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81-464: After Rabbi Andron's death, his son Raphael and Samuel I. Andron obtained a charter from the New York Board of Regents in 1903 to establish a school in his name. The Rabbi Jacob Joseph School was known for its rigorous Talmudic curriculum and remains open to students from nursery age through the twelfth grade. Its founders originally established the school on Manhattan 's Orchard Street in

162-407: A Higher National Certificate (HNC), may allow students to enter directly into the second year of a Bachelor's program, provided that the course they completed is the same as the one they are applying for. In South Africa, grades (also known as "marks") are presented as a percentage, with anything below 50% considered a failure. Students who receive a failing grade may have the opportunity to rewrite

243-415: A peer-reviewed journal . To pursue a doctor of philosophy degree, students must have completed a relevant master's degree. They are required to carry out a supervised scientific study for a minimum of three years and publish at least two scientific first-author papers in peer-reviewed journals relevant to their area of study. Currently, Kenya is implementing a Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) that follows

324-727: A 2–6–3–3 education system to replace the existing 8–4–4 system which allows confirmation of undergraduate degrees upon successful completion. The CBC system was introduced in 2017. Since the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region in 1997 and the Bologna Declaration in 1999, higher education systems in Europe have been undergoing harmonisation through

405-499: A Bachelor of Arts (BA) and a Master of Arts (MA). Management degrees are also classified under 'arts' but are nowadays considered a separate stream, with degrees of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA). Science refers to the basic sciences and natural science ( Biology , Physics , Chemistry , etc.); the corresponding degrees are Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Master of Science (MSc). Information Technology degrees are conferred specially in

486-660: A C+ (55–59%) on the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). Students pursuing a degree in engineering, such as B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering or B.Sc. Electrical and Electronics Engineering , are required to join programs that are accredited by the Engineers Board of Kenya and the Commission for University Education. The B.Sc. degree in engineering typically takes five years to complete. A degree in medicine or surgery may take six to seven years, while

567-480: A bogus institution or simply invented, is often covered by fraud laws. Depending on the culture and the degree earned, degrees may be indicated by a pre-nominal title , post-nominal letters , a choice of either, or not indicated at all. In countries influenced by the UK, post-nominal letters are the norm, with only doctorates granting a title, while titles are the norm in many northern European countries. Depending on

648-573: A charter granted by the USNY Board of Regents. No institution in New York State can call itself, per New York State law, a "college" or "university," or award academic degrees , without being chartered by NYSED and being a USNY member. Institutions in the state can, however, offer non-degree certificate programs without adhering to these requirements. Notes Bibliography Further reading Academic degree An academic degree

729-541: A college degree, but sometimes the term includes high school diplomas and non-degree certificate programs) that can be earned primarily or entirely on a distance learning basis through the use of an Internet-connected computer, rather than attending college in a traditional campus setting. Improvements in technology, the increasing use of the Internet worldwide, and the need for people to have flexible school schedules that enable them to work while attending school have led to

810-626: A constituent and subordinate component of USNY. USNY, through its Board of Regents, generally uses NYSED as a vehicle to carry out policy created by the Regents. In other words, USNY's Board of Regents generally creates policy, whereas NYSED generally administers policy and the BOCES' District Superintendents help facilitate the roll-out of that policy in the field. The New York State Legislature can also create some education policy; such statutory education policy would become official education policy that

891-531: A country abbreviation with the university's name. For example, 'York (Can.)' and 'York (UK)' or 'Newc (UK)' and 'Newc (Aus.) are commonly used to denote degrees conferred by these universities where the potential for confusion exists, and institution names are given in this form in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook. Abbreviations used for degrees vary between countries and institutions, e.g. MS indicates Master of Science in

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972-527: A credit-based system for degrees, with different levels of National Qualifications Framework (NQF) ratings corresponding to each degree level. For example, an undergraduate degree in Science is rated at NQF level 6, while an additional year of study in that discipline would result in an NQF level 8 (honours degree) rating. In Kenya, the first undergraduate degree is pursued after students have completed four years of secondary school education and attained at least

1053-468: A degree in education or management takes around four years. For students pursuing a master's degree, they must have completed an undergraduate degree and attained at least a second-class honours upper division (60–69%) or lower division plus at least two years of relevant experience. Most master's degree programs take two years to complete. In an engineering master's degree program, students are typically required to publish at least one scientific paper in

1134-518: A few fields, such as medicine and dentistry, the Finnish system of higher education degrees is in compliance with the Bologna process. Universities award bachelor's degrees ( kandidaatti / kandidat ), Master's degrees ( maisteri / magister ) and doctoral degrees ( lisensiaatin tutkinto / licentiat examen and tohtorin tutkinto / doktorexamen ). In most fields, the system of doctoral degrees is two-tier,

1215-585: A higher status than the master's degree . This led to the modern hierarchy in which the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which in its present form as a degree based on research and dissertation is a development from 18th- and 19th-century German universities, is a more advanced degree than the Master of Arts (M.A.). The practice of using the term doctor for PhDs developed within German universities and spread across

1296-633: A new campus in Riverdale, but ultimately, in 1976, the school moved to the Richmondtown area of Staten Island , where it maintained the boys' school campus until 2017 (they then moved to Amboy Rd); a girls division of the elementary school was established in Staten Island's Graniteville section. In 1982, a boys high school branch and Beis Medrash was opened in Edison, New Jersey . Although

1377-504: A practice adopted by the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge , as well as the ancient Scottish universities of St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh . In medieval European universities , candidates who had completed three or four years of study in the prescribed texts of the trivium ( grammar , rhetoric and logic ) and the quadrivium ( arithmetic , geometry , astronomy and music ), together known as

1458-514: A private institution) and gave the Regents broader responsibilities for overseeing education in New York. The new law empowered the Regents to "visit and inspect all the colleges, academies, and schools" in the state, award higher academic degrees , hold and distribute funds, and exercise other powers of a corporation . Early in the 19th century, the Regents established standards for incorporating private academies and colleges, including specifying

1539-461: A proliferation of online colleges that award associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. Bangladesh and India mostly follow the colonial era British system for the classification of degrees, however, Pakistan has recently switched to the US model of a two-year associate degree and a four-year bachelor's degree program. The arts, referring to the performing arts and literature, may confer

1620-418: A scale of 0 to 20. The minimum score for passing is set at 10 out of 20. This numerical system exclusively evaluates a student's academic accomplishments, serving as the determinant for admission into advanced programs. For instance, a student's grades obtained for their bachelor's degree are considered when they apply for a Master's program. Level 4 courses, which include the first year of a Bachelor's program or

1701-405: A similar structure: the term "Bachiller" was used for those who finished the secondary or high-school level education, known as "Bachillerato" . The standard Spanish university 5-year degree was "Licenciado" , (although there were a few 3-year associate degrees called "diplomaturas" , from where the "diplomados" could move to study a related licenciatura ). The highest level was "Doctor". In

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1782-469: A six year program and obligatory exam they achieve the title MUDr. (equivalent to MD degree in the United States of America) , or MDDr. for dentists and MVDr. for veterinary physicians . They can also get a "big doctorate" ( Ph.D. ) after another three or four years of study. Bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and small doctorates in the form of letters (Bc., Mgr., Ing., ...) are listed before

1863-409: Is 180, 210, or 240 ECTS-points. The academic degrees available at universities are: Historically, the Finnish higher education system is derived from the German system. The current system of higher education comprises two types of higher education institutions, the universities and the polytechnics , many of whom refer to themselves as universities of applied sciences (UAS). With the exception of

1944-499: Is a much later creation and was not introduced in England before 1900. Studies in what once was called philosophy are now classified as sciences and humanities . George Makdisi theorizes that the ijazah issued in medieval Islamic madrasas in the 9th century was the origin of the doctorate that later appeared in medieval European universities. Alfred Guillaume , Syed Farid al-Attas and Devin J. Stewart agree that there

2025-558: Is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education , usually at a college or university . These institutions often offer degrees at various levels, usually divided into undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the bachelor's degree , although some educational systems offer lower-level undergraduate degrees such as associate and foundation degrees. Common postgraduate degrees include engineer's degrees , master's degrees and doctorates . In

2106-408: Is a resemblance between the ijazah and the university degree. However, Toby Huff and others reject Makdisi's theory. Devin J. Stewart finds that the ijazat al-ifta , license to teach Islamic law and issue legal opinions, is most similar to the medieval European university degree in that it permits entry into certain professions. A key difference was that the granting authority of the ijaza

2187-613: Is a standard list of abbreviations for university names given in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook. In practice, many variations are used and the Yearbook notes that the abbreviations used may not match those used by the universities concerned. For some British universities it is traditional to use Latin abbreviations, notably 'Oxon' and 'Cantab' for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge respectively, in spite of these having been superseded by English 'Oxf' and 'Camb' in official university usage, particularly in order to distinguish

2268-466: Is based on the Latin gradus ("step"). The naming of degrees eventually became linked to the subjects studied. Scholars in the faculties of arts or grammar became known as "masters", but those in theology , medicine and law were known as "doctors". As a study in the arts or grammar was a necessary prerequisite to study in subjects such as theology, medicine and law, the degree of doctor assumed

2349-870: Is covered by the Doctorate  [ fr ] degree ( French : Doctorat ; Dutch : Doctoraat ) that covers a 3-to-7-year-long PhD , depending on whether the doctoral student has teaching responsibilities in addition to conducting research or not (typically 6 years for teaching assistants and 4 years for research-only mandates). The Czech Republic has implemented the Bologna process, and functionally has three degrees: Bachelor (3 years), Master (2 years after Bachelor) and Doctor (4 years after Master). The Czech Republic also has voluntary academic titles called "small doctorates" (e.g. RNDr. for natural sciences, PhDr. for philosophy, JUDr. for law etc.) which are achieved after passing an additional exam. Medical students do not get bachelor's or master's degrees, but instead attend

2430-564: Is regulated by the three communities of Belgium , all have common and comparable systems of degrees that were adapted to the Bologna structure during the 2000s . The primary 3-cycle structure is called BMD (Bachelor-Master-Doctorate; French : Bachelier-Master-Doctorat or Dutch : Bachelor-Master-Doctoraat ). In the first cycle, the Bachelor's degree is issued after 180 ECTS (3 years, EQF level 6). Other first cycle degrees include

2511-679: Is the State University of New York (SUNY), which is one of New York State's systems of public higher education, the other being the City University of New York (CUNY). Like all colleges and universities in the state, the 64 SUNY and 25 CUNY campus units are all part of USNY. However, the power of SUNY and CUNY units to grant degrees exists by mandate of the State Legislature; a private college or university in New York State would be allowed to grant degrees by virtue of

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2592-720: Is the state governmental umbrella organization that oversees all educational institutions, including schools, libraries, and museums in New York State . It is governed by the Board of Regents . Despite the name, the University of the State of New York is not an educational institution but rather a governmental licensing and accreditation body that sets standards for schools operating in New York State, from pre-kindergarten through professional and graduate school , as well as for

2673-601: The Bologna Process , which is based on a three-cycle hierarchy of degrees: Bachelor's / Licence – Master's – Doctorate . This system is gradually replacing the two-stage system previously used in some countries and is combined with other elements such as the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and the use of Diploma Supplements to make comparisons between qualifications easier. The European Higher Education Area (EHEA)

2754-562: The Education Reform Act 1988 , many educational institutions other than universities have been granted degree-awarding powers, including higher education colleges and colleges of the University of London , many of which are now effectively universities in their own right. In many countries, gaining an academic degree entitles the holder to assume distinctive academic dress particular to the awarding institution, identifying

2835-576: The Ford and Carnegie Foundations . Degrees could be granted based on a combination of college proficiency exams and classroom and correspondence courses, or on a variety of exams alone. The first degrees were conferred in 1972. This program became independent of the Education Department in 1991 but continued to be governed by the Board of Regents until 1998, at which time it fully separated from

2916-422: The Latin magister , "master" (typically indicating a teacher), entitling one to teach these subjects. Masters of Arts were eligible to enter study under the "higher faculties" of Law , Medicine or Theology and earn first a bachelor's and then master's or doctor's degree in these subjects. Thus, a degree was only a step on the way to becoming a fully qualified master – hence the English word "graduate", which

2997-537: The Liberal Arts , and who had successfully passed examinations held by their master, would be admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts . The term "bachelor" comes from the Latin baccalaureus , a term previously used to describe a squire (i.e., apprentice) to a knight . Further study and, in particular, successful participation in, and moderation of, disputations would earn one the Master of Arts degree, from

3078-474: The Lower East Side. It moved to Henry Street in 1907, and expanded to a second building in 1914. Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), grandson of Rabbi Jacob Joseph, and New York state senator and New York City Comptroller , played an active role as a board member in the school. In 1969, it stopped its younger grades. Enrollment was low, and the neighborhood had become rough. In 1972, it made plans to open

3159-497: The Magister and doctorate , both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching. In universities, doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild . The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Master of Arts" was seven years. This was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations. Originally the terms "master" and "doctor" were synonymous, but over time

3240-665: The New York State Legislature for five-year terms. Thirteen of the Regents represent the state's 13 judicial districts (one appointed from each district), and four are at-large. The Regents serve without salary. USNY's affiliation and oversight are very broad. As a legal technicality, USNY includes all of the state's more than 7,000 public and private elementary and secondary schools; approximately 250 public and private colleges and universities ; another approximately 250 proprietary (for-profit) schools; nearly 7,000 libraries ; about 750 museums ; all of

3321-603: The Oxbridge MA from an earned MA. Other Latin abbreviations commonly used include 'Cantuar' for Lambeth degrees (awarded by the Archbishop of Canterbury ), 'Dunelm' for Durham University , 'Ebor' for the University of York and 'Exon' for the University of Exeter . The Ancient universities of Scotland and the University of London have abbreviations that are the same in English and Latin. (See Universities in

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3402-594: The Regents examinations and syllabi. The legislature gave the Regents responsibility for the New York State Library and New York State Museum in 1844 and 1845, respectively, and in 1889 and 1892 expanded the USNY's responsibilities significantly to include the incorporation and supervision of all libraries, museums, correspondence schools , and other educational institutions. An 1872 statute authorized

3483-658: The early church when the term "doctor" referred to the Apostles , church fathers and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible . The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved by the church which required the applicant to pass a test, take an oath of allegiance, and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access – now largely free of charge – of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by

3564-443: The Board of Regents to become a private, independent college. Up until that time it did not offer instruction, but in addition to its examinations, it accepted transfer credit from any regionally-accredited college. The school, prohibited by the terms of its "independence" agreement from continuing to use the name Regents College, adopted the name Excelsior College in 2001. Since the school offers both undergraduate and graduate programs,

3645-530: The Board of Regents) in order to obtain tax-exempt nonprofit status and other benefits. The state Education Law makes the Regents the head of the New York State Education Department . The Regents select a Commissioner of Education who both runs the Education Department and is president – that is, chief executive officer – of the University. The Board of Regents also elects a chancellor from among its members, who presides over

3726-486: The Commissioner of Education would also be responsible for administering. Regents Examinations , tests administered to high school students to demonstrate mastery of various subjects, were established by the Regents and first administered in 1865. The Regents of USNY have set standards by which students may earn various levels of Regents diplomas for high school performance. USNY can also issue honorary degrees ;

3807-465: The D.D. has gradually become less common outside theology and is now mostly used for honorary degrees, with the title "Doctor of Theology" being used more often for earned degrees. Studies outside theology , law , and medicine were then called " philosophy ", due to the Renaissance conviction that real knowledge could be derived from empirical observation. The degree title of Doctor of Philosophy

3888-451: The EHEA. In Austria , there are currently two parallel systems of academic degrees: The two-cycle degree system was phased out by 2010, with a few exceptions. However, some of the established degree naming has been preserved, allowing universities to award the "Diplom-Ingenieur" (and for a while also the "Magister") to graduates of the new-style Master programmes. While higher education

3969-525: The Journal is to "study the major questions facing Jews ... through the prism of Torah values," and "explore the relevant biblical and Talmudic passages and survey the halakhic literature including the most recent responsa . The Journal does not in any way seek to present itself as the halachic authority on any question, but hopes rather to inform the Jewish public of the positions taken by rabbinic leaders over

4050-476: The Master of Arts, although the highest degree was often termed Master of Theology/Divinity or Doctor of Theology/Divinity, depending on the place. The earliest doctoral degrees ( theology – Divinitatis Doctor (D.D.), law – Legum Doctor (LL.D., later D.C.L.) and medicine – Medicinæ Doctor (M.D., D.M.)) reflected the historical separation of all higher University study into these three fields. Over time,

4131-610: The New York State Commissioner of Education's, and by extension, the Chancellor of the Board of Regents', field representative. A key former initiative of the Board of Regents, created to better bring higher education to New York State's nontraditional adult learners, was the Board of Regents' Regents External Degree Program , or REX, which became Regents College in 1984 and then the separate and independent Excelsior College in 1998–2001. This program

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4212-450: The Pope. Among educational institutions, St David's College, Lampeter , was granted limited degree awarding powers by royal charter in the nineteenth century, despite not being a university. The University College of North Staffordshire was also granted degree awarding powers on its foundation in 1949, despite not becoming a university (as the University of Keele ) until 1962. Following

4293-527: The Regents to appoint examining and licensing boards in the state's medical schools , and in 1890 the Regents were given the exclusive power to license physicians . Also starting in 1890, the Secretary to the Board of Regents – then Melvil Dewey , also head of the State Library – supervised full-time inspectors of secondary schools, libraries, colleges, and other institutions reporting to

4374-417: The Regents' meetings and appoints its committees. The New York State Education Department (NYSED) was created at the behest of former New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. USNY has, as a subordinate unit, NYSED, including NYSED's various administrative personnel – furthermore, the various schools, colleges, libraries, museums, teachers, etc., of USNY form constituent units of USNY, whereas NYSED forms

4455-493: The Regents. Starting in 1910, private trade schools were required to be licensed and inspected, and in 1923 licensing requirements were extended to correspondence schools operating in the state. In 1948, New York State established a system of support organizations known as Boards of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) across the state. The head of each BOCES, known as the District Superintendent, acts as

4536-458: The UK and countries whose educational systems are based on the British system, honours degrees are divided into classes: first, second (broken into upper second, or 2.1, and lower second, or 2.2) and third class. The doctorate ( Latin : doceo , "I teach") first appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach ( Latin : licentia docendi ) at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to

4617-422: The US and places following American usage, but Master of Surgery in the UK and most Commonwealth countries, where the standard abbreviation for Master of Science is MSc. Common abbreviations include BA and MA for Bachelor and Master of Arts , BS/BSc and MS/MSc for Bachelor and Master of Science , MD for Doctor of Medicine and PhD for Doctor of Philosophy . An online degree is an academic degree (usually

4698-574: The United Kingdom § Post-nominal abbreviations for a more complete list and discussion of abbreviations for British universities.) Confusion can result from universities sharing similar names, e.g. the University of York in the UK and York University in Canada or Newcastle University in the UK and the University of Newcastle in Australia. In this case, the convention is to include

4779-492: The academic world. The French terminology is tied closely to the original meanings of the terms. The baccalauréat (cf. "bachelor") is conferred upon French students who have completed their secondary education and allows the student to attend university. When students graduate from university, they are awarded a licence , much as the medieval teaching guilds would have done, and they are qualified to teach in secondary schools or proceed to higher-level studies. Spain had

4860-562: The colonial Dutch system for the classification of degrees. However, Indonesia has been dropping the Dutch titles and developing its own distinctions. Sri Lanka , like many other commonwealth countries, follows the British system, but with its own distinctions. Degrees are approved by the University Grants Commission . Tunisia's educational grading system, ranging from elementary school to Ph.D. programs, operates on

4941-470: The culture and the purpose of the listing, only the highest degree, a selection of degrees, or all degrees might be listed. The awarding institution may be shown and it might be specified if a degree was at honours level, particularly where the honours degree is a separate qualification from the ordinary bachelor's degree. For member institutions of the Association of Commonwealth Universities , there

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5022-476: The doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master's degree . Today the terms "master" (from the Latin magister , lit.   ' teacher ' ), "Doctor", and "Professor" signify different levels of academic achievement, but in the Medieval university , they were equivalent terms. The use of them in the degree name was a matter of custom at a university. Most universities conferred

5103-491: The ecclesiastic scholastic. This right remained a point of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the Pope to the University of Paris in 1231 where it became a universal license to teach ( licentia ubique docendi ). While the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor's degree ( Baccalaureus ), it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to

5184-435: The exam, depending on the criteria established by their institution. Degrees in almost any field of study can be pursued at one of the institutions in the country, with certain institutions being known for excelling in specific fields. Major fields of study across the country include Arts , Commerce , Engineering , Law , Medicine , Science , and Theology . The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) has developed

5265-680: The field of computer science , and include Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc.IT.) and Master of Science in Information Technology (M.Sc.IT.). The engineering degree in India follows two nomenclatures, Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) and Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.). Both represent bachelor's degree in engineering . In Pakistan, engineering degrees are Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.) and Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S./B.Sc. Engineering). Both are

5346-455: The generations." Rabbi Dr. Marvin Schick served for over 30 years as the (unpaid) President of RJJ until his death in 2020; he had succeeded Irving Bunim . 40°30′02″N 74°23′54″W  /  40.50052°N 74.39837°W  / 40.50052; -74.39837 University of the State of New York The University of the State of New York ( USNY , / ˈ juː z n iː / )

5427-507: The honorary degrees that can be issued come from an established list contained in Rules of the Board of Regents ("Regents Rules"). USNY also has the power to directly issue (as opposed to through some other institution) diplomas, certificates, and degrees. Today, for a variety of reasons, USNY directly issues diplomas to individuals meeting graduation requirements at several postsecondary institutions in New York State. Not to be confused with USNY

5508-432: The institution decided to change the name again to Excelsior University in 2022. Excelsior University is now a constituent member of USNY in the same way that other institutions of higher education (including private colleges) in New York State are. Like them, it has its own charter and Board of Trustees. The Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York oversees USNY. The Board includes 17 members elected by

5589-688: The major points of the Lisbon Recognition Convention in national legislation. Since 2008, the European Union has been developing the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). This is an eight-level framework designed to allow cross-referencing of the various national qualifications frameworks. While it is not specific to higher education , the top four levels (5–8) correspond to the short cycle, first cycle, second cycle, and third cycle of

5670-1006: The one-year Advanced Bachelor's degree  [ fr ; nl ] degree ( French : Bachelier de spécialisation , lit.   'Specialized Bachelor'; Dutch : Bachelor-na-bachelor , lit.   'Bachelor-after-bachelor') and the Brevet (in the French-speaking Community only) for short-cycle higher education programmes. Bachelor's degrees are followed in the second cycle ( EQF level 7) by Master's degrees  [ fr ] that last two years, completing an extra 120 ECTS credits. The master's degree can be followed by an Advanced Master's degree  [ fr ; nl ] ( French : Master de spécialisation , lit.   'Specialized Master'; Dutch : Master-na-master , lit.   'Master-after-master') that lasts one year (60 ECTS). The third cycle of Belgium's higher education

5751-545: The past, degrees have been directly issued by the authority of the monarch or by a bishop, rather than any educational institution. This practice has mostly died out. In Great Britain , Lambeth degrees are still awarded by the Archbishop of Canterbury . The Archbishop of Canterbury's right to grant degrees is derived from the Peter's Pence Act 1533 , which empowered the Archbishop to grant dispensations previously granted by

5832-829: The person's name, and Doctor's degrees (Ph.D.) are listed after name (e.g. MUDr. Jan Novák, Ph.D.). The Czech Republic previously had more degrees that were awarded. Before the adoption of the Bologna Process, the lowest degree that would normally be studied at universities in Denmark was equivalent to a master's degree ( kandidatgrad ). Officially, a bachelor's degree was always obtained after 3 years' university studies. Various medium-length (2–4 years) professional degrees have been adopted, so they now have status as professional bachelor's degrees of varying length. As opposed to academic bachelor's degrees, they are considered to be "applied" degrees. A professional bachelor's degree

5913-409: The practice of a wide variety of professions. The Board of Regents of the USNY was established by statute on May 1, 1784, to re-establish and oversee King's College as Columbia University and any other colleges and academies incorporated in the state thereafter. On April 13, 1787, the legislature enacted a law that allowed individual educational institutions to have their own trustees (making Columbia

5994-530: The same in curriculum , duration and pattern, and differ only in nomenclature. The engineering degree in Bangladesh is a Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc. Engineering). Other degrees include the medical degree ( Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)), dental degree ( Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS)) and computer application degrees ( Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)) and Master of Computer Application (MCA). Indonesia follows

6075-542: The school ("RJJ") is no longer an "advanced" yeshiva, it "produced hundred of rabbis and community leaders in the late 1940s, the 1950s and the 1960s, and was also an important feeder school for the Lakewood yeshiva, Beis Medrash Govoha ". The school also produces a semi-annual scholarly publication, the Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society ("The RJJ Journal"), edited by one of its rabbinic alumni. The purpose of

6156-898: The state's local historical societies ; and 25 public broadcasting facilities. Also included in USNY are the State Archives; a special school for the blind and another special school for the deaf ; as well as vocational rehabilitation and special education services. Additionally, USNY has the affiliation of, and oversight for, more than half a million professionals practicing in 58 licensed professions , ranging from accountancy to architecture to engineering to massage therapy to hair styling , as well as 200,000 public certified school teachers, counselors, and administrators. Certain education-related institutions (such as most museums ) could exist in New York State without being part of USNY; however, as an example, most museums in New York State choose to be part of USNY (i.e., be chartered by

6237-420: The status of the individual wearing them. In many countries, degrees may only be awarded by institutions authorised to do so by the national or regional government. Frequently, governments will also regulate the use of the word university in the names of businesses. This approach is followed, for example, by Australia, the United Kingdom and Israel. The use of fake degrees by individuals, either obtained from

6318-402: The texts or subjects that academies must teach to qualify for state aid. Aid was restricted to those students who had passed local entrance examinations. To combat the problem of academies lowering their standards in order to attract students and get state aid, during the later nineteenth century the Regents developed and instituted educational standards for high schools statewide, through use of

6399-587: Was an individual professor whereas the university degree was granted by a corporate entity. The University of Bologna in Italy , regarded as the oldest university in Europe , was the first institution to confer the degree of Doctor in Civil Law in the late 12th century; it also conferred similar degrees in other subjects, including medicine . The University of Paris used the term "master" for its graduates,

6480-449: Was an outgrowth of the practice of giving World War II veterans school and college credit in recognition of their military education and experience. In 1963 the Regents introduced College Proficiency Examinations, now called Excelsior College Examinations (ECEs), initially to help teachers and nurses complete educational requirements. First named the "Regents External Degree Program," it was established in 1971 with financial support from

6561-516: Was formally established in 2010 and, as of September 2016, has 50 members. The implementation of the various elements of the EHEA varies between countries. Twenty-four countries have fully implemented a national qualifications framework, and a further ten have a framework but have not yet certified it against the overarching framework . In 38 countries, ECTS credits are used for all higher education programmes, and 31 countries have fully implemented diploma supplements. Only 11 countries have included all

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