205,553 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The Amur has formed Russia's border with China since

864-727: The Chinese Honghuzi fought a guerilla war against Russian occupation and assisted the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War against the Russians in revenge. Louis Livingston Seaman mentioned the massacre as being the reason for the Chinese Honghuzi hatred towards the Russians: The Chinaman, be he Hung-hutze or peasant, in his relation to the Russians in this conflict with Japan has not forgotten

912-631: The Ducher town whose name was reported by the Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov as Aytyun in 1652, as Aigun from 1683 to 1685, and as Aigun Old Town from 1685 until the massacre in 1900 , which known to Russian archaeologists as the Grodekovo site, after the nearby village of Grodekovo some 25–30 km (16–19  mi ) southeast of Blagoveshchensk. The Grodekovo site is thought by archaeologists to have been populated since ca. 1000 CE. As

960-674: The Jewish government and creating a new Russia. I failed to see that, by the will of fate, of his own genius, and of millions of toilers, Comrade J.V. Stalin, the leader of the peoples, had become this unknown leader. Rodzaevsky personally begged Stalin for forgiveness, referring to himself as "your unworthy slave". In response, the Soviets offered him an amnesty and a job as a journalist in one of their newspapers. Rodzaevsky returned, only to be arrested upon arrival (along with fellow party-member Lev Okhotin ). The trial, which began on August 26, 1946,

1008-770: The RFP's activities to acts of sabotage in the Soviet Union. A notorious anti-Semite , Rodzaevsky published numerous articles in the party newspapers Our way and The Nation ; he was also the author of the brochure " Judas ’ End " a nd the book " Contemporary Judaisation of the World or the Jewish Question in the 20th Century ". Upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the impending occupation, Rodzaevsky fled Harbin and moved to Shanghai, leaving his family behind. At

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1056-571: The Russians tried to assert their control over the region, the Ducher town was probably vacated when the Duchers were evacuated by the Qing to the Sungari or Hurka in the mid-1650s. Since 1673, the Chinese re-used the site for their fort ("Old Aigun", in modern literature), which served in 1683-1685 as a base for the Manchus' campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin further north. After

1104-520: The Soviet border. It was kept on all day and night to provide a show of power against the Soviet government. Rodzaevsky awaited the day when, leaving these signs on the Russian border, he would lead the White Anti-Soviet forces, joining White General Kislitsin and Japanese forces, into battle to "liberate the people of Russia from Soviet rule". Their main military acts involved the training of

1152-611: The United States. In addition, according to the verdict, he was involved in preparing an attack on the Soviet Union, together with a number of Japanese generals, as well as personally organizing spies and terrorist groups against the Soviet Union with the cooperation of German and Japanese intelligence. All of the defendants pleaded guilty. Rodzaevsky was sentenced to death. Also sentenced to various punishments were Grigory Semyonov , Lev Fillipovich Vasilevsky, Aleksei Proklovich Baksheev, Lev Okhotin , Ukhtomsky and others. Rodzaevsky

1200-510: The assessment of mental health problems. The concept of "spiritual crisis" has mainly sprung from the work of transpersonal psychologists and psychiatrists whose view of the psyche stretches beyond that of Western psychology. Transpersonalists tend to focus less on psychopathology and more unidirectionally toward enlightenment and ideal mental health (Walsh & Vaughan, 1993). However, this emphasis on spirituality's potentials and health benefits has been criticized. According to James (1902),

1248-402: The capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Chinese relocated their town, to a new site on the right (southwestern, i.e. presently Chinese) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream from the original site; it later became known as Aigun . The series of conflicts between Russians and China ended with Russia's recognition of the Chinese sovereignty over both sides of the Amur by

1296-466: The city center, serves domestic destinations. The Blagoveshchensk–Heihe Bridge , completed at the end of 2019, includes a 2-lane highway bridge over the Amur to link Blagoveshchensk and Heihe. The world's first international cable car to Heihe has also been proposed to open in 2022. Spiritual crisis Antiquity Medieval Early modern Modern Iran India East-Asia Spiritual crisis (also called " spiritual emergency ")

1344-449: The end of the war, Rodzaevsky had what he called a " spiritual crisis ". He claimed that Joseph Stalin 's regime was evolving into a nationalist one. Rodzaevsky said he now understood that Stalinism was the ideal embodiment and realization of "our Russian fascism." In a long personal letter, he explained himself, made excuses, and admitted his mistakes. He admitted to participating in anti-Soviet activities, but said these were "acts against

1392-611: The first city in the Russian Far East to be hit by a tornado. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the city's economic focus has turned to border trade with China. The town is now home to a large Chinese expatriate community. Blagoveshchensk is part of a free trade zone which includes the Chinese city of Heihe, located on the other side of the Amur River. Main industries in the town include metal and timber processing, as well as paper production. The city

1440-565: The first individuals to categorize the symptoms, Norman Geschwind , who published prolifically on the topic from 1973 to 1984. There is controversy surrounding whether it is a true neuropsychiatric disorder. Temporal lobe epilepsy causes chronic, mild, interictal (i.e. between seizures) changes in personality, which slowly intensify over time. Geschwind syndrome includes five primary changes; hypergraphia , hyperreligiosity , atypical (usually reduced) sexuality , circumstantiality , and intensified mental life. Not all symptoms must be present for

1488-399: The hand of Cossacks, which killed so many that the Amur River was choked. According to Chinese sources, about 5,000 people reportedly died during these events of 4–8 July 1900. There were 1,266 households in the city, including 900 Daurs and 4,500 Manchus until the massacre. Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine. This expulsion of

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1536-406: The local Chinese caused some hardships for Blagoveshchensk consumers. For example, during the second half of 1900 it became almost impossible to buy any green vegetables in the town, and ten eggs would cost 30-50 kopecks (and in winter, as much as a rouble), while before it had been possible to buy ten eggs for 10-15 kopecks. The massacre angered the Chinese, and had ramifications for the future:

1584-653: The locals presented him with bread and salt on a gold tray, rather than on a silver one as in other cities of the region. In the course of the Boxer Rebellion , the Qing Imperial army (made out of Manchus and Han Chinese) and Boxer insurgents shelled the city in July 1900. Chinese Honghuzi forces joined the attack against Blagoveshchensk. According to the Orthodox belief, the city was allegedly saved by

1632-474: The mid-1970s, mainstream psychiatry made no distinction between spiritual or mystical experiences and mental illness (GAP, 1976, p. 806). However, during the 1960s and 1970s, the overlap of spiritual/mystical experiences and mental health problems became of particular interest to counterculture critics of mainstream psychiatric practice who argued that experiences that fall outside of the norm may simply be another way of constructing reality and not necessarily

1680-458: The motherland out of love for the motherland." He said he was wrong to support Germany, but that he'd believed Hitler could help Russia by exterminating the Jews. The letter also showed striking similarities with the doctrines of National Bolshevism , with Rodzaevsky saying he was now a " national Communist and convinced Stalinist ": I issued a call for an unknown leader, ... capable of overturning

1728-573: The mouth of the Zeya River in Russian. Tsar Alexander II gave approval for the founding of the city in 1858 as the seat of government for the Amur region, to be named Blagoveshchensk (literally "the city of good news") after the parish church which was dedicated to the Annunciation . According to Blagoveshchensk authorities, by 1877 the city had some 8,000 residents, with merely 15 foreigners (presumably, Chinese) among them. The city

1776-700: The overlap of spiritual/mystical experiences and mental health problems, in the early 1990s authors Lukoff, Lu, & Turner (Turner et al., 1995, p. 435) made a proposal for a new diagnostic category entitled "Religious or Spiritual Problems". The category was approved by the DSM-IV Task Force in 1993 (Turner et al., 1995, p. 436) and is included in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The inclusion marks increasing professional acceptance of spiritual issues in

1824-403: The river on the bodies of the floating dead." Not a Chinaman escaped, except forty who were employed by a leading foreign merchant who ransomed their lives at a thousand roubles each. These, and many even worse, atrocities are remembered and now is their moment for revenge. So it was easy for Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when emphasized by liberal pay, as is now the case. It

1872-503: The so-called Sixty-Four Villages east of the Amur and the Zeya (i.e., within today's Blagoveshchensk's eastern suburbs). Although Russian settlers had lived in the area as early as 1644 and was known as Hailanpao ( Chinese : 海兰泡 ; simplified Chinese : 海兰泡 ; traditional Chinese : 海蘭泡 ; pinyin : Hǎilánpāo ), the present-day city began in 1856 as the military outpost of Ust-Zeysky ; this name means settlement at

1920-715: The symbolism of the former Russian Empire and Russian nationalist symbols; like the Italian Blackshirts , the Russian Fascists wore black uniforms with black crossed belts . Rodzaevsky's black shirts were armed with weapons obtained from the Imperial Japanese Army . They created an international organization of White émigrés with a central office in Harbin , the " Far East Moscow ", and made connections in twenty-six nations around

1968-456: The terms "spiritual crisis" and "spiritual emergency" (Grof, 1989) share in the common recognition that: Spiritual crises, and spontaneous spiritual experiences, may have neurological causes, such as described in the Geschwind syndrome and in neurotheology . The Geschwind syndrome is a group of behavioral phenomena evident in some people with temporal lobe epilepsy . It is named for one of

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2016-514: The terrible treatment accorded him since the Muscovite occupation of Manchuria. He still remembers the massacre at Blagovestchensk when nearly 8,000 unarmed men, women, and children were driven at the point of the bayonet into the raging Amur, until — as one of the Russian officers who participated in that brutal murder told me at Chin-Wang-Tao in 1900 — "the execution of my orders made me almost sick, for it seemed as though I could have walked across

2064-709: The world. The most important of these international posts were in New York City . Rodzaevsky had around 12,000 followers in Manchukuo . During the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of the Empire of Japan , Rodzaevsky, with a select group of people, paid his respects to Emperor Hirohito at the official celebration in the region. The fascists installed a great swastika illuminated by neon light at their branch in Manzhouli ( Manchouli ), at least 3 km from

2112-754: Was executed in a Lubyanka prison cellar on 30 August 1946. In 2001, Rodzaevsky's final book, The Last Will of a Russian Fascist ("Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista"), was published in Russia. On 11 October 2010, due to a decision by the Central District Court of Krasnoyarsk, the book became recognized in Russia as extremist material, and has been included in the Federal List of Extremist Materials (No. 861). Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensk (Russian: Благовещенск , IPA: [bləɡɐˈvʲeɕːɪnsk] , lit.   ' City of

2160-518: Was an important river port and trade center during the late 19th century, with growth further fueled by a gold rush early in the 20th century and by its position on the Chinese border opposite the city of Heihe . Local historians noted the pre-eminence of Blagoveshchensk in the economy of the late 19th century Russian Far East , which was reflected when the heir to the Russian throne, Nicholas Alexandrovich (the future Tsar Nicholas II), visited in 1891 during his grand tour of Asiatic Russia , and

2208-522: Was from an old Blagoveshchensk family and devoted herself to raising Konstantin alongside his younger brother, Vladimir, and his two sisters, Nadezhda and Nina. Most notably, Konstantin had at some point became a member of the Komsomol during his adolescence. Unexpected to his family, Rodzaevsky fled the Soviet Union for Manchuria in 1925. In Harbin , Rodzaevsky entered the law academy and joined

2256-482: Was interrupted by the rebellion, the question arose how to get them from the Russian to the Chinese side of the Amur. Batarevich suggested that the deportees could be first taken east of the Zeya , where they should obtain boats from the local Chinese villagers. The plan, however, was vetoed by the governor, and the decision was made instead to take the deportees to the stanitsa of Verkhneblagoveshchenskaya—the place where

2304-616: Was widely covered in the Soviet press. It was opened by the chairman of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union , Vasily Ulrikh . Rodzaevsky and other leaders of the RFP were charged with anti-Soviet agitation , creation of the Russian Fascist Party and distributing anti-Soviet propaganda among White army exiles and creation of similar anti-Soviet organizations in China, Europe and

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