Plot discovered
149-494: The Rawalpindi conspiracy was an attempted coup to overthrow Liaquat Ali Khan , the first prime minister of Pakistan , in March 1951. It was the first of many subsequent coup attempts against governments in the history of Pakistan . The coup was notably planned by military general Akbar Khan , poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz and writer Sajjad Zaheer along with 12 others. According to writer Hasan Zaheer, there were three main causes of
298-591: A BSc degree in Political science and LLB in 1918, and married his cousin, Jehangira Begum, also in 1918, however the couple later separated. After the death of his father in 1919, Ali Khan, with British Government awarding the grants and scholarships, went to England , attending Oxford University 's Exeter College to pursue his higher education. In 1921, Ali Khan was awarded the Master of Law in Law and Justice, by
447-551: A Bachelor of Science degree. Both Huseyn and his elder brother Hasan studied in St Catherine's College, Oxford . They entertained themselves with D. H. Lawrence , Robert Trevelyn, Bertrand Russell , Hugh Kingsmill , Basanta Kumar Mullick , Kiran Shankar Roy, Apurba Chanda, Sri Prakash, S K Gupta, Surendra Kumar Sen, and Syud Hossain . The elder Suhrawardy (Hasan) was in Oxford when Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore became
596-555: A Master of Arts in Arabic from Calcutta. Suhrawardy became a barrister . He was called to the Bar of England and Wales through Gray's Inn in 1922–23. His first son Shahab died of pneumonia. His second son Rashid Suhrawardy was a British theatre actor. Rashid starred in the film Jinnah along with Christopher Lee . His granddaughter Shahida Jamil served as Pakistan's law minister. His nieces include Princess Sarvath al-Hassan of
745-632: A Round Table Conferences in London. In spite of what Jinnah was expecting, the conference was a complete failure, forcing Jinnah to retire from national politics and permanently settle in London and practise law before the Privy Council . During this time, Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife joined Jinnah, with Ali Khan practising economic law and his wife joining the faculty of economics at the local college. Ali Khan and his wife spent most of their time convincing Jinnah to return to British India to unite
894-584: A Bengali statesman from East-Pakistan . When Jinnah died, he had held three major positions: Governor-General; President of Muslim League; and the Constituent Assembly of which he served both its president and legal adviser. Although Ali Khan was a legislator and lawyer, he lacked Jinnah's political stature. Differences and problems also leveled up with the Pakistan Armed Forces , and a local and native section of Pakistan Army
1043-730: A Library and Information Centre of the Bangladesh High Commission in India by the city's Waqf board. The Suhrawardy family are regarded as one of the illustrious families of the Indian subcontinent . Claiming themselves as descendants of the first caliph of Islam , the Suhrawardy lineage is traced to Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi , a Sufi who lived in Baghdad during the 12th century. The Suhrawardiyya order
1192-464: A Special Branch Inspector of Calcutta Police at 500,000. The latter figure is impossibly high and the Star of India reporter put it at about 100,000. The main speakers were Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin and Chief Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Khwaja Nazimuddin in his speech preached peacefulness and restraint but spoilt the effect and flared up the tensions by stating that till 11 o'clock that morning all
1341-597: A controversial figure; directly responsible for the 1946 Calcutta Killings , for which he is often referred as the "Butcher of Bengal" in West Bengal . He served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 to 1957 and before that as the Prime Minister of Bengal from 1946 to 1947 in British India . In both Pakistan and Bangladesh , Suhrawardy is regarded as a patron of separate homeland for
1490-591: A dialogue with his counterpart, and agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations . According to this agreement a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on 1 January 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN. The prime minister's diplomatic stance was met with hostility by the Pakistan Armed Forces and
1639-485: A heart attack. After his death, the Awami League veered towards Bengali nationalism , the 6-point movement , East Pakistani secession and ultimately Bangladeshi independence in 1971. According to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, "Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr. Suhrawardy's stature. By the time they learned to value him, they had run out of time". Suhrawardy's only daughter Begum Akhtar Sulaiman
SECTION 10
#17327733972661788-649: A move which further dismayed the United States. While in Iran, Liaquat Ali Khan talked to the Soviet Ambassador and Moscow promptly extended an invitation to him to visit the Soviet Union. Ali Khan's ability to run the country was put in doubt and great questions were raised by the communists and socialists active in the country. In 1947–48 period, Ali Khan-Jinnah relations was contentious, and
1937-516: A nuclear swimming pool reactor from America in 1956. In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrawardy halted the National Finance Commission (NFC) programme to allocate taxed revenue equally between East and West Pakistan . A poor harvest led to heavy imports that year, mostly in the form of foreign aid, to meet food shortages. The United States agreed to sell $ 46.4 million in rice, wheat, and other farm products, about 80% of which
2086-532: A politician in her own right. Faiz continued to publish many works of poetry, and was appointed to the National Council for Arts by the Bhutto government. Liaquat Ali Khan Liaquat Ali Khan (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951) was a Pakistani lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the first prime minister of Pakistan from 1947 until his assassination in 1951 . He
2235-748: A prominent economist and academic who became an influential figure in the Pakistan movement. Ali Khan firmed believed in the unity of Hindu-Muslim community and worked tirelessly for that cause. In his party presidential address delivered at the Provisional Muslim Education Conference at AMU in 1932, Ali Khan expressed the view that Muslims had "distinct [c]ulture of their own and had the (every) right to persevere it". At this conference, Liaquat Ali Khan announced that: But, days of rapid communalism, in this country (British India) are numbered.., and we shall ere witnessed long
2384-612: A separate Muslim nation-state out of Hindu-majority India . Khan assisted Jinnah in the campaign for what would become known as the Pakistan Movement and was known as his 'right hand'. He was a democratic political theorist who promoted parliamentarism in British India . Khan's premiership oversaw the beginning of the Cold War , in which Khan's foreign policy sided with the United States -led Western Bloc over
2533-431: A staging of a mass protest. On the internal front, Khan, faced with socialist nationalist challenges and different religious ideologies saw the country fall into more unrest. Problems with Soviet Union and Soviet bloc further escalated after Khan failed to make a visit to Soviet Union, despite his intentions. Khan envisioned a non-aligned foreign policy, however despite some initiatives, the country became more dependent on
2682-528: A statement on a largely uneducated audience is construed by some to be an open invitation to disorder indeed, many of the listeners are reported to have started attacking Hindus and looting Hindu shops as soon as they left the meeting. Subsequently, there were reports of lorries (trucks) that came down Harrison Road in Calcutta, carrying hardline Muslim gangsters armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking Hindu-owned shops. A 6 pm curfew
2831-482: Is known as Quaid-i-Millat (Leader of the Nation) and Shaheed-i-Millat (Martyr of the Nation), by his supporters. His assassination was a first political murder of any civilian leader in Pakistan, and Liaqat Ali Khan is remembered fondly by most Pakistanis. In an editorial written by Daily Jang , the media summed up that "his name will remain shining forever on the horizon of Pakistan". In Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan
2980-691: Is known of his early life and that which has to be pieced together from snippets of mostly hagiographic writings. The family claimed a Persian origin going back to Nausherwan the Just , the Saasanid king of Persia, although this may be no more than legend, and they were settled in Uttar Pradesh by the time of his grandfather, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan. They had adopted the Urdu language . According to his family, Nawab Ahmad Ali Khan gained sufficient prestige that
3129-494: Is no other claim or evidence have been found. Suhrawardy attempted to control the situation by unsuccessfully calling for peace and deployment of the Indian Army in Calcutta with no success. The riots ended with thousand deaths and the Indian press blaming Suhrawardy of obstructing the police work, which is well documented by several authors and eyewitnesses. According to authorities, the riots were instigated by members of
SECTION 20
#17327733972663278-793: Is one of the major Sunni orders of Sufism . His grandfather, Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy , was a Dhaka -based Sufi leader of the Bengali Renaissance and buried beside the Lalbagh Fort . His father Justice Sir Zahid Suhrawardy was a Judge of the Calcutta High Court . His brother Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy was a linguist, poet, art-critic and diplomat. His uncles included Lieutenant Colonel Hassan Suhrawardy and Sir Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy . His cousin Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah
3427-414: Is regarded as Jinnah's "right hand man" and heir apparent, as Jinnah once had said. His role in filling in the vacuum created by Jinnah's death is seen as decisive in tackling critical problems during Pakistan's fledgling years and in devising measures for the consolidation of Pakistan. After his death, the government of Pakistan released a commemorative stamp and his face is printed on postage stamps across
3576-874: The Calcutta Khilafat Committee during the 1920s amid the dissolution of the Ottoman caliphate and the Turkish War of Independence ; the Bengal Muslim Election Board; the United Muslim Party; and the Independent Muslim Party. In 1937, Suhrawardy was elected to the newly formed Bengal Legislative Assembly . He was appointed as Minister of Commerce and Labor in the cabinet of the 1st Prime Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq . In 1940,
3725-669: The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). He was not keen on nonalignment which was strongly pursued by neighboring India. Suhrawardy toured the United States, was hosted by President Eisenhower at the White House , and met with American movie stars in Hollywood . In domestic policy, Suhrawardy addressed issues of nuclear energy , foreign aid utilization, food policy, the One Unit framework, and building up
3874-466: The Communist Party of Pakistan , and Sajjad Zaheer . Akbar Khan's wife, Naseem Shahnawaz Khan, was also believed to have motivated her husband to undertake this plot. On 23 February 1951, a secret meeting was held at General Akbar's home, attended by other communist officers and communist party members, including Marxist Sajjad Zaheer and communist Faiz. General Akbar assured Faiz and Zaheer that
4023-433: The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan . Later, a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal decided by 58 votes to 21 that the province should be partitioned and that West Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of India . In another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided by 106 votes to 35 that the province should not be partitioned and 107 votes to 34 that East Bengal should join Pakistan in
4172-686: The Dominion of Pakistan , with residences in the federal capital Karachi and the provincial capital Dhaka . His cousin Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah called for Pakistan's constituent assembly to convene in Dacca as East Bengal was home to the majority of Pakistan's population. Suhrawardy joined the Awami League , a party formed in 1949 to counter the erstwhile ruling Muslim League. Suhrawardy emerged as
4321-606: The Great Calcutta Killings in 1946. The Muslim League called a strike to press its demand for the creation of Pakistan . The strike degenerated into brutal and widespread Hindu-Muslim riots in which thousands were killed on both sides. The riots were seen by some as the last nail in the coffin for Hindu-Muslim unity in British India. Troubles started on the morning of 16 August. Even before 10 o'clock Police Headquarters at Lalbazar had reported that there
4470-525: The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ; the late Bangladeshi barrister Salma Sobhan ; and the film-maker Naz Ikramullah. Suhrawardy was credited as a pioneering modern political organizer in Bengal. He created 36 trade unions among sailors, railway employees, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups dominated by Bengali Muslims . Suhrawardy joined
4619-522: The Kashmir war with India (1947–1948). Army officers thought the government's acceptance of UN mediation and ceasefire was weak and squandered an opportunity to capture the whole of Kashmir . Eleven military officers and four civilians were involved in the conspiracy. The main person responsible for planning the coup was Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan, the chief of general staff of the Pakistani army. During
Rawalpindi conspiracy - Misplaced Pages Continue
4768-537: The Lahore Resolution was adopted by Indian Muslim leaders calling for the creation of independent states in eastern and northwestern India; it was unclear if the resolution implied a single state covering the two Muslim-majority regions of India or multiple states. Suhrawardy served as Minister of Civil Supplies in the cabinet of the 2nd Prime Minister of Bengal Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin . According to author Thomas Keneally , Suhrawardy blamed black marketers and
4917-649: The National Assembly , Prime Minister Suhrawardy faced pressure from provincialists over the One Unit. West Pakistani provincialists wanted to restore the previous four provinces of Sind , Balochistan , Punjab and the North West Frontier Province . Large rallies were held in West Pakistan against the One Unit. Prime Minister Suhrawardy, however, did not pay attention to the issue. While East Pakistanis also objected to
5066-523: The Objectives Resolution —a prelude to future constitutions, in the Constituent Assembly . The house passed it on 12 March 1949, but it was met with criticism from his Law Minister Jogendra Nath Mandal who argued against it. Severe criticism were also raised by MP Ayaz Amir On the other hand, Liquat Ali Khan described as this bill as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history. Khan called it "the most important occasion in
5215-905: The Partition of India . His premiership was notable for his proposal to create a Free State of Bengal and failing to prevent the Great Calcutta Killings . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , leader of the Muslim League, supported an independent Bengal; this was strongly opposed by the Congress Party . In 1947, the Bengal Assembly voted to partition the territory. Suhrawardy briefly remained in India after partition to attend to his ailing father and manage his family's property. He eventually moved to Pakistan and divided his time between Karachi (Pakistan's federal capital) and Dhaka (capital of East Pakistan ). In Dhaka, Suhrawardy emerged as
5364-625: The Soviet Union -led Eastern Bloc . He promulgated the Objectives Resolution in 1949, which stipulated Pakistan to be an Islamic democracy . He also held cabinet portfolio as the first foreign minister , defence minister , and frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as Finance minister of British India in the Interim Government that undertook independence of Pakistan and India , led by Louis Mountbatten ,
5513-710: The Swaraj Party led by Bengali Hindu secularist C. R. Das in 1923. He became the Deputy Mayor of Calcutta in 1924. After the death of Das, Suhrawardy turned to Indian Muslim nationalism . He emerged as a leader of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML), the provincial wing of the Muslim League which his father Zahid had earlier helped create in 1912. Suhrawardy formed several Bengali Muslim political groups, including
5662-764: The US Ambassador to the United Kingdom Lewis Williams Douglas that there was a "distinct possibility Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either Hindustan or Pakistan". Douglas cabled the State Department about the matter. On 20 June 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to vote on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint session, the assembly decided by 126 votes to 90 that if it remained united it should join
5811-502: The centrist leader of the Awami League; while Maulana Bhashani represented more radical leftist factions. The Awami League was often allied with the centre-left Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq. Suhrawardy's chief protégé in East Bengal was Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , to whom Suhrawardy delegated political responsibilities. Suhrawardy was appointed law minister in 1953 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra . He
5960-615: The socialists , and in East Pakistan the communists . Ali Khan's relation with General Sir Douglas Gracey deteriorated, prompting General Gracey to retire soon after the conflict. In January 1951, Ali Khan approved the appointment of General Ayub Khan to succeed Gracey as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army . During this time the socialists gained a significant amount of support. Senior military leaders and prominent socialists plotted to overthrow
6109-587: The 'Great Calcutta Killings' after the Calcutta riots : " There is hardly a person in Calcutta who has a good word for Suhrawardy, respectable Muslims included. For years he has been known as "The king of the goondas" and my own private opinion is that he fully anticipated what was going to happen, and allowed it to work itself up, and probably organised the disturbance with his goonda gangs as this type of individual has to receive compensation every now and again. " According to Tathagata Roy , Suhrawardy had pre-planned
Rawalpindi conspiracy - Misplaced Pages Continue
6258-542: The 1920s as a trade union leader in Calcutta . He was initially associated with the Swaraj Party . He joined the All-India Muslim League and became one of the leaders of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML). Suhrawardy was elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1937. In 1946, Suhrawardy led the BPML to decisively win the provincial general election . He served as Bengal's last premier until
6407-534: The Awami League formed a coalition with Pakistan's Republican Party to unseat the previous government. Suhrawardy became the fifth Prime Minister of Pakistan and the second premier under the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan . Suhrawardy was known as a pro- American politician. He also cultivated pragmatic ties with Communist China . Suhrawardy supported the American-led Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and
6556-1037: The Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML) to a decisive victory. The Muslim League's biggest success was in Bengal where out of 119 seats for Muslims, the BPML won 113. Suhrawardy was supported by the League's chief Muhammad Ali Jinnah to assume the premiership of Bengal. Suhrawardy's cabinet included himself as home minister; Mohammad Ali of Bogra as finance, health and local government minister; Syed Muazzemuddin Hossain as education minister; Ahmed Hossain as agriculture, forest and fisheries minister; Nagendra Nath Roy as judicial and legislative minister; Abul Fazal Muhammad Abdur Rahman as cooperatives and irrigation Minister; Abul Gofran as civil supplies minister; Tarak Nath Mukherjee as waterways minister; Fazlur Rahman as land minister; and Dwarka Nath Barury as works minister. Suhrawardy's tenure as premier saw
6705-575: The British East India Company recognised him with titles such as Rukun-al-Daulah , Shamsher Jang and Nawab Bahadur , which they say were later inherited by his sons. The validity of those titles has been questioned because the family estates in Uttar Pradesh were diminished as a result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , after which Uttar Pradesh itself ceased to be an autonomous area. His family had deep respect for
6854-435: The British during the Mutiny uprising of 1857-1858 , earning him substantial rewards in the form of prestigious honors and complete remission of rent. Khan was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University and University of Oxford . After first being invited to the Indian National Congress , he later opted to join the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , an Indian independence activist who later advocated for
7003-488: The British government's plan to partition India's most populous province; he was supported by the Governor of Bengal Frederick Burrows , Sarat Chandra Bose of the Indian National Congress , Kiran Shankar Roy of the Congress Parliamentary Party, Satya Ranjan Bakshi, Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League Abul Hashim , Bengal Finance Minister Mohammad Ali Chaudhury, Bengal Revenue Minister Fazlur Rahman and Tippera politician Ashrafuddin Chowdhury. Suhrawardy stated
7152-402: The Calcutta Police). The version in the former's report was—"He [the Chief Minister] had seen to police and military arrangements who would not interfere". The version of the latter's was—"He had been able to restrain the military and the police". However, the police did not receive any specific order to "hold back". So, whatever Suhrawardy may have meant to convey by this, the impression of such
7301-467: The Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper Dawn . The Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Khan from the Barielly constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras (now Chennai ) on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that
7450-453: The Congress Party about his decision, and instead joining the Muslim League in 1923, led under another lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Soon Jinnah called for an annual session meeting in May 1924, in Lahore, where the goals, boundaries, party programmes, vision, and revival of the League, was an initial party agenda and was carefully discussed at the Lahore caucus. At this meeting, Khan was among those who attended this conference, and recommending
7599-490: The East Asian country was model to emulate in development. He addressed a joint sitting of the Philippines Congress during which he expressed support for SEATO and continued to call for decolonization. Suhrawardy's short-lived premiership came to an end when he resigned under pressure from President Iskander Mirza in 1957. Suhrawardy was arrested by the martial law government after the 1958 military coup in Pakistan . While in jail, he wrote to his niece Salma Sobhan on
SECTION 50
#17327733972667748-440: The Government asked the Muslim League to send five nominees for representation in the interim government, Khan was asked to lead the League group in the cabinet. He was given the portfolio of finance. The other four men nominated by the League were Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar , Ghazanfar Ali Khan , Abdur Rab Nishtar , and Jogendra Nath Mandal . By this point, the British government and the Indian National Congress had both accepted
7897-430: The Indian Muslim thinker and philosopher Syed Ahmad Khan , and his father had a desire for the young Liaqat Ali Khan to be educated in the British educational system; therefore, his family sent Ali Khan to the famous Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), where he obtained degrees in law and political science. In 1913, Ali Khan attended the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University ), graduating with
8046-464: The Indian army units. When General Douglas Gracey was appointed the commander in chief of the Pakistan Army, Liaquat Ali Khan ordered the independent units of the Pakistan Army to intervene in the conflict. On the Kashmir issue, Khan and Jinnah's policy reflected "Pakistan's alliance with U.S and United Kingdom" against "Indian imperialism" and "Soviet expansion". However, it is revealed by historians that differences and disagreement with Jinnah arose over
8195-402: The Indian public. Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter British charges. In December 1928, Ali Khan and Jinnah decided to discuss the Nehru Report . In 1930, Ali Khan and Jinnah attended the First Round Table Conference , but it ended in disaster, leading Jinnah to depart from British India to Great Britain. In 1932, Ali Khan married for a second time to Begum Ra'ana who was
8344-416: The Kashmir War, Khan had led the Pakistani forces under the pseudonym of "General Tariq." He was based in the northern city of Rawalpindi , where the army headquarters were located, while the political capital of the state was in the southern city of Karachi at the time. The civilian conspirators included leading Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz , who was notably active in left-wing politics and sympathetic to
8493-418: The Kashmir issue. Jinnah's strategy to liberate Kashmir was to use military force. Thus, Jinnah's strategy was to "kill two birds with one stone", namely decapitate India by controlling Kashmir, and to find a domestic solution through foreign and military intervention. On Khan's personal accounts and views, the prime minister preferred a "harder diplomatic" and "less military stance". The prime minister sought
8642-421: The League's Central Parliamentary Board. The Muslim League won 87% of seats reserved for Muslims of British India. He assisted Jinnah in his negotiations with the members of the Cabinet Mission and the leaders of the Congress during the final phases of the Freedom Movement and it was decided that an interim government would be formed consisting of members of the Congress, the Muslim League and minority leaders. When
8791-406: The Legislature respectively, excluding Europeans". The British government seriously considered of the option of an independent Bengal. British commercial interests in Bengal required safeguards. The United States was also briefed on the possibility of three countries emerging out of partition, including Pakistan, India, and Bengal. On 2 June 1947, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee informed
8940-423: The Muslim League and its affiliate Volunteer Corps after listening to the speeches made by Khwaja Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy, in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan. However, supporters of the Muslim League believed that the Congress Party was behind the violence in an effort to weaken
9089-425: The Muslim League's parliamentary wing disintegrated, with many Muslim members joining the either Democratic Party, originally organised by Ali Khan in 1930, and the Congress Party. At the deputation in England, Ali Khan made close study of organising the political parties, and would soon return to his country with Jinnah. In 1930, Jinnah urged Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his Viceroy Lord Irwin to convene
SECTION 60
#17327733972669238-432: The Muslims from further division. Jinnah returned to India in December 1934.10 and started to reorganise the Muslim League . In 1936, the annual session of the League met in Bombay (now Mumbai ). In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In 1940, Khan
9387-418: The Muslims, especially for Bengali Muslims , for which he is revered as one of the founding statesmen of Pakistan. Suhrawardy was a scion of one of British Bengal's most prominent Muslim families, the Suhrawardy family . His father Sir Zahid Suhrawardy was a judge of the high court in Bengal. Suhrawardy studied law in Oxford . After returning to India, he joined the Indian independence movement during
9536-429: The One Unit for renaming East Bengal as East Pakistan, opposition among ethnic groups to the One Unit was stronger in West Pakistan . Suhrawardy's one-year tenure was unable to introduce the joint electorate. Since 1932, elections in Pakistan's provinces were held under the "separate electorate" system of dividing seats in parliament among religious groups in accordance with the colonial-era Communal Award . Abolishing
9685-549: The Prime Minister asked the British Army to intervene against hooligans even before that speech. Making use of recently disclosed or hitherto unused sources, he also revealed that Suhrawardy was at odds with Muslim League's radical fraction also after Noakhali riots; however, in some other cases of the Hindu-Muslim armed fights (primarily in Calcutta during Spring 1947) he did less to stop the acts of violence than he could, what made him - according to Flasiński - guilty by negligence. Suhrawardy died in Beirut , Lebanon in 1963 due to
9834-495: The Prime Minister. In this Ministry, the Prime Minister would be a Muslim and the Home Minister a Hindu. Pending the final emergence of a Legislature and a Ministry under the new constitutions, Hindus (including Scheduled Caste Hindus) and Muslims would have an equal share in the Services, including military and police. The Services would be manned by Bengalis. A Constituent Assembly composed of 30 persons, 16 Muslims and 14 non-Muslims, would be elected by Muslim and non-Muslim members of
9983-399: The Rawalpindi conspiracy. First, general discontent of Pakistani army officers with the performance of the Liaquat Ali Khan government, which they thought of as corrupt and incompetent. Second, the view of many Pakistani officers that the continuing presence of British officers in the Pakistan army was a security threat. Third, and most immediately, discontent with the government's handling of
10132-473: The Soviet Union, and set the course of Pakistan's foreign policy toward closer ties with the West, despite it being the Soviet Union who sent its invitation of Khan to visit the country first. The visit further cemented strong ties between the two countries and brought them closer. According to many sources, Khan's formulated policies were focused on Movement of Non-Aligned Countries , and his trip to U.S. in 1950, Khan had made clear that Pakistan's foreign policy
10281-407: The United States and their cause , a policy that was pursued by the successive administrations. On 10 July 1957, Prime Minister Suhrawardy paid an official visit to the United States where he met with President Dwight Eisenhower . Suhrawardy accepted Eisenhower's request to lease a base in Pakistan from which the United States Air Force could gather intelligence about the Soviet Union . In return,
10430-450: The United States and this ultimately influenced Khan's policy towards the Western bloc. His government faced serious challenges including the dispute over Kashmir with India, forcing Khan to approach his counterpart the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru . A settlement was reached to end the fighting, while Nehru also referred the issue to the United Nations . Ali Khan sent the recommendation to Jinnah to appoint Abdul Rashid as
10579-421: The United States distributed $ 2.142 billion in aid to Pakistan, including supersonic F-104 Starfighters and M48 Patton tanks. Suhrawardy's party, the Awami League, split over his signing of the US-Pakistan military pact, with Maulana Bhasani leaving to form the National Awami Party (NAP). The 1960 U-2 incident severely compromised the national security of Pakistan when Soviet Union eventually discovered
10728-485: The United States, pressuring Pakistan to recall her troops from Kashmir. Pakistan cannot afford to wait. She must take her friends where she finds them...! Khan began to develop tighter relations with the Soviet Union , China, Poland , and Iran under its Premier Mohammed Mossadegh as well. Khan sent invitations to Stalin and the Polish Communist leader Władysław Gomułka to visit the country. However,
10877-1105: The army headquarters, where Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan was based. Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan announced the foiling of the coup on 9 March 1951. The government passed the Rawalpindi Conspiracy (Special Tribunal) Act to set up a special tribunal to investigate the conspiracy. A trial was held for the 15 individuals accused, namely – Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan, Air Commodore M. K. Janjua, Maj. Gen. Nazir Ahmed, Brigadier Sadiq Khan, Brigadier M. A. Latif Khan, Lt. Col. Zia-ud-Din, Lt. Col. Niaz Muhammad Arbab, Captain Khizar Hayat, Maj. Hassan Khan, Major Ishaq Muhammad, Captain Zafrullah Poshni, Mrs. Naseem Shahnawaz Khan, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Syed Sajjad Zaheer and Muhammad Hussain Ata. After an 18-month trial conducted in secrecy, Maj. Gen. Khan and Faiz Ahmed Faiz were both convicted and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Their defence lawyer
11026-502: The base through interrogating its pilot . Prime Minister Suhrawardy was invited by the Soviet Union for an informal visit but he declined. In 1956, Prime Minister Suhrawardy became the Pakistan's first Prime Minister to visit China . Suhrawardy's India policy was at times critical. He demanded a fair share of water sharing on transboundary rivers. Suhrawardy visited Afghanistan and pledged to work for regional peace, decolonization and stability. Suhrawardy also visited Japan and felt
11175-512: The central government in New Delhi for the Bengal famine of 1943 during World War II , and claimed he worked tirelessly on relief. Viceroy Lord Wavell , however, believed that Suhrawardy was corrupt, that he "siphoned money from every project that was undertaken to ease the famine, and awarded to his associates contracts for warehousing, the sale of grain to governments, and transportation." On
11324-759: The college faculty who also conferred on him a Bronze Medallion . While a graduate student at Oxford, Ali Khan actively participated in student unions and was elected Honorary Treasurer of the Majlis Society—a student union founded by Indian Muslim students to promote the Indian students' rights at the university. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple of London in 1922 but never practised. Ali Khan returned to his homeland India in 1923, entering in national politics , determining to eradicate to what he saw as
11473-417: The communal character which it was to retain throughout. The meeting began around 2 pm though processions of Muslims from all parts of Calcutta had started assembling since the midday prayers . A large number of the participants were reported to have been armed with iron bars and lathis (bamboo sticks). The numbers attending were estimated by a Central Intelligence Officer's reporter at 30,000 and by
11622-405: The communist party would be allowed to function as a legitimate political party like any other party and to take part in the elections. But, according to communist Zafar Poshni who maintained, in 2011, that "no agreement was reached, the plan was disapproved, the communists weren't ready to accept General's words and the participants dispersed without meeting again". However the next morning, the plot
11771-673: The conflict of ideologies between the nations. Former serviceman Shahid M. Amin has argued that the Soviets themselves could not settle convenient dates for a visit, and that, even during his visit to the United States, Liaquat had declared his intention to visit the Soviet Union . Amin also notes that "Failure to visit a country in response to its invitations has hardly ever become the cause of long-term estrangement". Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy ( Bengali : হোসেন শহীদ সোহ্রাওয়ার্দী ; Urdu : حسین شہید سہروردی ; 8 September 1892 – 5 December 1963)
11920-532: The constitutional and territorial reforms to the British Government. The commission, compromising seven British Members of Parliament, headed under its Chairman Sir John Simon , met briefly with the Congress Party and Muslim League leaders. The commission had introduced the system of dyarchy to govern the provinces of British India, but these revisions met with harsh criticism and clamour by
12069-595: The country's first Chief Justice , and Justice Abdur Rahim as President of the Constitutional Assembly, both of them were also founding fathers of Pakistan. Some of the earliest reforms Khan took were to centralise the Muslim League, and he planned and prepared the Muslim League to become the leading authority of Pakistan. The Daily Times , a leading English-language newspaper, held Liaquat Ali Khan responsible for mixing religion and politics, pointing out that "Liaquat Ali Khan had no constituency in
12218-478: The country, his hometown was left behind in India. Bengalis were a majority in the newly created state of Pakistan and this was a painful reality for him". According to the Daily Times , Liaquat Ali Khan and his legal team restrained from writing down the constitution, the reason being simple: The Bengali demographic majority would have been granted political power and, Liaquat Ali Khan would have been sent out of
12367-511: The country. Liaquat Ali Khan's former personal residence is located at Jansath Tehsil of Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh about 80 km from his ancestral estate and is now being considered by the Uttar Pradesh government to be opened as a tourist destination. His family had strong ties with the British Government. Others argue that Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the Cold War , as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in
12516-589: The country. In spite of planning an independent economic policy, Khan's economic policies focused on the United States' aid programme, on the other hand, Nehru focused on socialism and went on to be a part of Non Aligned Movement . An important event during his premiership was the establishment of a National Bank in November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi. Unlike his Indian counterpart Jawaharlal Nehru , under Khan Pakistan's economy
12665-557: The country. Khan and the Muslim League faced dual competitions with socialists in West-Pakistan and, the communists in East Pakistan. The Muslim League found it difficult to compete with socialists in West Pakistan, and lost considerable support in favor of socialists led by Marxist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz . In East Pakistan, the Muslim League's political base was eliminated by the Pakistan Communist Party after
12814-693: The country. Khan asked Ziauddin Ahmed to draft the national educational policy, which was submitted to his office in November 1947, and a road map to establishing education in the country was quickly adopted by Khan's government. Khan's government authorised the establishment of the Sindh University . Under his government, science infrastructure was slowly built but he continued inviting Muslim scientists and engineers from India to Pakistan, believing it essential for Pakistan's future progress. In 1947, Khan and his Finance minister Malick Ghulam proposed
12963-401: The coup attempt by one of the confidantes of Akbar Khan. Government forces immediately arrested Maj. Gen. Akbar Khan and the other conspirators, including Faiz Ahmed Faiz. The army commander-in-chief, Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan and the defence secretary Maj. Gen. Iskander Mirza had both remained loyal to the government. Ayub Khan immediately ordered the army troops to surround and take control of
13112-592: The development of the Bengali section of the state brought about a bad juncture for the prime minister and his party, where its ideology was vague. In terms of its political base, it was both weak and narrow, and could not compete in West-Pakistan as well as in East-Pakistan where traditional families were endowed with enormous political power. In West Pakistan, the Muslim League failed to compete against
13261-541: The distance between the two would prevent Hyderabad's accession to Pakistan in any case. Pakistani statesman Shaukat Hayat Khan resigned in protest of this folly; Hyderabad went to India anyway; and the two nations went to war over Kashmir. Soon after appointing a new government, Pakistan entered a war with India over Kashmir. The British commander of the Pakistan Army General Sir Frank Walter Messervy refused to attack
13410-687: The divisions, but asked the U.S. for assurances on Kashmir and the Pashtunisation issue, which the U.S. declined to give. Khan decided not to send the divisions, a clear indication that Pakistan was working towards the Non-Aligned Movement. The United States began work on a policy to keep Pakistan impartial, and India on the other hand, remained a keystone to bringing stability in South Asia. By June and July 1951, Pakistan's relations with U.S. deteriorated further, with Nehru visiting
13559-493: The essential foreign policy of Pakistan. In 1947, with Jinnah inviting physicist Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry to Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan called upon chemist Salimuzzaman Siddiqui , awarding him citizenship, and appointing him as his first government science adviser in 1950. During this same time, Khan also called physicist and mathematician Raziuddin Siddiqui , asking him to plan and establish educational research institutes in
13708-497: The event of partition. Communal violence broke out across India, especially in the Punjab and Bengal's Noakhali district . Suhrawardy traveled to Noakhali with Mahatma Gandhi to restore order; Gandhi and Suhrawardy also had deliberations in Calcutta. After the transfer of power on 14–15 August 1947, Suhrawardy continued to remain in India for a few years where he attended to ailing members of his family. He eventually settled down in
13857-553: The face of severe odds. Ali Khan, on several occasions, used his influence and good offices for the resolution of communal tension. Ali Khan rose to become one of the influential members of the Muslim League and was one of the central figures in the Muslim League delegation that attended the National Convention held at Calcutta . Earlier, the British Government had formed the Simon Commission to recommend
14006-419: The first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in 1913. His brother Hasan later recounted that "it is difficult now for me to recapture the elation and the ecstasy of those days, but I remember distinctly that look of awe which was in my landlady's eyes when she brought in the breakfast with the morning newspaper containing the scoop". Suhrawardy obtained further degrees, including a Bachelor of Civil Law from Oxford and
14155-416: The first Pakistani premier to travel to Communist China . His pro-US foreign policy caused a split in the Awami League in East Pakistan, with Maulana Bhashani forming the break-away pro- Maoist National Awami Party . Suhrawardy's premiership lasted for a year. His central cabinet included figures like Sir Feroz Khan Noon as Foreign Minister and Abul Mansur Ahmad as Trade Minister. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
14304-510: The first three years of their independence. At this time, Ali Khan met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the border. Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan did not take over the office of Governor-General , instead appointing Khawaja Nazimuddin ,
14453-456: The following:- Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of
14602-400: The fragile Muslim League government in Bengal, further generating the controversy about the real culprits. Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable. A senior intelligence operative wrote to a senior British officer based at Fort William after
14751-526: The government of Ali Khan. Those involved reportedly included Chief of General Staff Major General Akbar Khan and Marxist-socialist politician Faiz Ahmad Faiz , the leaders of the coup plot. The Military Police arrested many in the military services; more than 14 officers were charged for plotting the coup. The Rawalpindi Conspiracy , as it became known, was the first attempted coup in Pakistan's history. The arrested conspirators were tried in secret and given lengthy jail sentences. On 16 October 1951, Khan
14900-623: The government. Ali Khan remained the elected member of the UP Legislative Council until 1940, when he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly ; he participated actively, and was the influential member in legislative affairs, where his recommendations would also be noted by other members. In his parliamentary career, Ali Khan established his reputation as "eloquent, principled and honest spokesman" who would never compromise on his principles even in
15049-453: The idea of Five-Year Plans , by putting the country's economic system on investment and capitalism grounds. Focusing on an initial planned economic system under the directives of private sector and consortium industries in 1948, economic planning began to take place during his time in office, but soon collapsed partly because of unsystematic and inadequate staffing. Khan's economic policies were soon heavily dependent on United States aid to
15198-503: The idea of Pakistan and therefore, on 14 August 1947, Pakistan came into existence. After independence, Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan by the founding fathers of Pakistan. Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah took oath from Liaqat Ali Khan. The country was born during the initial beginning of the extensive competition between the two world superpowers, the United States and Soviet Union . Khan faced with mounted challenges and difficulties while trying to administer
15347-652: The injured persons were Muslims, and the Muslim community had only retaliated in self-defence. The Special Branch of Calcutta Police had sent only one shorthand reporter to the meeting, with the result that no transcript of the Chief Minister's speech is available. But the Central Intelligence Officer and a reporter, who Frederick Burrows believed was reliable, deputed by the military authorities agree on one statement (not reported at all by
15496-617: The injustice and ill-treatment of Indian Muslims under the British Indian Government and the British Government . His political philosophy strongly emphasised a united India , first gradually believing in the Indian nationalism . The Congress leadership approached to Ali Khan to become a part of the party, but after attending the meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru , Ali Khan's political views and ambitions gradually changed. Therefore, Ali Khan refused, informing
15645-583: The joint electorate was a key demand of the Awami League. At the National Assembly , the Awami League initiated constitutional reforms to restore the joint electorate system but faced opposition from the Muslim League . Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). He appointed Dr. Nazir Ahmad as its chairman. Suhrawardy supported the Atoms for Peace initiative. Suhrawardy also released funds to import
15794-633: The leader of the Bengali -dominated Awami League which became the principal opposition party to the Pakistan Muslim League . In 1956, the centre-left Awami League formed a coalition government with the military-backed Republican Party to unseat the Muslim League. Suhrawardy became Prime Minister in the coalition government. He forged stronger ties with the United States by leading Pakistan's diplomacy in SEATO and CENTO . He also became
15943-698: The life of this country, next in importance, only to the achievement of independence". Under his leadership, a team of legislators also drafted the first report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report. At a meeting of the Partition Council, Liaquat Ali Khan had rejected an offer from Vallabhbhai Patel regarding Kashmir and Hyderabad State . Patel had offered Kashmir to Pakistan in exchange for Pakistan relinquishing its claim to Hyderabad. Ali rejected this offer, preferring to keep Hyderabad, ignoring that
16092-459: The mausoleum built for Jinnah in Karachi . The Municipal Park, where he was assassinated, was renamed Liaquat Bagh ( Bagh means Garden) in his honor. It is the same location where ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in 2007. He is Pakistan's longest serving Prime Minister spending 1,524 days in power. His legacy was built up as a man who was the "martyr for democracy " in
16241-479: The military. His staunchly pro-Western foreign policy was opposed by Bengali radicals led by Maulana Bhashani who caused a split in the Awami League. However, Suhrawardy was elected as President of the Awami League. His cabinet included Feroz Khan Noon and Abul Mansur Ahmed among others. Initially promising to review the One Unit framework in the 1956 constitution, Prime Minister Suhrwardy later backtracked. At
16390-607: The new goals for the party. Ali Khan was elected to the provisional legislative council in the 1926 elections from the rural Muslim constituency of Muzaffarnagar . Ali Khan embarked his parliamentary career, representing the United Provinces at the Legislative Council in 1926. In 1932, he was unanimously elected Deputy President of UP Legislative Council. During this time, Ali Khan intensified his support in Muslim dominated populations, often raising
16539-474: The newly founded country. Many in Pakistan saw him as a man who sacrificed his life to preserve the parliamentary system of government. After his death, his wife remained an influential figure in the Pakistani foreign service, and was also the Governor of Sindh Province in the 1970s. Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination remains an unsolved mystery, and all traces leading to the conspirator were removed. Popularly, he
16688-546: The occasion of her wedding to Rehman Sobhan , calling Salma "preternaturally transcendentally intelligent". Suhrawardy is often subjected to criticism by in India for failing to prevent the Direct Action Day riots. According to them, Suhrawardy and other Muslim League leaders reportedly delivered provocative speeches reminding the Bengali Muslims of the historical Islamic victory and urged them to follow
16837-633: The other hand, Indian author, Madhushree Mukherjee, laid major responsibility of this famine to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill who wanted the ration for war efforts only and had refrained the U.S. aid to Bengal . Suhrawardy was further accused of practising a Scorched-Earth Policy to counter the Japanese Army 's advances in the East and supervised to burn thousand fishing boats to block any potential movement of invading Japanese Army troops. These measures aggravated starvation and famine and
16986-532: The positions of President and Prime Minister rotated among Muslims and Christians. The five-point plan stated that "On the announcement by His Majesty's Government that the proposal of the Free State of Bengal had been accepted and that Bengal would not be partitioned, the present Bengal Ministry would be dissolved. A new interim Ministry would be brought into being, consisting of an equal number of Muslims and Hindus (including Scheduled Caste Hindus) but excluding
17135-567: The powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy. On 20 May 1947, a five-point plan was outlined for a "Free State of Bengal", echoing the legacy of the name of the Irish Free State . The plan was based on a confessionalist structure with power-sharing between Hindus and Muslims. It mirrored some of the confessionalist practices adopted in French Lebanon in 1926, where
17284-563: The prime minister's office. The Secularists also held him responsible for promoting the Right-wing political forces controlling the country in the name of Islam and further politicised the Islam, despite its true nature. As Prime Minister Ali Khan took initiatives to develop educational infrastructure, science and technology in the country, with the intention of carrying the vision of successful development of science and technology to aid
17433-532: The problems and challenges faced by the Muslim communities in the United Province. Ali Khan joined hands with academician Sir Ziauddin Ahmed , taking to organise the Muslim students' communities into one student union, advocating for the provisional rights of the Muslim state. His strong advocacy for Muslims' rights had brought him into national prominence and significant respect was also gained from Hindu communities whom also he fought for at higher levels of
17582-754: The promulgation of the October Objectives in 1949 which passed by the Constituent Assembly. The document was aimed as an Islamic, democratic and federal constitution and government. Disagreement existed about the approach and methods to realise these aims. The third major difference was itself in the Muslim League ; the party had weak political structure with no public base ground or support. Its activities reveled in high factionalism, low commitment to resolve public problems, corruption and incompetency of planning social and economics programmes. In East Pakistan, Ali Khan's lack of attention for
17731-423: The reins of the presidency himself until 1969. Major General Akbar Khan rehabilitated in Pakistani political life, becoming an adviser to Pakistani politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Upon coming to power in 1971, Bhutto appointed Akbar Khan as the chief of national security. Naseem Shahnawaz and Akbar Khan were divorced, and the former changed her name to Naseem Jahan (after her mother Jahanara Shahnawaz ) and became
17880-556: The relief was only ordered when Lord Wavell became the Viceroy , using the Indian Army to organise relief. However, by that time, the winter crop had arrived and famine conditions had already eased, after millions had earlier perished. Calcutta's Hindu-owned newspapers had become very critical of his role and the Bengali Hindus held him directly responsible for the famine. During the 1946 general election , Suhrawardy led
18029-494: The riot long back, evident from the fact that demographic changes were being made in the Calcutta Police constabulary. Recently, Polish scholar Tomasz Flasiński expressed another opinion about Suhrawardy. His research proved, inter alia, that Suhrawardy's famous speech during the first day of Calcutta Riot urged Muslims to come back to their homes instead of (as it was often suggested) encouraging them to riot, and in fact
18178-580: The same way on 16 August. The historian Devendra Panigrahi, in his book India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat , quotes from 13 August 1946 issue of Muslim League mouthpiece The Star of India , "Muslims must remember that ... it was in Ramazan that the permission for jehad was granted by Allah. It was in Ramazan that the Battle of Badr, the first open conflict between Islam and Heathenism,
18327-768: The scattered Muslim League mass into one full force. Meanwhile, Choudhry Rahmat Ali coined the term Pakstan in his famous pamphlet Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? . When Jinnah along with his sister Fatima and daughter Dina decided to settle in London and had gone to England in 1930 and the Muslim India and the All India Muslim League became a divided house, Liaquat went to England along with his wife Ra’na Liaquat and met Jinnah along with his family in July 1933 at their Hampstead residence in London and convinced him to return to India to save
18476-518: The senior military leadership and Jinnah himself became critical of Khan's government. In his last months, Jinnah came to believe that his Prime Minister Khan was a weak prime minister—highly ambitious—and not loyal to Jinnah and his vision in his dying days. The death of Jinnah was announced in 1948, as a new cabinet was also re-established. Ali Khan faced the problem of religious minorities during late 1949 and early 1950, and observers feared that India and Pakistan were about to fight their second war in
18625-495: The socialists and communists, notably the mid-higher level command who would later sponsor an alleged coup led by the communists and socialists against his government. In 1949, the Soviet Union's leader, Joseph Stalin, sent an invitation to Ali Khan to visit the country, followed by a U.S. invitation after they learned of the Soviet move. In May 1950, Khan paid a state visit to the United States after being persuaded to snap ties with
18774-404: The stock exchange met with President Mirza to address their concerns and issues. Suhrawardy in 1957 described Pakistan's foreign policy as "friendship towards all and malice towards none", a phrase which was later adopted as Bangladesh's foreign policy. Suhrawardy is also considered to be one of the pioneers of Pakistan's foreign policy aimed, directed, and set towards excessively supporting
18923-635: The then- Viceroy of India . In March 1951, he survived an attempted coup by left-wing political opponents and segments of the Pakistani military . While delivering a speech in the Company Bagh of Rawalpindi , Khan was shot dead by an Afghan militant Said Akbar for unknown reasons. Khan was posthumously given the title Shaheed-e-Milat ('Martyr of the Nation') and is honored as one of Pakistan's greatest prime ministers. Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
19072-700: The ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Khan moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the aims and objectives of the Muslim League. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously. In 1945–46, mass elections were held in India and Khan won the Central Legislature election from the Meerut Constituency in the United Provinces. He was also elected Chairman of
19221-400: The united Hindu-Muslim India anxious to persevere and maintain all that rich and valuable heritage which the contact of two great cultures bequeathed us. We all believe in the great destiny of our common motherland to achieve which common assets are but invaluable Soon, he and his new wife departed to England but did not terminate his connections with the Muslim League. With Ali Khan departing,
19370-622: The visits never happened after Khan was assassinated and Stalin died. In 1948, Pakistan established relations with the Soviet Union, and an agreement was announced a month later. The offing of U.S. trade had frustrated Khan, therefore, Khan sent career Foreign service officer Jamsheed Marker as Pakistan Ambassador to the Soviet Union , a few months later, a Soviet Ambassador arrived in Pakistan, with her large staff and accompanied military attaches. In 1950, Ali Khan established relations with China by sending his ambassador, making Pakistan to become first Muslim country to establish relations with China,
19519-460: Was a Pakistani Bengali barrister and politician. In Bangladesh , Suhrawardy is remembered as a pioneer of Bengali civil rights movements, later turned into Bangladesh independence movement, and the mentor of Bangladesh's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . He is also remembered for his performance as the Minister for Civil Supply during the Bengal famine of 1943 . In India, he is seen as
19668-654: Was a social worker and activist in Pakistan; his son, Rashid Suhrawardy , from his second marriage to Vera Alexandrovna Tiscenko Calder ; was a British Bangladeshi actor known for his role in the film Jinnah . His brother Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy was a diplomat, writer and art-critic. Many places in South Asia bear his name, including an avenue in Islamabad ; a large park near his mausoleum in Dhaka; and streets, dormitories and memorials across Bangladesh. The Suhrawardy family home in modern-day Kolkata has been leased as
19817-553: Was as pivotal to the consolidation of Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , was central to the creation of Pakistan. He was one of the leading figures of the Pakistan Movement and is revered as Quaid-e-Millat ("Leader of the nation") and later on as "Shaheed e Millat" (Martyr of the nation). Khan was born in Karnal , East Punjab to a wealthy family. His grandfather Nawab Ahmad Ali provided significant support to
19966-928: Was born on 1 October 1895 into a wealthy Muslim Jat family in the Karnal , British India with roots in Talera village of Jansath Tehsil in Muzaffarnagar District of present day- Uttar Pradesh . He was the second of four sons of the wealthy land owner Rukn-ud-Daulah Shamsher Jung Nawab Bahadur Rustam Ali Khan of Karnal and his wife, Mahmoodah Begum, the daughter of Nawab Quaher Ali Khan of Rajpur in Saharanpur's He received his early education at home before attending school in Karnal. Despite being "courteous, affable and socially popular" and coming from an aristocratic family known for its philanthropy, his biographer Muhammad Reza Kazimi notes that little
20115-496: Was completely hostile towards Ali Khan's diplomatic approach with India. The existence of high level opposition was revealed in the Rawalpindi conspiracy , sponsored by Chief of General Staff Major-General Akbar Khan , and headed by communist leader Faiz Ahmad Faiz . Another difference came when Khan also intensified policies to make the country a parliamentary democracy and federal republic. During his tenure, Khan supervised
20264-494: Was considered Suhrawardy's chief political protégé. Suhrawardy was premier under Pakistan's first republican constitution which ended dominion status and the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth . During the 1958 military coup , Suhrawardy was arrested by the martial law government. He missed the wedding of his niece, Salma Sobhan (Pakistan's first woman barrister), because of his detention. In 1963, Suhrawardy died in Beirut due to
20413-571: Was covered by aid grants or loans. The central government led by Suhrawardy focused on the implementation of the planned economy. His relations with the stock exchange and the business community deteriorated when he announced distribution of the US$ 10 million ICA aid between West and East, and establishing the shipping corporation at the expense of West Pakistan's revenues. Massive labour strikes broke out in West Pakistan against his economic policy in major cities of Pakistan. Eventually leaders of
20562-565: Was excitement throughout the city, that shops were being forced to close, and that there were many reports of brawls, stabbing and throwing of stones and brickbats. These were mainly concentrated in the North-central parts of the city like Rajabazar, Kelabagan, College Street, Harrison Road, Colootolla and Burrabazar. In these areas the Hindus were in a majority and were also in a superior and powerful economic position. The trouble had assumed
20711-568: Was foiled when one of the communist officer defected to the ISI revealing the motives behind the plot. When the news reached the Prime minister, orders for massive arrests were given to the Military Police by the Prime minister. Before the coup could be initiated, General Akbar among other communists were arrested, including Faiz. The conspiracy was foiled after the government was informed of
20860-534: Was fought and won by 313 Muslims and again it was in Ramazan that 10,000 Muslims under the Holy Prophet conquered Mecca and established the kingdom of Heaven and the commonwealth of Islam in Arabia. The Muslim League is fortunate that it is starting its action in this holy month". On 16 August 1946, the massive bloody riots erupted in Calcutta , killings scores of Hindus at the hands of rioters. However, there
21009-527: Was imposed in the parts of the city where there had been rioting. At 8 pm forces were deployed to secure main routes and conduct patrols from those arteries, thereby freeing up police for work in the slums and the other underdeveloped sections. In New Delhi on 27 April 1947, Suhrawardy called a press conference to demand an undivided, independent Bengal . Suhrawardy made an impassioned plea for setting aside religious differences in order to create an "independent, undivided, and sovereign Bengal". He opposed
21158-429: Was in charge of drafting Pakistan's constitution. One of the highlights of Suhrawardy's political career was leading the United Front campaign during the 1954 East Bengali election which booted the Muslim League out of power. At the federal level, Suhrawardy served as Leader of the Opposition in the parliament of Pakistan in 1955. His position was bolstered by the landslide victory in East Bengal in 1954. In 1956,
21307-408: Was known to Pakistani police prior to the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan. The exact motive behind the assassination has never been fully revealed and much speculation surrounds it. An Urdu daily published in Bhopal , India, saw a US hand behind the assassination. Upon his death, Khan was given the honorific title of " Shaheed-e-Millat ", or "Martyr of the Nation". He is buried at Mazar-e-Quaid ,
21456-407: Was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly on account of his heavy political work. It was Khan who stood in his place. During this period, Khan was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of their party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of
21605-415: Was neutrality. Being a newly born nation with trouble in planning the economy, Khan asked the U.S. for economic and moral support to enable it to stand on its feet. The United States gladly accepted the offer and continued its aid throughout the years. But ties deteriorated after the United States asked Khan to send two combat divisions to support U.S. military operations in the Korean War. Khan wanted to send
21754-460: Was one of South Asia's pioneering women in public service. His first wife was Begum Niaz Fatima, the daughter of Justice Sir Abdur Rahim , a member of the Governor's Executive Council and Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly . Begum Niaz Fatima died in 1922. His second wife was Begum Veera Suhrawardy , a Russian actress of Polish descent. A young Huseyn studied in Calcutta Madrasa and attended St. Xavier's College, Kolkata where he earned
21903-408: Was planned, but also an open free market economy. During his early days in office, Khan first adopted the Government of India Act 1935 to administer the country, although his lawmakers and legislators continued to work on a different document of governance. Finally in 1949 after Jinnah's death, Prime Minister Khan intensified his vision to establish an Islamic-based system in the country, presenting
22052-416: Was shot twice in the chest while he was addressing a gathering of 100,000 at Company Bagh (Company Gardens), Rawalpindi . The police immediately shot the presumed murderer who was later identified as professional assassin Said Akbar . Khan was rushed to a hospital and given a blood transfusion, but he succumbed to his injuries. Said Akbar Babrak was an Afghan national from the Pashtun Zadran tribe . He
22201-443: Was the notable Bengali Muslim politician Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy . When Suhrawardy became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, he obtained a reprieve for most of the conspirators. Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated later in 1951, in October, in an unrelated attack by an Afghan national in Rawalpindi. Gen. Ayub Khan launched the first successful military coup against the government of President Iskander Mirza in 1958, assuming
#265734