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85-453: Ratford is a hamlet near Calne in the county of Wiltshire , England, with a population of approximately 50. It lies around 0.7 miles (1 km) north of the A4 national route, 1.25 miles (2 km) northwest of Calne on a minor road towards Bremhill , 0.6 miles (1 km) away. Other nearby settlements include the villages of Derry Hill and Studley . The hamlet surrounds a crossing of

170-554: A Jersey -based property unit trust. The estate recently purchased the new Rushden Lakes site in Northamptonshire from its developers. Hereditary properties of the monarch currently in government use will revert to the Crown Estate in the event of the government use ceasing. In the 2021/2022 fiscal year, the Crown Estate's property evaluation was £15.6 billion with a £312.7 million net revenue profit, which

255-537: A badminton court. Calne has Sainsbury's , Tesco and Iceland supermarkets, and an intermediate-sized Tesco store on the northern edge of the town and an intermediate- sized Asda Express on the southern edge. As part of the New Heart of Calne initiative, a section of the Phelps Parade was redeveloped in 2009, using part Cotswold stone and part red brick, a new glass roof section and roof lining. Tourism

340-472: A central position in the town and dates from the 12th century. The building was greatly expanded in the 14th and 15th centuries, and its tower rebuilt in the 17th. It is a Grade I listed building. Holy Trinity church at Quemerford , on the London Road southwest of the town, was built in 1852–3. Its churchyard became the parish graveyard, as St Mary's was full. St Edmund's Catholic Church, Oxford Road,

425-663: A durable and transparent framework. In April 2014 it was reported that the Crown Estate was proposing to sell about 200 of its 750 rural homes in the UK, and was evicting tenants in preparation. The Crown Estate in Wales includes the coastal seabed up to 12 nautical miles, approximately 65% of the foreshore as well as the Welsh river bed and ports and marinas. The estate also owns over 50,000 acres of Welsh upland and common land, mainly rough grazing land, and 250,000 acres of mineral deposits and

510-430: A five-storey factory in the centre of the town in the 1930s, which at its height employed 2,000 people to process 5,000 pigs each week into bacon, pies, sausages and cooked meats. The business declined in the 1970s, due in part to competition from Danish bacon. The company (by now Farmers Meat Company Ltd) closed in 1982, and the factory was demolished over the next two years. Its site was later redeveloped as housing and

595-414: A fraction of The Crown Estate revenue and paid through the annual Treasury Estimates process, and subject to full National Audit Office audit.... The Grant is to enable The Queen to discharge her duties as Head of State. i.e. it meets the central staff costs and running expenses of Her Majesty's official Household – such things as official receptions, investitures, garden parties and so on. It will also cover

680-941: A major disinvestment , with reinvestment in Great Britain . Article 11 of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State provided that Crown Estate land within the Irish Free State would belong to the state, which took over administrative responsibilities on 1 April 1923. At the time of handover, quit rents totalled £23,418 (equal to £2   million today) and rent from property £1,191 (equal to £86,000 today). The estates handed over mostly comprised foreshore. The Crown Estate in Northern Ireland in 1960 comprised "a few quit rents ... yielding yearly only £38." By 2016 it had an income of £1.4   million, from cables, pipelines and windfarms on

765-468: A new northwestern suburb, including a new primary school, a medical centre and a small shopping area. This area has attracted professional workers from traditionally more expensive areas such as Bath , Bristol , Marlborough and as far afield as the 'silicon valley' towns of central Berkshire . The development's name reflects its proximity to the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne, whose family have owned

850-455: A portfolio of assets totalling £272 million ($ 339.6 million) after a devolved Scottish Crown Estate was established, including the rights to develop marine energy projects in the country. A new public body, Crown Estate Scotland (CES), was established to manage these assets. The Scotland Act 2016 allowed a transfer scheme to for devolution of powers over the management of revenue management of Scottish assets on 1 April 2017. Prior to

935-630: A result of the Beeching Axe in September 1965, having made the biggest loss per mile of any line in the country. Subsequently, Calne's main industry other than being a small market town was the imposing C&T Harris pork processing factory. It is said that the pork-curing industry developed because pigs reared in Ireland were landed at Bristol and then herded across England on drovers' roads to Smithfield, London . One resting place for

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1020-525: A wharf in Calne. The canal was completed in 1810 and abandoned in 1914. Calne railway station opened in 1863, the terminus of its own branch line of the Great Western Railway running east from Chippenham , with one intermediate stop: Stanley Bridge Halt. The opening of Black Dog Halt in the early 20th century provided insufficient demand to slow a progressive decline. The branch closed as

1105-491: Is 15 mi (24 km) to the southwest, with London 82 mi (132 km) due east as the crow flies. At the 2021 Census , Calne had 19,074 inhabitants. In 978, Anglo-Saxon Calne was the site of a large two-storey building with a hall on the first floor. It was here that St Dunstan , Archbishop of Canterbury met the Witenagemot to justify his controversial organisation of the national church , which involved

1190-573: Is an independent school for girls established in 1873. Calne had other small schools, some based in houses, such as one in Curzon Street in which girls were trained for domestic service. Another example was a small boarding school for boys open in 1842 on the site of a former factory in Silver Street, called William Jacob's School. This was attended by Reg Birkett , the international sportsman, who played football and rugby for England in

1275-578: Is described in nearby places of interest below, with details of the surrounding historic and landscape attractions. Within the town the annual Calne Music & Arts Festival was established in 1975. In 2014 the town entered the South West in Bloom area of the Britain in Bloom competition and won a Gold Award for the first time. The award is judged on both the town council's floral displays and those of

1360-591: Is dug in nearby pits for its main use in cement and as fertiliser on acid ground. The Wilts & Berks Canal linked the Kennet and Avon Canal at Semington , near Melksham , to the River Thames at Abingdon . Much of the traffic on the canal was coal from the Somerset Coalfield . As the canal passed through open country near Stanley, east of Chippenham, a short branch led through three locks to

1445-674: Is now a statutory corporation run on commercial lines by the Crown Estate Commissioners under the provisions of the Crown Estate Act 1961 ( 9 & 10 Eliz. 2 . c. 55). Under that act, the Crown Estate Commissioners have a duty "while maintaining the Crown Estate as an estate in land [...] to maintain and enhance its value and the return obtained from it, but with due regard to the requirements of good management". The act provides among other things that (Section 1(5)) "The validity of transactions entered into by

1530-408: Is represented by Sarah Gibson and the latter by Brian Mathew , both Liberal Democrats . At a parish level, Calne is run by Calne Town Council which has responsibility for allotments, play areas, open spaces, town events, cemeteries, tourist information and more. It elects 19 town councillors, from four wards. Crown estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in

1615-525: Is the Exception Group, an electronics manufacturer which, as of 2013, was the town's largest employer with some 220 employees. In 2006, plans to build a cement production plant on the Porte Marsh site were vigorously opposed by local residents and planning permission was refused by the council. Aside from the completion of Lansdowne Park, smaller pockets of new housing were built. In May 2009,

1700-460: The 2024 general election , the four electoral divisions covering Calne civil parish are split between two Westminster constituencies. Calne North, Calne Chilvester & Abberd, and Calne Central are within the Chippenham constituency, while Calne South (covering a southern part of the town, as well as Quemerford and a large rural area to the south) is part of Melksham and Devizes . The former

1785-550: The A4 through the town close to gridlock during rush hour, due to single-file traffic between Curzon Street and Wood Street, with eastbound traffic having priority. A northern bypass road (a re-routing of the A3102 ) was completed in 2000. Calne is equidistant (12 mi or 19 km) from the M4 motorway at Junction 16 (Wootton Bassett/Swindon West) to the northeast of Calne, and the westbound M4 junction 17 just north of Chippenham to

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1870-600: The Civil List . By tradition, each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession. On 1 April 2012, under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (SSG), the Civil List was abolished and the monarch has since been provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate's annual net income. This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove

1955-655: The Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings and their successors under the Crown Lands (Scotland) Acts of 1832, 1833 and 1835. These holdings mainly comprised former ecclesiastical land (following the abolition of the episcopacy in 1689) in Caithness and Orkney , and ancient royal possession in Stirling and Edinburgh, and feudal dues. There was virtually no urban property. Most of

2040-567: The Crown . Reflecting the large area of the king's estate, until the late 19th century Calne had tithings at Eastmead Street, Quemerford , Whetham, Whitley, and part of Beversbrook, all now within Calne parish; and furthermore Blackland , Calstone , Stock , Stockley and Studley , all now in Calne Without parish. Calne had a significant woollen broadcloth industry in the 18th century, and evidence of this can be seen set around

2125-523: The Home Park of Windsor Castle , extensive forests, residential and commercial properties, golf courses, a racecourse and let farms. The Crown Estate's marine holdings consist of: The Crown Estate plays a major role in the development of the offshore wind energy industry in the UK. Other commercial activity managed by the Crown Estate on the seabed includes wave and tidal energy, carbon capture and storage , aggregates, submarine cables and pipelines and

2210-546: The House of Commons . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom, administering property worth £15.6 billion, with urban properties, valued at £9.1 billion, representing the majority of the estate by value. These include many properties in central London, but the estate also controls 7,920 km (3,060 sq mi) of agricultural land and forest and more than half of

2295-680: The United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it "the sovereign's public estate", which is neither government property nor part of the monarch's private estate. The Crown Estate in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland is managed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , which trades as The Crown Estate. In Scotland , the Crown Estate is managed by Crown Estate Scotland , since

2380-405: The secular priests being replaced by Benedictine monks and the influence of landowners over churches on their lands being taken away. According to an account written about 1000, at one point in this meeting Dunstan called upon God to support his cause, at which point the floor collapsed killing most of his opponents, whilst Dunstan and his supporters were in the part that remained standing. This

2465-540: The "undisposed lands" of the 1662 settlement (worth less than the small quit rent that a grantee would have had to pay) and the balance unsold by the trustees under the 1700 act at its 1703 time limit. The scattered Crown lands were farmed out on long leases with little regard to the collection of rent. Responsibility lay with the Quit Rent Office, which was absorbed in 1827 by the Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues . The largest Crown estate in

2550-576: The 1820s was Pobble O'Keefe in Sliabh Luachra at 5,000 acres (2,000 ha). In 1828 the lease expired, and Richard Griffith was appointed to supervise its improvement, including the foundation of the model village of Kingwilliamstown . In the early 1830s the Crown Estate resumed possession of land in Ballykilcline following the insanity of the head lessee. The occupational sub-lessees were seven years in arrears with their rent and

2635-821: The 1870s, and by Charlie Absolom who played cricket for the England cricket team in a Test match in 1879. The nearest university is the University of Bath campus at Claverton Down in Bath, 19 mi (31 km) to the west. Bath Spa University lies 23 mi (37 km) away, between Bath and Bristol. The closest further education institution is the Wiltshire College & University Centre site in Chippenham, 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (10 km) away. The town has five primary schools and one independent preparatory school. St Mary's church has

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2720-628: The 19th century by the Bowood estate. The name Rattle was used in the past, appearing on the 1925 Ordnance Survey map, but by 1938 the name Ratford was in use. The local pub is the Dumb Post Inn , on the north side of Ratford on the lane to Bremhill. Between 1900 and c. 1970 there was a Baptist mission room near the brook. Calne Calne ( / k ɑː n / ) is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire , southwestern England, at

2805-434: The 94-acre Beversbrook Sports Facility was opened. This facility is managed by Calne Town Council was built with £1.2 million funding from Hills Property, provided as part of the planning agreement for their King Edward Close development. The facility boasts fourteen age appropriate football pitches, one-ten wicket cricket square, an artificial cricket wicket, archery range, floodlit tennis courts and indoor facilities, including

2890-658: The Anarchy when King Stephen and Empress Matilda attempted to buy support with land grants. Crown lands were often used as patronage to reward the king's family, friends, and servants. At the same time, the Crown lands also grew through confiscations and escheat . The Crown lands were augmented as well as depleted over the centuries: Edward I extended his possessions into Wales , and James (VI & I) had his own Crown lands in Scotland which were ultimately combined with

2975-511: The Commissioners shall not be called in question on any suggestion of their not having acted in accordance with the provisions of this Act regulating the exercise of their powers, or of their having otherwise acted in excess of their authority, nor shall any person dealing with the Commissioners be concerned to inquire as to the extent of their authority or the observance of any restrictions on the exercise of their powers". The act includes

3060-601: The Cowage Brook, a tributary of the River Marden ; the Cowage Brook is joined here by Fisher's Brook. Land to the south of Cowage Brook is in the civil parish of Calne Without while land to the north is in Bremhill parish. The first houses were probably built here in the late 17th century or early 18th. The single-arch stone bridge over the brook is probably from the late 18th century. Some cottages were built in

3145-535: The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators. Historically, Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country. However, in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the estate's revenues to the Treasury, thus relieving him of the responsibility of paying for the costs of the civil service, defence costs, the national debt, and his own personal debts. In return, he received an annual grant known as

3230-726: The Crown Estate income to Scotland. In response to this demand, the Scotland Office decided against dividing up the Crown Estates. However, plans were developed to allocate some of the Crown Estate income to the Big Lottery Fund , which would then distribute funds to coastal communities. These plans were criticised by the SNP. The Scotland Act 2016 allowed the Scottish Government to take control of

3315-711: The Crown land by then was from forfeitures after the 1641 rebellion or the 1688–91 revolution , with some smaller older parcels remaining from earlier rebellions, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Norman period . Most confiscated land had been granted away again, as under the Adventurers' Act 1642, Act of Settlement 1662 , and the Act of Resumption 1700. The balance which remained in Crown hands included

3400-512: The Crown lands in England (which amounted to about £11,000, or £2,100,767 today), and was granted a civil list annuity of £800,000 (equal to £152,783,019 today) for the support of his household, subject to the payment of certain annuities to members of the royal family. Although the King had retained large hereditary revenues, his income proved insufficient for his charged expenses because he used

3485-483: The Crown lands of England and Wales. The disposals outweighed the acquisitions: at the time of the Restoration in 1660, the total revenue arising from Crown lands was estimated to be £263,598 (equal to £49,987,935 today). By the end of the reign of William III (1689–1702) it was reduced to some £6,000 (equal to £1,240,996 today). Before the reign of William III all the revenues of the kingdom were bestowed on

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3570-501: The Crown lands to Parliament, and abrogated responsibility for the cost of the civil government and the clearance of associated debts. As a result, and to avoid pecuniary embarrassment, he was granted a fixed civil list payment and the income retained from the Duchy of Lancaster . The King surrendered to parliamentary control the hereditary excise duties, post office revenues, and "the small branches" of hereditary revenue including rents of

3655-492: The Estate, in part, funds the monarchy. The estate's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent, incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners, who exercise "the powers of ownership" of the estate, although they are not "owners in their own right". The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of His Majesty's Government in exchange for relief from

3740-532: The Scottish estate was devolved in 2017. The sovereign has official ownership of the estate but is not involved with its management or administration; nor does the sovereign have personal control of its affairs. For all practical purposes, the Estate Commissioners shall exercise "all such acts as belong to the Crown's rights of ownership" for the Estate "on behalf of the Crown". The proceeds of

3825-674: The Silver Street building and the chapel in Back Road was later demolished. The Free Church in Church Street was built in 1868 by a group who broke away from the parish church. The congregation is affiliated to the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches . There is an Evangelical church in Oxford Road. First built in the early 1930s, and rebuilt at a later date, this was an Open Brethren Gospel Hall until at least

3910-690: The UK in locations including Oxford , Exeter , Nottingham , Newcastle , Harlow , and Swansea . In 2002 the Crown Estate began implementing a £1 billion investment programme to improve Regent Street's commercial, retail, and visitor facilities and public realm. In addition, it is investing £500 million in St James's, including a number of major redevelopments. Holdings consist of around 116,000 hectares (287,000 acres) of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property. The Windsor Estate covers approximately 6,300 hectares and includes Windsor Great Park ,

3995-498: The UK's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights, including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . While Windsor Home Park is also part of the Crown Estate, occupied royal palaces, such as Windsor Castle itself, are not part of the Crown Estate, but are managed through the Royal Household . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK, collectively known as "Mines Royal", are managed by

4080-671: The Welsh Crown Estate in 2021 was £8.7m. Of the Crown Estate revenue; 75% goes to the UK Treasury whilst 25% is given to the monarch. In Wales, there have been multiple calls for the Crown Estate in Wales to be devolved , including by Plaid Cymru, Welsh Labour and the Welsh Liberal Democrats. An opinion poll in May 2023 also showed strong support for devolving the estate in Wales with a majority of 58% of

4165-795: The centre of the town – now the Lansdowne Strand Hotel – is a Grade II* listed building, dating in part from the 17th century and re-fronted in the 18th. Of particular note is Calne Library which has won awards for its innovative design and was opened by the Queen in 2001. Since the demolition of the Harris pork factory and the completion of the first phase of redevelopment/regeneration in 2001, Calne has seen Cotswold stone , similar to local limestone, being used together with smart red brickwork, formerly reserved for fine historical buildings. The town centre suffers traffic congestion, with

4250-473: The church. In the Middle Ages the king's successor as the lord of Calne manor and, as owner of the church's revenues, the treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral , each had the right to hold a market and a fair in the town, with two triangular market places or fair grounds. A modest hospital was provided on a modest endowment from 1248 until it provided no accommodation in 1546 and was sold two years later by

4335-530: The community projects whose groups have entered in the 'It's Your Neighbourhood' category of the awards. Calne is home to approximetely twenty pieces of public art ranging from bronze and ceramics to murals and mixed-media structures. These pieces have been documented in detail, mapped and made available as a Public Art Trail for residents and tourists alike. Notable buildings in the town include St Mary's Church, Calne's only Grade I listed structure, an array of houses on The Green and Calne Town Hall . An inn in

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4420-416: The first to include provision for the royal finances", and in one of his first signed Orders in Council, he confirmed his willingness to surrender control of the Crown’s hereditary revenues from the Crown Estate in exchange for the Sovereign Grant. The history of the Crown lands in England and Wales begins with the Norman Conquest in 1066. By right of conquest , William I ( r.  1066–1087) owned all

4505-404: The following: In 2010 a UK Parliament Treasury Committee report on the Crown Estate, the first for twenty years, reported that Crown Estate chief executive Roger Bright said: "We welcome the Committee’s recognition that we run a successful business operation." This includes the entirety of Regent Street and around half of St James's in London's West End as well as retail property across

4590-408: The foreshore, and goldmining in County Tyrone . Development of the seabed below low tide is hampered by a sovereignty dispute with the Republic of Ireland . It was not until 1830 that King William IV revoked the income from the Crown estates in Scotland . The hereditary land revenues of the Crown in Scotland, formerly under the management of the Barons of the Exchequer , were transferred to

4675-470: The grammar school and the Fynemore Secondary Modern School in Silver Street and created a new school, the John Bentley Comprehensive School, on both sites. This was later called the John Bentley School, and in 2019 was renamed as the Kingsbury Green Academy . Until 1998 both sites were used. After the buildings in Silver Street were given up, new buildings were erected on the site of Bentley Grammar, and existing ones improved. St Mary's School , Curzon Street,

4760-416: The handover, the Crown Estate owned a multi-million stake in Fort Kinnaird retail park in Edinburgh representing about 60% of the value of all Crown assets in Scotland. This was not passed to Crown Estates Scotland with other Scottish properties in 2016. Two years later, the Crown Estate sold its stake and used the funds to assume full ownership of the Gallagher Retail Park in Cheltenham . The Crown Estate

4845-408: The land in England and was able to redistribute it based on feudal principles. Tenants-in-chief received land directly from the king in return for military service. The land that the king kept for himself was called the royal demesne and divided into royal manors . When the Domesday survey was completed in 1086, the king was still the largest single landholder, possessing over 18 percent of

4930-519: The landed estates in England. Between 10 and 30 percent of each county belonged to the royal demesne. The king delegated management of royal lands to his sheriffs . Each year, the sheriff paid the king a fixed sum called the " county farm " and was allowed to keep any surplus. The county farms were the largest source of royal revenue, totaling over £10,000 annually. The size of the royal demesne fluctuated over time. The 70 years after William I died saw substantial alienation of lands, especially during

5015-524: The late 1990s. There is a non-conformist cemetery alongside the Curzon Street section of the A4 leading towards Chippenham. The cemetery was opened in 1867 and is available to people of any faith. At the 2021 Census, Calne parish had a population of 19,074. There were 19,732 in the built-up area, which extends further south to include those parts of Quemerford lying in Calne Without parish, as well as Stockley hamlet. Earlier statistics for Calne parish are shown below. Figures from 1911 to 1961 are for

5100-420: The maintenance of the Royal Palaces in England and the cost of travel to carry out royal engagements such as opening buildings and other royal visits.... While the amount of the Grant will be linked to the profits of the Crown Estate, those profits will continue to be paid in to the Exchequer; they are not to be hypothecated. Setting the Grant at a percentage of profits of the Crown Estate will help to put in place

5185-405: The maintenance of the civil government and for the support of the royal household and dignity, being allowed for these purposes the hereditary revenues and certain taxes. As the state machinery expanded, the cost of the civil government exceeded the income from the Crown lands and feudal rights; this created a personal debt for the monarch. On George III's accession he surrendered the income from

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5270-449: The mining of potash . In terms of the foreshore, the Crown Estate issue licences or leases for around 850 aquaculture sites and owns marina space for approximately 18,000 moorings. As of 2020 , marine holdings had a value of £4.1 billion. Other rights and interests include: Cheltenham 's Gallagher Retail Park and Warwick 's Leamington Shopping Park are owned 50/50 through "The Gibraltar Limited Partnership" with The Hercules Unit Trust,

5355-428: The monarch for the general expenses of government. These revenues were of two kinds: After the Glorious Revolution , Parliament retained under its own control the greater part of the temporary revenues, and relieved the sovereign of the cost of the naval and military services and the burden of the national debt . During the reigns of William III, Anne, George I and George II the sovereign remained responsible for

5440-444: The nearby Bowood House country estate since 1784. The Porte Marsh Industrial Estate on the north side of the town provides the bulk of the town's internal employment, and is home to around 100 companies in predominantly light industries and information technology . The Belgian company Deceuninck has invested considerably in this area and operates two large facilities for production and distribution. Another significant employer

5525-459: The northwest. The nearest main passenger airport is Bristol , 38 mi (61 km) to the southwest. The nearest railway stations are Chippenham , Melksham and Pewsey . Bus operators Stagecoach West , Faresaver and Swindon's Buses provide services to towns and cities such as Chippenham , Devizes , Marlborough , Swindon and Bath . Bentley's School opened in the town in 1664 using an endowment left by John Bentley in 1662. In 1901 this

5610-516: The northwestern extremity of the North Wessex Downs hill range, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . Calne is on a small river, the Marden , that rises 2 miles (3 kilometres) away in the Wessex Downs, and is the only town on that river. It is on the A4 road national route 19 mi (31 km) east of Bath , 6 mi (10 km) east of Chippenham , 13 mi (21 km) west of Marlborough and 16 mi (26 km) southwest of Swindon . Wiltshire's county town of Trowbridge

5695-464: The original Church Street location respectively. John Harris and his wife Mary Perkins had eleven children, with three, Thomas, George, and Charles continuing to expand the family business. The businesses of Charles and Thomas merged in 1888 as C. & T. Harris & Co. C&T Harris documented their work in a company magazine between 1927 and 1939, each issue containing an article by their managing director, Sir John Bodinnar. C&T Harris built

5780-410: The people of Wales supporting the devolution of the Crown Estate compared to 19% who are opposed and 23% who don't know. Poll breakdown showed that all major political party voters supported devolution of the estate in Wales. In 1793, George III surrendered the hereditary revenues of the Kingdom of Ireland , and was granted a civil list annuity for certain expenses of Irish civil government. Most of

5865-451: The pigs was at Black Dog Hill, just west of the town, and the Harris family of butchers took the pigs that would not survive the onward journey. The Harris business began in the second half of the 18th century, when widow Sarah Harris and her son John relocated from Devizes and began trading as pork butchers in Church Street (Butchers Row). Brothers John and Henry Harris, sons of John Harris, continued separately in business, at High Street and

5950-481: The politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years. Subsequently, the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change in the nature of the estate's ownership, but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament. King Charles III Accession Council on 10 September 2022 "was

6035-422: The practice was recognised as "an integral part of the Constitution [which] would be difficult to abandon". Nevertheless, a review of funding arrangements for the monarchy led to the passage of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , which according to HM Treasury, is: A new consolidated grant rounding together the Civil List, Royal Palaces and Royal Travel grants-in-aid. It is intended that future funding will be set as

6120-492: The present Scottish estate excepting foreshore and salmon fishing is due to inward investment, including Glenlivet Estate , the largest area of land managed by the Crown Estate in Scotland, purchased in 1937, Applegirth, Fochabers and Whitehill estates, purchased in 1963, 1937 and 1969 respectively. After winning the 2011 Scottish election , the Scottish National Party (SNP) called for the devolution of

6205-405: The privilege to reward supporters with bribes and gifts. Debts amounting to over £3 million (equal to £302,899,002 today) over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was then increased from time to time. Every succeeding sovereign down to and including Charles III renewed the arrangement made between George III and Parliament. By the 19th century

6290-587: The responsibility to fund the Civil Government. These revenues proceed directly to His Majesty's Treasury , for the benefit of the British nation; a percentage of them is then distributed back to the monarch. The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to provide an annual report for the sovereign, a copy of which is forwarded to

6375-771: The result was the Ballykilcline "removals" – free emigration to the new world in 1846. There was further state-assisted emigration from overpopulated Crown estates during the Great Famine . There is evidence of Crown Estate public work schemes to employ the more distressed in improving drainage etc. In 1854 a select committee of the House of Lords concluded that the small estates in Ireland should be sold. 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) were subsequently sold for circa £25,000 (equal to £2.96   million today) at auction and £10,000 (equal to £1.19   million today) by private treaty:

6460-556: The rights to gold and silver. Various offshore wind projects are part of the Crown Estate in Wales, including the proposed Awel y Môr, Erebus 100MW Test and Demonstration project, and three 100M projects (in their assessment stage). The Crown Estate announced £1.2million would be invested into the Morlais tidal stream demonstration zone, developed by Menter Môn . The value of the Welsh Crown Estate has risen from £49.2m in 2020 to £549.1m in 2021, and then to £603m in 2022. The revenue of

6545-492: The stone is limestone rubble, laid with ashlar dressings in houses of higher quality; the walls of many houses were rendered smooth. Until the 19th century, quarries beside the London road northwest and southeast of the town were sources of stone for building. A relic of 19th century lime extraction, a kiln, exists in the grounds of St Mary's School. This solid marine deposition is chiefly one chemical, calcium carbonate, and

6630-430: The street now called The Pippin; this too remains open, and is a feature of Calne's pedestrian precinct . Wesleyan Methodists built a chapel in Back Road in 1811, and opened a larger church at Silver Street in 1867, which continues in use. Primitive Methodists used the former Unitarian chapel from the late 1830s, and moved to the former Wesleyan chapel in Back Road in 1887. In 1965 both congregations came together in

6715-522: The successor Metropolitan Borough which covered a slightly smaller area. In 2011 the population reached 17,274 living in 7,113 homes. In local radio, BBC Radio Wiltshire and Heart West are supplemented by two Internet-only stations: Eartunes Radio (Calne's long-established community station), and White Horse Radio (music, advertiser-supported). Local television news coverage is through BBC Points West and ITV News West Country , both Bristol-based. Following boundary changes which came into effect at

6800-601: The town from 1773 to 1780 and preached at the chapel. The chapel had been closed by the late 1830s and was re-used by the Primitive Methodists and later by the Salvation Army . It was demolished in the 1960s. The Baptist church in Castle Street was built in the late 17th century, rebuilt in 1704 and again in 1817. The church continues in use. Particular Baptists built Zion chapel in 1836 on

6885-458: The town's public library. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Calne saw rapid expansion compared to most other towns in the South West region, with a population which the district council projected to peak at around 19,000 by 2015 but which has since been surpassed. The Lansdowne Park housing development (completed in early 2007 ) has substantially increased the size of the town, creating

6970-588: The triangular green by the parish church, where 24 listed buildings remain, five at Grade II* including the Tounson almshouses for the neediest poor and Georgian era clothiers' houses. Nearby are some of the 14 original mills along the Marden. St Mary's church was extended by the generous donations of rich clothiers and wool merchants in the 15th century. Houses of the 17th and 18th centuries have external walls of stone and timber-framed walls inside. Most of

7055-542: Was amalgamated with Calne Technical School as a school of science for boys aged 9–17, which became known as Calne County School and later Calne County Secondary School. Girls were admitted from 1903 and in 1908–09 new buildings were added to the nucleus of buildings dating from 1842. The school was later called the Bentley Grammar School. In 1957 it moved to a new building in the angle of the London and Melksham roads. In 1974, Wiltshire County Council closed

7140-405: Was built in 1962. The font has tiles from Stanley Abbey (which was visited by Saint Edmund Rich ) and the church received stained glass from the demolished St Joseph's Church at RAF Lyneham . Calne has a long history of Nonconformism . A Presbyterian chapel was built in Back Road c. 1695. The congregation became Unitarian after 1770, being influenced by Joseph Priestley who lived in

7225-465: Was claimed as a miracle by Dunstan's supporters. In 1086 Calne may already have been, as it was later, a market town on the main Bristol-London road, with 114 households and a church. 74 or more households were held almost outright by burghal tenure (as citizens of a borough ), and the lordship of its large outlying land was divided between the king (of whom 45 burgesses were tenants) and

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