158-647: Mangalorean Catholics ( Konkani : Kōdiyālcheñ Kathōlikā ) are an ethno-religious community of Latin Christians from the Diocese of Mangalore and the erstwhile South Canara area, by the southwestern coast of present-day Karnataka, India . Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics descend mainly from the New Christians of Portuguese Goa , who migrated to the Keladi Kingdom 1560-1763, throughout
316-592: A Gandaberunda , the mythical two-headed bird of Karnataka, is found in Keladi. Also, in the Rameshwara temple, a pillar sculpture shows Maratha Rajaram with Keladi Chennamma (history has it that Rajaram was protected by the queen when he was on the run from the Mughals). The Keladi Nayakas were Veerashaivas , patronized the religion, constructed numerous mutts and were responsible for the spread of Veerashaivism to
474-672: A Mangalorean Catholic politician, actively participated in uniting the Mangalorean Catholic community against the British during the Indian Independence Movement . In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara., while in 1962, they numbered 186,741. During the mid-20th century, Victor Fernandes , Bishop of Mangalore from 1931 to 1955, erected
632-949: A conflict with the Archbishop of Goa, Dom Frei António Brandão [ pt ] for disregarding the Padroado. Consequently, they did not cede the jurisdiction to him despite the Pope's letter of appointment. The Padroado–Propaganda conflict which ensued divided the Catholics of Canara into two sides—those who recognised the authority of the Padroado Archbishop in Goa versus those who supported de Castro. The Portuguese refused to recognise Bishop de Castro's appointment and vigorously opposed his activities. Archbishop Brandão's sudden death on 6 July 1678 further complicated matters, and
790-652: A decline in "Mangalore stores" and the culture of Mangalorean Catholic cuisine . The community gets its name from the Mangalore Diocesean adherents of the Latin Church in India , located by the southwestern coast of India . Most of their hometowns lie in present day civil districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts in Karnataka state and Kassergode in the present-day Kerala state. This area
948-641: A lack of linguistic contact and exchanges with the standard and principal forms of Konkani. It is also spoken by migrants outside of the Konkan proper; in Nagpore , Surat , Cochin , Mangalore , Ahmedabad , Karachi , New Delhi etc. Dialects such as Malvani , Chitpavani, Damani, Koli & Aagri in Maharashtra; are threatened by language assimilation into the linguistic majority of non-Konkani states and territories of India . Konkani belongs to
1106-557: A language that is very practical for business. Some Kannada root words which have disappeared from the Goan dialects due to the influence of Portuguese have re-entered the Mangalorean lexicon. 350–400 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect, of which more than half are related to religious terminology. The influence of Portuguese syntax is only found in some sets of phrases and prayers which have come down from
1264-509: A large cross at Nanthoor , near Padav hills , on the former outskirts of Mangalore, in honour of the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam. During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore with the introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay. In 1993,
1422-589: A lexical fund of its own. The second wave of Indo-Aryans is believed to have been accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. Paishachi is also considered to be an Aryan language spoken by Dravidians. Goa and Konkan were ruled by the Konkan Mauryas and the Bhojas ; as a result, numerous migrations occurred from north, east and western India. Immigrants spoke various vernacular languages, which led to
1580-509: A mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab . His death anniversary, 9 April,
1738-579: A mixture of features of Eastern and Western Prakrit. It was later substantially influenced by Magadhi Prakrit. The overtones of Pali (the liturgical language of the Buddhists) also played a very important role in the development of Konkani Apabhramsha grammar and vocabulary. A major number of linguistic innovations in Konkani are shared with Eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali and Oriya , which have their roots in Magadhi. Maharashtri Prakrit
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#17327877976181896-587: A mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers, Middle East businessman, Britishes and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam. Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the Siddis , who are descended from Bantu peoples from South East Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves. Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It
2054-809: A separate Vicariate. Conceding to their request, Pope Gregory XVI established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly Carmelites . The Mangalore Mission was transferred to the French Carmelites by a bull dated 3 January 1870. During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since students frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes. Pope Leo XIII , by
2212-426: A time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which
2370-609: A vassal of the famous Vijayanagar Empire . After the fall of the empire in 1565, they gained independence and ruled significant parts of Malnad region of the Western Ghats in present-day Karnataka, most areas in the coastal regions of Karnataka and the central plains along the Tungabhadra river. In 1763 AD, with their defeat to Hyder Ali , they were absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore . They played an important part in
2528-586: Is 60,000, as per Tipu's own records. They were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) through the dense jungles and gorges of the Western Ghat mountain ranges along two routes; one group travelled along the Bantwal - Belthangadi - Kulshekar - Virajpet - Coorg - Mysore route, and the other along the Gersoppa falls ( Shimoga ) route. It was 200 miles (320 km) from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and
2686-544: Is Konkani according to S.B. Kulkarni (former head of Department of Marathi, Nagpur University ) and Jose Pereira (former professor, Fordham University , USA). Another inscription in Nāgarī , of Shilahara King Aparaditya II of the year 1187 AD in Parel reportedly contains Konkani words, but this has not been reliably verified. Many stone and copper-plate inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan are written in Konkani. The grammar and
2844-662: Is also known to have defeated the Adilshahis of Bijapur in Hanagal. Though a Virashaiva by faith, he built many temples for Vaishnavas and Jains and a mosque for Muslims. He defeated the Portuguese in 1618 and 1619. Virabhadra Nayaka (1629–1645) faced many troubles from the start, including competition from rival Jain chieftains of Malenad for the throne of Ikkeri and invasion by the Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri
3002-689: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people , primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution , and the official language of the Indian state of Goa . It is also spoken in Karnataka , Maharashtra , Kerala , Gujarat as well as Damaon, Diu & Silvassa . Konkani is a member of
3160-468: Is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy. Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson . Grierson's work on the languages of India, the Linguistic Survey of India , was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and
3318-713: Is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis). Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first All India Konkani Parishad in Karwar in 1939. Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far. Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar
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#17327877976183476-444: Is considered by scholars as ablest monarch of the clan. He completely freed himself from the overlordship of the relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle , who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier and administrator. In his reign the kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, Malnad regions, and some regions to the east of the western Ghats of present-day Karnataka. He
3634-629: Is diverse and includes themes such as Indian politics in books like What Ails the Socialists by George Fernandes, historical awakening, in books such as Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians by Alan Machado Prabhu, and sexual desires, in The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire by Richard Crasta. Genealogist Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopedia of
3792-537: Is more evident in Konkani syntax. The question markers in yes/no questions and the negative marker are sentence final. Copula deletion in Konkani is remarkably similar to Kannada. Phrasal verbs are not so commonly used in Indo-Aryan languages; however, Konkani spoken in Dravidian regions has borrowed numerous phrasal verb patterns. The Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, and Lothal migrants all settled in Goa during
3950-653: Is not known exactly when Christianity was introduced in South Canara , although it is possible that Syrian Christians settled in South Canara , just as they did in Kerala , a state just south of Canara. The Italian traveller Marco Polo recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the Red Sea and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting
4108-476: Is popularly known as Temunday Family due to the ownership of lands in Tenginagundi. Many Nawayath Muslims were appointed in the administrative positions. The families of these nobles Nawayath still use their surnames as Ikkeri and are mainly settled in and around Bhatkal . The Golden Kalasa on the dome of Bhatkal Jamia Masjid popularly known as 'Chinnada Palli' meaning 'Golden Mosque' is believed to be
4266-474: Is similar to the Brajbhasha word mōhē has been replaced by mākā . This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to Canara (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin. These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn
4424-539: Is the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani, it was the official language of the Satavahana Empire that ruled Goa and Konkan in the early centuries of the Common Era. Under the patronage of the Satavahana Empire, Maharashtri became the most widespread Prakrit of its time. Studying early Maharashtri compilations, many linguists have called Konkani "the first-born daughter of Maharashtri". This old language that
4582-443: Is the traditional rice eaten and is preferred over raw rice. Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like Zuãuñ (from Portuguese João , meaning John ) and Mornel ( Magdalene ) are common among Mangalorean Catholics who still use Konkani as the first language . Most Mangalorean Catholic names for males follow the second declension . Among women, the names follow the first declension, while among young girls,
4740-461: Is very prominent in Konkani. The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum . Some examples of Konkani words of Dravidian origin are: naall ( coconut ), madval (washerman), choru (cooked rice) and mulo ( radish ). Linguists also suggest that
4898-491: Is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani. Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on
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5056-654: The Bardez district of Goa between 1710 and 1712, most of them going southward. A Goa government report of 1747 presently in the Panjim archives records that around 5,000 Christians fled from the Bardez and Tiswadi districts of Goa during the Maratha invasion. During the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara. These new migrants were given lands at Shirva , Kirem, Mundkur , Pezar, and Hosabettu by
5214-603: The Cathedral chapter administering the Archdiocese of Goa following the vacancy created by his death, forbade the Canara Catholics from receiving the sacraments from the bishop or from priests appointed by him. In his turn, Bishop de Castro excommunicated those Catholics who were obedient to the Padroado authorities in Goa and their priests. In 1681, the Holy See appointed another Goan priest Fr. Joseph Vaz , as
5372-627: The Chowta kings of Moodbidri and at Milagres, Bondel, and Cordel by the Banghel kings of Mangalore. During later years, migration slowed because of the Maratha– Mughal wars, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa. According to Alan Machado Prabhu, Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765. Subsequent to this steady rise in South Canara's Catholic population, the Portuguese took advantage of every opportunity to extend their control over
5530-536: The Diocese of Mangalore , which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history. By the later half of the 19th century, many Mangalorean Catholics were involved in the Mangalore tile industry, coffee plantations, and trade in plantation products. They prospered under the British and competed with the local Brahmins for offices in the service of the British. The overwhelming majority of Mangalorean Catholics continued to remain agriculturists. During
5688-477: The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity. Of the 60,000–80,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians. Historian Alan Machado Prabhu mentions that only 11,000 survived the captivity as Christians. British general Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands. Of
5846-819: The Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa. Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages. The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan . The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include
6004-653: The Goud Saraswat Brahmins in South Canara, which is copiously derived and bears a good degree of intelligibility with the modern Sashtikaar (South Goan) dialect spoken by South Goan Christians and North Canara Konkani Hindus. It is much closer to the dialects of the Goan Hindus than to that of the Goan Catholics . The Italian Jesuits who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, devoted themselves to
6162-851: The Hospet Church at Hospet and the Monte Mariano Church at Farangipet, were razed to the ground and all land owned by the captured Christians was taken over by Tipu and distributed among his favourites. After they were freed, all their belongings had disappeared and their deserted lands were being cultivated by the Bunts . After arriving at Seringapatam, the Christian captives were made to forcibly embrace Islam, were tortured, or sentenced to death. The young men who refused to embrace Islam were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. They were seated on asses, paraded through
6320-627: The Indian Anthropological Society , these Australoid tribes speaking Austro-Asiatic or Munda languages who once inhabited Konkan, migrated to Northern India ( Chota Nagpur Plateau , Mirzapur ) and are not found in Konkan any more. Olivinho Gomes in his essay "Medieval Konkani Literature" also mentions the Mundari substratum. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume identified many Austro-Asiatic Munda words in Konkani, like mund , mundkar , dhumak , goem-bab . This substratum
6478-401: The Indo-Aryan language branch. It is part of the Marathi-Konkani group of the southern Indo-Aryan languages. It is inflexive, and less distant from Sanskrit as compared to other modern Indo-Aryan languages . Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrit vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants that the Konkan coast has witnessed over
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6636-511: The Konkan division of Maharashtra , the state of Goa and the territory of Daman , the Uttara Kannada , Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka , belagavi , Mysore , and Bengaluru along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod , Kochi , Alappuzha , Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam . All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects , pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar. According to
6794-441: The Malenadu and Coastal Karnataka . There were sixty four mutts in the district of Dakshina Kannada alone. Nevertheless, they were tolerant towards followers of other religions and other Hindu denominations. The Keladi Nayakas invited Kazi Mahmoud who was a grandson of chief kazi of Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur to settle in Bhatkal . The revenue of Tenginagundi village was given to Kazi Mahmoud. The kazi family of Bhatkal
6952-399: The Mangalore dialect. The Mangalorean Catholic dialect has Sanskrit influences, and preserves many features of the Maharashtri , Shauraseni , and Magadhi dialects of Prakrit . It also liberally uses loanwords from the Tulu and Kannada languages. It is written in the Kannada script . The dialect does not distinguish between the nouns of Kannada and Konkani and has developed into
7110-425: The Nagueshi Maharudra temple when Nanjanna Gosavi was the religious head or Pratihasta of the state. It mentions words like, kullgga , kulaagra , naralel , tambavem , and tilel . A piece of hymn dedicated to Lord Narayana attributed to the 12th century AD says: "jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃. manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu". (The one who brought
7268-592: The Persian Gulf countries , Portugal and the European Union , and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere . Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority. The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons: Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab 's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and
7426-452: The Portuguese –Adil Shahi wars were between 1570 and 1579; and the Portuguese– Maratha wars occurred between 1667–83 and 1737–40. Other factors that led to mass migrations were disease epidemics, famines, natural calamities, overpopulation, poor living conditions, heavy tax burdens, and social discrimination by the Portuguese. In 1542, the Navarrese Jesuit Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus; arrived in Goa. He discovered that
7584-428: The Second Anglo-Mysore War on 7 December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan. Tipu laid several assaults on the Mangalore fort until January 1784, all of which resulted in failure. The fort was finally delivered to Tipu when the British capitulated on 30 January 1784. Tipu received highly exaggerated reports about the role of the Mangalorean Catholics and their help to
7742-432: The Shenvi subcaste. The attacks of the Maratha Empire on Goa during the mid-17th century precipitated the third major wave of migrations. In 1664 Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked Kudal , a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son Sambhaji ascended to the throne. The onslaught of Sambhaji along the northern territories of Goa drove nearly all
7900-408: The Siege of Seringapatam (1799) by the English East India Company , the Nizam of Hyderabad & other allies; most of them resettled in and around South Canara; also areas such as Chikmagalur (Chickmangalore) & Coorg (Kodagu) during the Company rule in India . A lesser number shipped to the Seven Islands of Bombay & the Bombay metropolitan area in the northern Konkan region . In
8058-421: The Southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Vedic structures and shows similarities with both Western and Eastern Indo-Aryan languages . The first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 AD. There are many Konkani dialects spoken along and beyond the Konkan region, from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; most of which are only partially mutually intelligible with one another due to
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#17327877976188216-618: The Vedas up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to Manu , he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.). A hymn from the later 16th century goes vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃. Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like dzo , jī , and jẽ . These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by koṇa . The conjunctions yedō and tedō ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use. The use of -viyalẽ has been replaced by -aylẽ . The pronoun moho , which
8374-417: The Vicar Forane of Canara; he was asked not to submit to Bishop de Castro unless he showed the letter of appointment. However, after being convinced of its legitimacy, Fr. Vaz submitted to Bishop de Castro and brought about a truce. He further managed to persuade the bishop to delegate his jurisdiction to him while retaining the post. In 1700, the Catholics of Canara were again brought under the jurisdiction of
8532-474: The 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka , 964,305 in Goa , 399,255 in Maharashtra , and 69,449 in Kerala . It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in
8690-437: The Brief of 27 September 1878, handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian Jesuits of Naples , who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878. The Italian Jesuits played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community. They built St. Aloysius College in 1880, St Aloysius Chapel in 1884, St. Joseph's Seminary and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887, Pope Leo XIII established
8848-435: The British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. To minimise the British threat to his kingdom and in the Sultan-ul-Tawarikh , due to "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast", Tipu banished the Mangalorean Catholic community from their lands, and imprisoned them at Seringapatam, the capital of his empire. The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains
9006-408: The Christians amounted to treachery against the sovereign. The Christians were alleged to have helped General Mathews with a sum of Rs. 3,30,000/-. Hyder summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest the punishment for the Mangalorean Catholics for treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British, because it
9164-446: The Christians from their homelands, and most of them migrated to South Canara. Migration increased with the fall of the Portuguese "Province of the North" (which included Bassein , Chaul and Salsette ) and a direct threat to the very existence of Goa in 1738–40. According to one estimate, emigrations from the Salcete district of Goa were around the rate of 2,000 annually. Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians emigrated from
9322-535: The Indo-Aryan group, Konkani was influenced by a language of the Dravidian family. A branch of the Kadambas , who ruled Goa for a long period, had their roots in Karnataka . Konkani was never used for official purposes. Another reason Kannada influenced Konkani was the proximity of original Konkani-speaking territories to Karnataka. Old Konkani documents show considerable Kannada influence on grammar as well as vocabulary. Like southern Dravidian languages, Konkani has prothetic glides y- and w- . The Kannada influence
9480-482: The Keladis and the Portuguese, the Catholic settlers were often harassed or arrested by the Nayakas. In 1686, Seringapatam , the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore , had a community of more than 400 Catholics. The community was severely harassed in the following two decades, with the churches destroyed and the priest's house confiscated. The destruction was undertaken under the name of the Wodeyar king, Kanthirava Narasaraja I , by his finance minister. The priest's house
9638-418: The Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani , which utilised
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#17327877976189796-457: The Mangalore Diocese estimated the population of Mangalorean Catholics to be 325,510 out of a total South Canara population of 3,528,540. This amounts to 9.23 per cent of the population. A notable post-independence era event pertaining to the Mangalorean Catholics that occurred in southern Karnataka, and made national headlines, were the attacks on Christian religious institutions in September 2008 . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore estimates
9954-501: The Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical encyclopaedia, which exceeds 6,000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include Mangaloreans Worldwide – An International Directory (1999), Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics (2000), and The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory (2002). William Robert da Silva translated
10112-481: The Mangalorean Catholic community. Rosachi Kadi ( Ros Curry), a fish curry made with coconut milk ( ros ), is a traditional curry served during the Ros ceremony. Patrode , a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, dal , jaggery , coconut, and spices is popular. Kuswar are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and include around 22 varieties of sweets. Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics. Par-boiled rice, known as red rice,
10270-413: The Mangalorean Catholics still reside in Mangalore and the other towns in the South Canara district. As for the remaining half, about 15 per cent reside in other parts of Karnataka (mostly Bangalore ), 15 per cent reside in Mumbai and its neighbouring areas, 10 per cent reside in the Persian Gulf countries , 5 per cent reside in other parts of India, and the remaining 5 per cent reside in other parts of
10428-407: The Mangalorean Catholics, who came to be identified with Portuguese interests. The Portuguese sought to expand the power of the priests, as from the beginning of their empire, priests had accompanied Portuguese delegations on diplomatic missions and on occasion were the principal negotiators. Treaties they signed with the Keladi Nayakas progressively incorporated clauses which increased the authority of
10586-532: The Maratha Shivaji and later his son Sambhaji to defeat all rival claimants to the throne. She gave shelter to Chhatrapathi Rajaram when he fled from the Mughal army. Chennamma of Keladi is well remembered by local people through tales of her bravery. Basavappa Nayaka (1697–1714) He was a brave ruler and was adopted by Rani Chennammaji from their relative Markappa Shetty of Bedanur Somashekara Nayaka II (1714–1739) Kiriya Basavappa Nayaka (1739–1754) Chenna Basappa Nayaka (1754–1757) Queen Virammaji (1757–1763)
10744-452: The Nayakas' art. Vijayanagar-style pillars with hippogryphs are common; called yali columns (depiction of horses and lions as seen in Hampi ) is found here. These are pillars with lions, either with their forepaws raised or simply in a sitting position, and pillars with a mythical horse-like animal with front legs raised, balancing on its rear legs, and with an armed rider on its back which are worth seeing at Ikkeri. A roof sculpture depicting
10902-471: The Padroado Archbishop of Goa. The Milagres Church , one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680 by Bishop Thomas de Castro. In 1568, the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore (Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at Bolar in Mangalore. The Churches of Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala (Our Lady of Mercy of Ullal ) and São Francisco de Assis (St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were erected by
11060-437: The Portuguese dominion, which resulted in the first major wave of migrations towards South Canara. The Christians who left Goa were for the most part skilled agriculturists who abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa to achieve freedom. The remainder were skilled carpenters, goldsmiths, artisans, and merchants. At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the Keladi king Shivappa Nayaka (1540–60). He evinced great interest in
11218-420: The Portuguese from their forts a little before 1660, which brought about considerable changes in the ecclesiastical situation. The appointment of the Vicar Apostolic of Mangalore was felt by the Holy See to be of critical importance. Nayaka pressured the church authorities to appoint a native priest as the Vicar Apostolic, which resulted in the appointment of Fr. Andrew Gomez to the post; however, he died before
11376-700: The Portuguese in South Canara at around the same time. These three churches were mentioned by the Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle , who visited Mangalore in 1623. In 1570, the Sultan of Bijapur , Ali Adil Shah I , entered into an alliance with the Sultan of Ahmadnagar , Murtaza Nizam Shah, and the Zamorin of Calicut for a simultaneous attack on the Portuguese territories of Goa, Chaul , and Mangalore. He attacked Goa in 1571 and ended Portuguese influence in
11534-487: The Portuguese ones. Mudartha is a rare and unique Konkani and Gaud Saraswat Brahmin surname found among a few Catholics who hail from Udupi . Mangalorean Catholics speak the Konkani language , which they have retained as their mother tongue despite the migration; the language is central to the community's identity. They speak a dialect known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the Ethnologue broadly identifies as
11692-446: The Portuguese, and other Nayakas of the neighbouring territories east of the western ghats helped expand the kingdom to its greatest extent, covering large areas of present-day Karnataka. He gave importance to agriculture and developed new schemes for collection of taxes and revenues which earned him much praise from later British officials. A statue of him and the palace built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of
11850-519: The Shenvi sub-caste of the Goud Saraswat Brahmins . It was mainly these pre-Christian marriage rites that the Portuguese found objectionable and prohibited during the Goan Inquisition. Konkani language Konkani ( Devanagari : कोंकणी , Romi : Konknni , Kannada : ಕೊಂಕಣಿ , Malayalam : കൊങ്കണി , Perso-Arabic : کونکنی ; IAST : Kōṅkṇī , IPA: [kõkɳi] )
12008-575: The Vijaynagara Empire. In 1526, under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio , the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore. The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started propagating Christianity in Mangalore. The most prominent local convert was the Brahmin mahant Shankarayya, who in 1751 travelled with his wife from Kallianpur to Goa and was baptised, with the Portuguese viceroy assuming the role of his godfather. The honoured mahant took
12166-480: The ancient Konkani Prakrit was born as a confluence of the Indo-Aryan dialects while accepting many words from Dravidian speech. Some linguists assume Shauraseni to be its progenitor whereas some call it Paisaci . The influence of Paisachi over Konkani can be proved in the findings of Taraporewala, who in his book Elements of Science of Languages (Calcutta University) ascertained that Konkani showed many Dardic features that are found in present-day Kashmiri . Thus,
12324-644: The archaic form of old Konkani is referred to as Paishachi by some linguists. This progenitor of Konkani (or Paishachi Apabhramsha) has preserved an older form of phonetic and grammatic development, showing a great variety of verbal forms found in Sanskrit and a large number of grammatical forms that are not found in Marathi. (Examples of this are found in many works like Dnyaneshwari , and Leela Charitra .) Konkani thus developed with overall Sanskrit complexity and grammatical structure, which eventually developed into
12482-486: The army after being circumcised and converted to Islam. The young women and girls were distributed as wives to Muslim officers and favourites living in Seringapatam. According to Mr. Silva of Gangollim , a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, Tipu had ordered the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet, and one hand as punishment. The persecutions continued until 1792. This
12640-601: The base of such texts is in Konkani, whereas very few verbs are in Marathi. Copper plates found in Ponda dating back to the early 13th century, and from Quepem in the early 14th century, have been written in Goykanadi . One such stone inscription or shilalekh (written Nāgarī ) is found at the Nageshi temple in Goa (dating back to the year 1463 AD). It mentions that the (then) ruler of Goa, Devaraja Gominam, had gifted land to
12798-628: The battle of Kalyani. The coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule. He moved the capital to Ikkeri some 20 km. from Keladi . Sankanna Nayaka (1566–1570), succeeded Sadashiva Nayaka. Chikka Sankanna Nayaka (1570–1580) was an opportunistic ruler who took advantage of the confusion in the Vijayanagar Empire following its defeat at Tallikota and grabbed a few provinces in Uttara Kannada district. Rama Raja Nayaka (1580–1586) Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (1586–1629)
12956-402: The captivity. Through the assistance of the church and with the support of Munro, the Christians were able to recover their lands and estates. Fr. José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808. Later, British general John Goldsborough Ravenshaw
13114-481: The celebration of a marriage. Their culture is more traditional and Indian. Though the Portuguese traded quite frequently in Mangalore, and most of the priests arriving in the region were Portuguese, there did not develop a community identified with Portugal and Portuguese culture. The Mangalorean Catholics have no uniform rituals since they belong to both the patrilineal Brahmin stock and to the matrilineal non-Brahmin stock. Their marriage rites share many similarities with
13272-490: The churches which were earlier destroyed by Tipu were rebuilt by 1815. The community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa recommenced. The opening of the Protestant German Basel Mission of 1834 in Mangalore brought many handicraft industries, such as cotton weaving and tile-manufacturing, to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment. In 1836–37,
13430-541: The city, and thrown into the dungeons of Seringapatam. Historian Praxy Fernandes, author of Storm over Seringapatam: The Incredible Story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan , states that contrary to popular belief, 40,000 Christians were not kept manacled in the dungeons of Seringapatam. Ludwig von Pastor , a German historian, claimed "countless" Mangalorean Catholics were hanged, including women with their children clinging around their necks. Others were trampled or dragged by elephants. The able-bodied young men were drafted into
13588-541: The coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce; it is possible some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work. In April 1321 the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac (in south-western France ) landed at Thana with four other friars. He then travelled to Bhatkal in North Canara , a port town on the coastal route from Thana to Quilon . Being
13746-701: The courses of the Goan Inquisition , the Portuguese–Adil Shahi War & the Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay . They learned Tulu and Kanarese whilst in Canara , but retained the Konkani language and preserved much of their Konkani way of life , which had undergone Christianisation in Goa . The "Canara Christians" faced a 15-year-long captivity at Seringapatam , imposed by Tippu Sultan . Following Tippu's defeat and death at
13904-606: The days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the colonies of Portuguese and British Empire respectively, and also to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India . The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya , Uganda , Pakistan ,
14062-522: The decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ( NRIs ) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ( immigrants ). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad. During
14220-530: The development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these agriculturists to his kingdom, giving them fertile lands to cultivate. They were recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty. This was confirmed by Francis Buchanan , a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar (1807), he stated that "The princes of
14378-641: The early 20th century, there were more migrations of the educated and working classes to bigger cities such as the Bombay (Mumbai) , Poona (Pune) & Bangalore (Bengaluru) ; this led to the formation of a Mangalorean diaspora in the Persian Gulf countries and the Anglosphere ; thus the younger generation outside of South Canara, is mostly an English-speaking anglo-americanised Konkani sub-culture. Also, intermarriages with non- Mangaloreans has caused
14536-471: The first bishop of India and the Quilon Diocese , he was entrusted the spiritual nourishment of Christian community in Mangalore and other parts of India by Pope John XXII . According to historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century. It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in
14694-674: The first complete Bible from English into Konkani. The work entitled Baibol (Bible) was written in the Kannada script, and published by the Mangalore-based Konkani Bible committee in 1997. In 2000, the Mangalore Diocese also released a Konkani Bible in Kannada script entitled Pavitr Pustak (Holy Book), which was made available online on 26 July 2007. Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions; these are especially visible during
14852-414: The foot of the colossal Jain monolith Bahubali (The word gomateshvara apparently comes from Konkani gomaṭo which means "beautiful" or "handsome" and īśvara "lord". ) at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads, in a variant of Nāgarī: "śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃" ( Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got the surroundings done). The language of these lines
15010-463: The formation of a separate and common cultural identity among members of the group, who had previously considered themselves an extension of Goans. They no longer self-identified as Goan Catholics after the captivity. Alan Machado Prabhu estimates that almost 95 per cent of Mangalorean Catholics have origins in Goa. All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by Tipu Sultan in 1784. Hence, it
15168-556: The history of Karnataka, during a time of confusion and fragmentation that generally prevailed in South India after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Keladi rulers were of the Vokkaliga and Banajiga castes and were Veerashaivas by faith. The Haleri Kingdom that ruled over Coorg between 1600 A.D and 1834 A.D. was founded by a member of the Keladi family. Chaudappa Nayaka, originally Chauda Gowda , (1499–1530),
15326-741: The house of Ikkeri had given great encouragement to the Christians, and had induced 80,000 of them to settle in Tuluva ." Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". This figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa. The taxation policies of the Keladi Nayakas during 1598–1763 enabled the Goan Catholic migrants to emerge as prominent landowning gentry in South Canara. These migrants usually brought their own capital from Goa, which they invested in their new lands, thereby indirectly contributing to
15484-479: The house. The old Catholic houses of South Canara bear traces of Portuguese influence. The tall windows, pointed roofs, and verandahs are some of the Portuguese influenced architectural features of the century-old houses. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries. Sanna-Dukra Maas ( Sanna is idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas is pork) is one of the most popular dishes of
15642-644: The institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent. Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. José Pereira, in his 1971 work Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy , pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani
15800-399: The instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. Shenoi Goembab , who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at
15958-547: The journey took six weeks. According to the Barcoor Manuscript , written in Kannada by a Mangalorean Catholic from Barcoor after his return from Seringapatam, 20,000 of them (one-third) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease, and ill treatment by the soldiers. At the camp at Jamalabad fort, Mangalorean Catholic leaders were thrown down from the fort. All Christian churches in South Canara, except
16116-478: The jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman . The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups—one under Goa and the other under Verapoly. Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the Holy See in 1840 to establish Mangalore as
16274-688: The kingdom controlled the coastal and malnad regions of present-day Karnataka and fostered a rich tradition of trade with the English, the Portuguese, and the Dutch. However, in the period of gloom brought about by the fall of the great Hindu empire, the Vijayanagar empire, constant wars—campaigns against local chieftains and the Mysore Kingdom and the harassment of the Marathas finally drained
16432-519: The later 19th century, they started migrating to other urban areas, especially Bombay , Bangalore , Calcutta , Karachi , Madras , Mysore and Poona . The Mangalorean Catholics came to Bombay out of economic necessity. The first permanent settlement of Mangalorean Catholics in Bombay was recorded in the 1890s. The first Mangalorean Catholic settlement in Madras was recorded in the 1940s. Joachim Alva ,
16590-490: The leadership of Frei Henrique Soares de Coimbra, the missionaries converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region. During the early part of the 16th century, Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire of Deccan , granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast. There was complete freedom of worship, belief, and propagation of religious tenets in
16748-481: The local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include dār (door) giving way to the word bāgil . Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o". Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Coastal Karnataka came about due to
16906-427: The merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll , a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967. However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani
17064-456: The mid-16th century, the Portuguese faced resistance from Abbakka Rani of Ullal , the Queen of the Bednore dynasty. This put a halt to conversions. The first battle between Abbakka Rani and the Portuguese was fought in 1546; she emerged victorious and drove the Portuguese out of South Canara. In 1510, a Portuguese fleet under Afonso de Albuquerque , sent by King Manuel I of Portugal , wrested
17222-582: The most disconsolate memory in their history. Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, Tipu gained control of Canara. He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Seringapatam, through the Jamalabad fort route. All this was accomplished in a secret and well-planned move on Ash Wednesday (24 February 1784). Accounts of the number of captives differ, ranging from 30,000 to 80,000. The generally accepted figure
17380-605: The name of Francisco de Távora, after the Viceroy Marques de Távora . Their properties were subsequently taken over by their Hindu relatives, but the viceroy instructed his factor of Mangalore to get their property restored. In 1534 Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number of local converts in South Canara continually increased until 1546. During
17538-619: The names follow the second declension. Portuguese surnames like D'Souza , Coelho , and Pinto are common among Mangalorean Catholics, and generally follow the second declension. Rarely, other European surnames are found as well. Mangalorean Catholics use Konkanised forms of their surnames in Konkani conversations, such as Soza , Kueli , Piint and so on, instead of the Portuguese forms of De Souza, Coelho, Pinto etc. Some families still know and use their Cxatria and Brahmin surnames of Konkani origins ; such as Porbu , Kamath , Naik , Shenoy & Shett . These original surnames are actually
17696-450: The names of five classes of persons: lord, cultivator, merchant, warrior, and writer. At least one of these are Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames , with the exception of Padival and Shett; Shett is used by those who trace their origins to Daivadnyas . These ancestral pre-Christian surnames are called paik in Konkani. A few have reverted to their paik surnames. While a few others use both, they use Konkani surnames which are hyphenated with
17854-560: The newfound Western Catholic faith, and preserved their much of their Konkani lifestyle. Most migrants were people from the lower economic strata who had been left out of government and economic jobs; their lands had been confiscated due to heavy taxation under the Portuguese in Goa. As a consequence of the wealth and privileges which these migrants enjoyed in Mangalore, they began feeling superior to their landless kindred in Goa. Their captivity at Seringapatam (1784–1799), where many died, were killed, or were converted to Sunni Islam , led to
18012-659: The newly converted Christians were practising their old Hindu customs and traditions. He requested the Portuguese king João III to install an Inquisition in Goa in 1545. Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa after the Inquisition began in 1560. King Sebastião I decreed that every trace of Hindu customs should be eradicated through the Inquisition. Many Goan Christians of upper-caste Hindu origins were attached to their caste practices, and did not want to abandon them. Those converts who refused to comply were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside
18170-804: The nomination papers could reach Mangalore . At the recommendation of the Vicar General of Verapoly , Mons. Joseph Sebastiani, Pope Clement X appointed Bishop Thomas de Castro , a Goan Theatine and Bishop of Fulsivelem, as the Vicar Apostolic of Propaganda Fide in the Vicariate of Canara on 30 August 1675, for the purpose of providing spiritual leadership to the Canara Christians. After his consecration, he first went to Calicut and then moved to Mangalore, where he served from 1677 to 1684. In 1677, Bishop de Castro entered into
18328-501: The only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India, and still define Mangalore's skyline and characterise its urban setting. Urban and rural housing follows the traditional variety of laterite brick structures with Mangalore tile roofing on steeply sloped roofs. Inside the house, a spacious hall is present while a large verandah is present in front of the house. The traditional houses tend to have spacious porticos, red cement or terracotta floors, and have fruit trees outside
18486-630: The oppression of Goan Catholics during the Goa Inquisition . The first Konkani novel in Karnataka Aangel (1915), was written in the Kannada script by Joachim Santan Alvares. In Bombay—which had a small Mangalorean Catholic community—periodicals like Sukh-Dukh (Ups and Downs) (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, Konknni Yuvak (Konkani Youth) (1949) by George Fernandes , Poinnari (Traveller) (1950) by V.J.P. Saldanha , and Divo (Lamp) (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published. Modern literature
18644-757: The persecution and roundup by Tipu Sultan. The Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe. Many Mangalorean Catholics are found in Persian Gulf Arab states in the Middle East. The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) has estimated that around 300 Mangalorean Catholic families live in Sydney, Australia, with a lot of second generation families. Many of these are multi-racial, being married into Anglo-Saxon, Spanish, Italian, Greek, and other ethnicities. Mangalorean genealogist Michael Lobo has estimated that approximately half of
18802-653: The political situation in Portugal was in turmoil . Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, was appointed Archbishop-elect of Goa in September 1836 without authorisation from the then Pope, Gregory XVI . Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly in Travancore , while some of them continued to be under
18960-866: The population of Mangalorean Catholics in the areas that comprise historical South Canara to be 360,000 out of a total population of 3,957,071, or approximately 9.5 per cent of the population. Other regions of India having a significant proportion of Mangalorean Catholics, characterised by the presence of Mangalorean Catholic organisations or celebration of the unique Mangalorean Catholic Monti Fest festival, are Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata , Mumbai , Pune , Hyderabad , Chikkamagaluru , Hassan , and Ranchi . A few Mangalorean Catholics are found in Kodagu and Kerala , where there are tiny pockets concentrated in Thalassery , Kasargod , Kannur and Kochi . They are mainly descended from those Catholics who fled
19118-547: The pre-historic period and later. Chavada , a tribe of warriors (now known as Chaddi or Chaddo ), migrated to Goa from Saurashtra , during the 7th and 8th century AD, after their kingdom was destroyed by the Arabs in 740. Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar Apabhramsha dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati. An inscription at
19276-459: The pre-migration era. The Mangalorean Catholic dialect is largely derived from the Bardeskaar ( North Goan ) dialect and bears a good degree of intelligibility with the modern Bardeskaar dialect (spoken by North Goan Christians , North Goan Hindus, and South Goan Hindus) and to a slightly lesser extent with the standard Konkani dialect. It consequently differs from the dialect spoken by
19434-504: The present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors. Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara, 10,877 were Christians. Thomas Munro was appointed the first collector of Canara in June 1799. He passed three orders in respect of the estates of the Christians, which were taken over by non-Christians during
19592-421: The priests over the local Catholic population, making them obedient to the priests in matters of Christian laws as well as granting priests the authority to punish violations. The Portuguese promised to refrain from slaughtering cows and to halt forcible conversions in their factories . The terms of these treaties were not always honoured by the Portuguese, with the result that whenever hostilities broke out between
19750-560: The prosperity of the Keladi kingdom. Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, and the Padroado , the Christians were allowed to build churches and help foster the growth of Christianity in South Canara. The arrival of the British and the Dutch halted the activity of the Portuguese, and they were gradually unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore. Shivappa Nayaka had previously expelled
19908-413: The region of Goa from Sultan Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur . In 1534, the Diocese of Goa was established. Soon missionaries were sent to Goa, which led to conversion of a sizeable population to Roman Catholicism . The bulk of Christian settlers came in three major migration waves towards South Canara. These migrations occurred in periods of great unrest: the Goa Inquisition occurred from 1560 onwards;
20066-471: The region that Christianity began to spread. In 1498 the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named the islands El Padron de Santa Maria ; they later came to be known as St Mary's Islands . In 1500 Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived at Anjediva in North Canara with eight Franciscan missionaries. Under
20224-636: The region. The Bijapur Sultans were especially renowned for their loathing of Christianity. Fearing persecution, many Goan Catholics fled to South Canara during this second wave of migrations, and settled in Barcoor , Kallianpur , Cundapore , and Basroor . For the next century, there was continual migration of Goan Catholics southwards, so that by 1650, a considerable number of Catholics were settled around Mangalore, Moolki , Shirva , Pezar, Bantval , Cundapore, Kallianpur, and Kirem. The Christian Goud Saraswat Brahmins who came during this wave belonged mostly to
20382-551: The remaining Christians freed, about a thousand went to Malabar , and some hundreds settled in Coorg. According to Francis Buchanan , 15,000 of them returned to Mangalore and its vicinity, while 10,000 of them migrated to Malabar. The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1883) mentions that 15,000 persons returned, of which 12,000 were from South Canara and 3,000 from North Canara . According to genealogist Michael Lobo ,
20540-485: The respect he has earned even from the present generation of people of the region. He destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region. Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka (1660–1662), ruled for a short span of time after Shivappa Nayaka. Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662–1664), succeeded Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka. During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and
20698-438: The sound of ण at the beginning of words; it is still retained in many Konkani words of archaic Shauraseni origin, such as णव (nine). Archaic Konkani born out of Shauraseni vernacular Prakrit at the earlier stage of the evolution (and later Maharashtri Prakrit), was commonly spoken until 875 AD, and at its later phase ultimately developed into Apabhramsha , which could be called a predecessor of old Konkani. Although most of
20856-485: The stone inscriptions and copper plates found in Goa (and other parts of Konkan) from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD are in Prakrit-influenced Sanskrit (mostly written in early Brahmi and archaic Dravidian Brahmi), most of the places, grants, agricultural-related terms, and names of some people are in Konkani. This suggests that Konkani was spoken in Goa and Konkan. Though it belongs to
21014-439: The study and development of Konkani, and were thus responsible for the revival of the Konkani language in Mangalore. The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first An English–Konkani Dictionary in Mangalore. He published a book on Konkani grammar in 1882, with a revised version in 1893. In 1912 the first Konkani periodical, Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure),
21172-486: The substratum of Marathi and Konkani is more closely related to Dravidian Kannada. Migrations of Indo-Aryan vernacular speakers have occurred throughout the history of the Indian west coast. Around 1100-700 BC the first wave of Indo-Aryans dialect speakers might have occurred, with the second wave appearing around 700-500 BC. Many spoke old Indo-Aryan vernacular languages, which may be loosely related to Vedic Sanskrit ; others still spoke Dravidian and Desi dialects. Thus
21330-581: The term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara ; if so, it would mean "the language of the coast". The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada . All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa: the plebeian , called Canarim , and the more regular (used by the educated classes), called Língua Canarim Brâmana or simply Brâmana de Goa . The latter
21488-588: The throne of the Kingdom of Mysore through the Wodeyar dynasty. Hyder occupied Mangalore in 1763. The Mangalorean Catholics numbered 80,000 in 1767. In February 1768 the British captured Mangalore from Hyder. Toward the end of 1768, Hyder and his son Tipu Sultan defeated the British and recaptured Mangalore fort. After the conquest, Hyder was informed that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore. Hyder believed that this behaviour of
21646-430: The tiles. The Alvares tile factory was established in Mangalore by Simon Alvares, a Mangalorean Catholic from Bombay, in 1878. In 1991–1992, out of twelve Mangalore tile manufacturing factories in Mangalore, six were owned by Christians. These tiles, prepared from hard clay, were in great demand throughout India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and were even shipped to East Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia. These were
21804-461: The treasury and resulted in the end of the kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas built some fine temples in Ikkeri and Keladi using a combination of late Kadamba , Hoysala , Vijayanagar , and Dravida styles. The use of granite for their construction shows they simply followed the Vijayanagar model of architecture. The Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri and the Rameshwara temple at Keladi are the best examples of
21962-516: The world. The German missionary Georg Plebst set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860. It was called the Basel Mission tile factory . Mangalorean Catholics learnt the technique of preparing Mangalore tiles . The Albuquerque tile factory , the first Indian Mangalore tile factory, was started in South Canara by Pascal Albuquerque at Panemangalore in 1868. Since then, Mangalorean Catholics have been actively involved in manufacturing
22120-492: The years. It is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers. Reference to the name Konkani is not found in literature prior to the 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in " Abhanga 263" of the 13th century Hindu Marathi saint poet, Namadeva (1270–1350). Konkani has been known by a variety of names: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani . Learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki . Konkani
22278-532: Was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti. Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration. However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for
22436-412: Was a fitting punishment for people who betrayed the sovereign. But Hyder exhibited a diplomatic stance and imprisoned the Christians, rather than killing them. Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. As a result of the agreement, the suspicion against the clergy and the Christians was removed. During Hyder's regime, the Mangalorean Catholic community continued to flourish. After Hyder's death in
22594-460: Was a large-scale immigration of Christians from Goa to South Canara. They were reluctant to learn the local languages of South Canara and continued to speak Konkani , so that local Christians ( Padvals ) had to learn Konkani to converse with them. After this migration, these skilled agriculturists were offered various land grants by the native Bednore rulers of South Canara . They observed their Eastern cultural Hindu customs in conjunction with
22752-698: Was appointed collector of South Canara . He took an active part in the restoration of the Catholic community's former possessions and the recovery of its estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806. In 1800, there were 2,545 Catholic households with a population of 10,877. Their population almost doubled by 1818. According to various parish books, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in Mangalore and Bantval , 3,918 in Moolki , 2,273 in Cundapore and Barcoor ). Most of
22910-482: Was collectively referred to as South Canara in British India , and then from the partition until the reorganisation (1956) of the states and territories of India . In 1526, Portuguese in Goa and Bombay arrived in Mangalore , and the number of local converts to Christianity slowly increased. However, a sizeable Christian population did not exist there until the second half of the 16th century, when there
23068-411: Was commonly referred to as Língua Canarim by the Portuguese and Língua Brahmana by Catholic missionaries. The Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Língua Concanim . The name Canarim or Língua Canarim , which is how the 16th century European Jesuit Thomas Stephens refers to it in the title of his famous work Arte da lingoa Canarim has always been intriguing. It is possible that
23226-432: Was defeated by Hyder Ali who merged the Keladi kingdom with the Kingdom of Mysore . The queen was captured by Hyder Ali and was kept in confinement along with her son in the fort of Madugiri. They were however rescued in 1767 when Madhavrao I of the Maratha Empire defeated Hyder Ali in the battle of Madugiri. Later, they were sent to Pune the capital of the Maratha Empire for protection. For more than two hundred years
23384-444: Was followed by a brief relaxation period from 1792 to 1797, during which a few Catholic families managed to escape to Coorg, Cannanore , and Tellicherry . The persecutions resumed in 1797. In the Battle of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, the British army, under officers George Harris , David Baird , and Arthur Wellesley , stormed the fortress and breached the town of Seringapatam, with Tipu being killed in action. After his death in
23542-462: Was from a village called Pallibailu near Keladi . He was the son of couple Basavappa and Basavamambe , who were into farming. He was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shimoga , rose through self capability and acumen and was a feudatory of Vijayanagara Empire . Sadashiva Nayaka (1530–1566) was an important chieftain in the Vijayanagar Empire and earned the title Kotekolahala from emperor Aliya Rama Raya for his heroics in
23700-494: Was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language. All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim . Finally, on 4 February 1987,
23858-405: Was plundered by the Bijapur army during his time. Shivappa Nayaka (1645–1660) is widely considered as the ablest and greatest of the Keladi rulers. He was the uncle of Virabhadra Nayaka. Shivappa deposed his nephew to gain the throne of Keladi. He was not only an able administrator; he also patronised literature and fine arts. His successful campaigns against the Bijapur sultans, the Mysore kings,
24016-655: Was prevalent contemporary to old Marathi is found to be distinct from its counterpart. The Sauraseni impact on Konkani is not as prominent as that of Maharashtri. Very few Konkani words are found to follow the Sauraseni pattern. Konkani forms are rather more akin to Pali than the corresponding Sauraseni forms. The major Sauraseni influence on Konkani is the ao sound found at the end of many nouns in Sauraseni, which becomes o or u in Konkani. Examples include: dando , suno , raakhano , dukh , rukhu , manisu (from Prakrit), dandao , sunnao , rakkhakao , dukkhao , vukkhao , vrukkhao , and mannisso . Another example could be
24174-407: Was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas. Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include Raknno (Guardian) (1938) by Mons. Sylvester Menezes, Konkan Daiz (Heritage of Konkani) (1958), and Kannik (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda. The twentieth-century literature focused on themes like the suffering of the Mangalorean Catholics during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam and
24332-401: Was replaced by the rule of Banajigas. Somashekara Nayaka I (1664–1672) The King who was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his association with a dancer named Kalavati. Bharame Mavuta, a relative of Kalavati slow poisoned the king which eventually led to his death. Keladi Chennamma (1672–1697) She was an able ruler who some scholars claim was allied with
24490-432: Was returned to the church in 1709. Relations between the Wodeyars and the Mangalorean Catholics improved until 1717, when there was an anti-Christian outburst. The resident priest was expelled and forbidden to preach. Several more anti-Christian outbursts followed. By 1736, there were better relations between the two groups. From 1761 onwards, Hyder Ali , a distinguished soldier in the Mysore army, took de facto control of
24648-732: Was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the Goa Opinion Poll ). The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. Keladi Nayaka Nayakas of Keladi ( Kannada: [keɭɐd̪i naːjɐkɐru] ) (1499–1763), also known as Nayakas of Bednore ( Kannada: [bid̪ɐnuːru naːjɐkɐru] ) and Ikkeri Nayakas ( Kannada: [ikːeːri naːjɐkɐru] ), were an Indian dynasty based in Keladi in present-day Shimoga district of Karnataka , India . They were an important ruling dynasty in post-medieval Karnataka . They initially ruled as
24806-505: Was sidelined. With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi . Suniti Kumar Chatterji , the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state
24964-457: Was the preferred choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons, and religious purposes. There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan and hence Konkani: The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh , Oraon , and Kukni, whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto . According to
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