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30-806: Roman Catholic Brahmin ( IAST Bamonns /baməɳ ~ bamɔɳ/ in Romi Konkani & Kupari in Bombay East Indian dialects ) is a caste among the Goan , Bombay East Indian and Mangalorean Catholics who are descendants of Konkani Brahmin converts to the Latin Church , in parts of the Konkan region that were annexed into the Portuguese East Indies , with the capital ( metropole ) at Velha Goa , while Bombay ( Bom Bahia )

60-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which

90-509: A century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for

120-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have

150-649: Is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for

180-896: Is a unique surname to be found among some Bamonn families that hail from Udipi district in Karnataka. Most Mangalorean Catholic Bamonn families trace their patrilineal descent to Goud Saraswat Brahmins. There were a few historical instances in the Mangalorean Catholic community, wherein some Protestant Anglo-Indians were admitted into the Bamonn fold by Catholic priests at the time of their conversion to Catholicism, their descendants are known as Pulputhru Bamonns (Pulpit Bamonns). A 1976 genetic analysis study conducted on three groups of Saraswat Brahmins and one group of Goan Catholic Bamonns in Western India, confirmed

210-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on

240-1077: Is your son? He is at a relatives' house. Tūñ khǎiñčea gǎrānt assāi? Āuñ Porbuger assāñ, mozo bāu Kāmtiger, moji boiņ Nāikāger, moji māusi Šēţiger, mozo sentur Šeņǎiñger. In whose house do you reside? I stay at the Prabhu household, my brother at the Kamath household, my sister at the Naik household, my aunty at the Shet household, my great-grandchild at the Shenoy household. Somi Jezu Krist vāur kǎrtālo, teātz jinsār tūñ vāur kǎr ani asseñ sompūrņ zatoloi. Everyone should live as Jesus Christ did; Live like him and you will become complete. Zōkōņ Jezu Kristāčer sǎtmāndināñ, pātienāñ ani tātso mōg kǎrināñ, takā zǎrti zāun zǎli. The man who does not trust, believe in, and love Jesus Christ, will be judged. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST )

270-830: The Brahmins were engaged in the priestly occupation, but had also taken up various occupations like agriculture, trade, goldsmithing, etc. The origins of this particular caste can be traced back to the Christianisation of the Velhas Conquistas ( Portuguese : Old Conquests ) that was undertaken by the Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was during this period that the Jesuit , Franciscan and Dominican missionaries converted many Brahmins to Christianity. The first mass conversions took place among

300-524: The 19th and 20th centuries, most of the Mudarthas changed their surname to D'Souza , while a few from Belman still continue to bear the surname. According to Mangalorean genealogist Michael Lobo , the known D'Souza-Mudartha clans include the D'Souza family of Belman; D'Souza family of Bendore; D'Souza family of Kirem; D'Souza family of Moodubelle; D'Souza family of Mulki ; D'Souza family of Pakshikere ; D'Souza family of Pezar; D'Souza family of Pilar; and

330-595: The Brahmins of Divar and the Kshatriyas of Carambolim . All converts from Brahmin sub-castes ( Chitpavan Brahmin , Deshastha Brahmin , Karhad Brahmins , Saraswat Brahmin , Daivadnya Brahmin , etc) were unified into a single Christian caste of Bamonn . Since the conversions of Brahmins of a particular area became instrumental in the conversions of members of other castes because it resulted in loss of mandir priests, such converts were highly valued and esteemed by

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360-585: The Mudarthas are believed to have originated from the Assagao and Anjuna villages of the Bardez district in northern Goa . In his historical and genealogical work on the Mudarthas, History of the Mudarthas (1996), Prof. Wilfred D'Souza traces the origin of the Mudarthas to the Goud Saraswat Brahmins who gradually migrated from Kashmir to Goa from the 2nd century BC. He states that while

390-574: The North and settled in different parts of southern Maharashtra . Those who remained in Bardez became Catholics and came to be called Mudots . Some Mudots migrated to South Canara to escape a famine in 1591 and settled down first in the Balegundi area of Belman , where they eventually came to known as Mudarthas . Gradually, some of these Mudarthas moved towards Shirva and Moodubelle . During

420-497: The Roman Catholic church restrained them from practising Hindu caste based discrimination against the latter. Although most now carry Portuguese surnames, they have retained knowledge about their ancestral pre-conversion surnames, such as Bhat , Kamat , Nayak , Pai , Prabhu , Shenoy and Shet . The konkanised variants of these surnames are Bhôtt , Kāmot , Nāik , Poi , Porbų (Probų) , Šeņai , and Šet . Mudartha

450-540: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Mudartha The ancestors of

480-784: The army of Baji Rao II in Poona (Pune) , after trying to overthrow the Portuguese government in the Conspiracy of the Pintos . "No, I'm not going to delve deep down and discover, I'm really de Souza Prabhu even if Prabhu was no fool and got the best of both worlds. (Catholic Brahmin! I can hear his fat chuckle still.)" Mezār lugaţ gallāiñgī? Galtāñ. Have you covered the table with cloth? I will! Suriār kiteñ assā moņ, amkāñ sǎrkeñ kǎļnāñ: zipki mǎnis moņtāt, suriār sǎbār kǎtañ assāt. We do not know properly what’s there in

510-477: The church and Portuguese authorities alike. They were even allowed to wear the Yajnopavita (sacred threads) and other caste markings by a special dispensation of Pope Gregory XV in 1623, on the condition that these were to be blessed by a Catholic priest. The Bamonns in general consider their Indian caste system to be a class form of social categorisation. Since their concept is divorced from all

540-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in

570-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit

600-467: The historical and ethnological evidence of a relationship between Goan Catholic Bamonns land Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins . The study further revealed that intergroup differences between the subject groups suggested a genetic closeness, with genetic distance ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. Some Christian Brahmins such as the Pinto brothers Jose Antonio and Fransisco from the famous Goan noble family joined

630-462: The moon: Learned people say that there are many spots in the moon. Kitleañ uorānčer amiñ yēzāi? Dånparā yā sānjer. At what time should we come? Afternoon or in the evening? Amiñ Devā kurpā sāmbaļtāuñ moņasăr, Deu amger rāutā. God resides at our home, as long as we keep His grace. Pātkiānger Deu rãutãgī? Rāutā, puņ išţa bǎri niñ. Does God stay at sinners' home? He stays, but as a friend. Tuzo pūtų khǎiñ assā? To seireānger assā. Where

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660-411: The names of these Brahmin ancestors of the Mudarthas are not known, oral tradition has it that their ancestral surname is Prabhu from the male side and Shenoy from the female side. A legend dictates that one girl from a Shenoy family of Calangute married a boy from a Prabhu family of Assagao, and their family was converted to Roman Catholicism during the middle of the 16th century. The clan of

690-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for

720-515: The original Goud Saraswat Brahmin settlers of Assagao were known as Mudras . According to Sanskrit scholar Prof. C. D. J. Pinto, they belonged to the Smartha sect. The Mudras belonged to the Bharadwaj gotra (clan), and their kuladevata (family deity) was Bhumika- Ravalnath . When the Portuguese began their conversion activities, most Mudras fled with the idols of their families to

750-599: The reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than

780-523: The religious elements associated to it by their Hindu counterparts, they tend to justify their maintenance of caste as a form of social stratification similar to the Western class concept. They are an endogamous group and have generally refrained from inter-marriage with Catholics of other castes. However, while the Bamonns never inter-married or mingled with the lower castes, the statutes and norms of

810-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in

840-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called

870-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in

900-471: Was the largest territory ( province ) of Portuguese India . They retain some of the ethno-social values and customs of their ancestors, and most of them exhibit a noticeable hybrid Latino - Concanic culture. They were known as the Brahmins among the " New Christians ". Two Portuguese Prime Ministers Antonio Costa and Alfredo Nobre da Costa were from the Catholic Brahmin community In Goa ,

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