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156-520: Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy - drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass . It tells the story of abrasive and selfish wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt ( Tom Cruise ), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son, Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ), an autistic savant whose existence Charlie

312-504: A Western movie . As well, the road movie is similar to a Western in that road films are also about a "frontiersmanship" and about the codes of discovery (often self-discovery). Road movies often use the music from the car stereo, which the characters are listening to , as the soundtrack and in 1960s and 1970s road movies, rock music is often used (e.g., Easy Rider from 1969 used a rock soundtrack of songs from Jimi Hendrix , The Byrds and Steppenwolf ). While early road movies from

468-428: A field reporter , is shown at an external public place taking questions and opinions from people about the case, and then, returning to the studio at the end of the show for a wrap-up. Curt Chaplin (1997–2023) replaced Jack Harrell as the show's announcer and appeared on camera as the court reporter with the addition of a litigant-final-thoughts interviewer, known for snippily interviewing the program's litigants following

624-876: A "normal" life, instead assists them in a nearly magical way. Although having savant abilities is certainly a possibility for autistic individuals, the combination is incredibly rare. Conversely, Rain Man has also been seen as dispelling a number of other misconceptions about autism, and improving public awareness of the failure of many agencies to accommodate autistic people and make use of the abilities they do have, regardless of whether they have savant skills or not. Since Dustin Hoffman's 1989 Academy Award win for his performance in Rain Man , about half of all Best Actor trophies have been awarded for portrayals of characters who are disabled in some way; none of these recipients share their characters' disabilities in real life. Just one year after Hoffman's win, Daniel Day-Lewis (thus far

780-415: A Beer on It". Judge Wapner greeted his litigants by saying, "I know each of you has been sworn. I've read your complaint..." Occasionally, if an episode wrapped up a few minutes early, Judge Wapner fielded questions from the courtroom observers, or legal consultant Harvey Levin explained the legal reasons behind Wapner's decisions. The People's Court deals in small-claims matters. When the show debuted as

936-465: A Cause (1955). Timothy Corrigan states that post-WW II, the genre of road films became more codified, with features solidifying such as the use of characters experiencing "amnesia, hallucinations and theatrical crisis". David Laderman states that road movies have a modernist aesthetic approach, as they focus on "rebellion, social criticism, and liberating thrills", which shows "disillusionment" with mainstream political and aesthetic norms. Awareness of

1092-455: A Leg (1997) features several sketches from filmmakers and producers' Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo 's previous comedy productions overlaid with the rest of the movie's road-trip and romantic comedy atmosphere. Other European road films include Chris Petit 's Radio On (1979), a Wim Wenders-influenced film set on the M4 motorway; Aki Kaurismäki 's Leningrad Cowboys Go America ( 1989), about

1248-426: A Ride (1947) and The Hitch-Hiker (1953), all of which "establish fear and suspense around hitchhiking", and the outlaw-themed film noirs They Live by Night (1948) and Gun Crazy . Film noir-influenced road films continued in the neo noir era, with The Hitcher (1986), Delusion (1991), Red Rock West (1992), and Joy Ride (2001). Even though road movies are a significant and popular genre, it

1404-407: A bounded journey with a clear start and finish which differs from the open ended wandering of previous films, with characters making chance encounters with other drivers who influence where one travels or ends up. To contrast the intellectual Sal character, Kerouac has the juvenile delinquent Dean, a wild, fast-driving character who represents the idea that the road provides liberation. By depicting

1560-468: A cab driver ferrying strange passengers around the city. Timothy Corrigan has called the postmodern road movie a "borderless refuse bin" of " mise en abyme " reflection, reflecting a modern audience that is not able to think of a "naturalized history". Atkinson calls contemporary road movies an "ideogram of human desire and a last-ditch search for self" designed for an audience that was raised watching TV, particularly open-ended serial programs. Note, that

1716-401: A case pending in civil court. Both parties have agreed to drop their claims, and have their cases settled here, before Judge Marilyn Milian...in our forum... The People's Court . At the end of each show, the following disclaimer appeared: Both the plaintiff and the defendant have been paid from a fund for their appearance. The amount, if any, awarded in the case, is deducted from this fund, and

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1872-590: A comforting figure Charlie had remembered as an imaginary friend. Raymond had saved an infant Charlie from being scalded by hot bathwater one day, but Sanford blamed Raymond for nearly injuring Charlie, and committed him to the institution, as he was unable to speak up for himself and correct the misunderstanding. Charlie's creditor repossesses the Lamborghinis, forcing him to refund his buyers' down payments and leaving him deeply in debt. Having passed Las Vegas , he and Raymond return to Caesars Palace and devise

2028-401: A couple of years later, Milian's opening disclaimer changed again: The whole country's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian... [soundbite of Judge Marilyn Milian saying, "Judge here!"]... the hottest judge on television. [Soundbite of Judge Marilyn Milian saying, "It's my ruling!"] She'll hear real cases from real litigants. Here...in our forum... The People's Court . After a few months,

2184-717: A fictional Russian rock band which travels to the US; and Theo Angelopoulos ' Landscape in the Mist , about a road trip from Greece to Germany. Road movies made in Latin America are similar in feel to European road films. Latin American road movies are usually about a cast of characters, rather than a couple or single person, and the films explore the differences between urban and rural regions and between north and south. Luis Buñuel 's Subida al Cielo ( Mexican Bus Ride , 1951),

2340-647: A film noir about a musician travelling from New York City to Hollywood who sees a nation absorbed by greed, or Dennis Hopper ’s Easy Rider , which showed how American society was transformed by the social and cultural trends of the late 1960s. The New Hollywood era films made use of the new film technologies in the road movie genre, such as "fast film stock" and lightweight cameras, as well as incorporating filmmaking approaches from European cinema, such as "elliptical narrative structure and self-reflexive devices, elusive development of alienated characters; bold traveling shots and montage sequences. Road movies have been called

2496-431: A half seasons and was replaced towards the end of the 2000–01 season. For the remainder of the revival's run, Marilyn Milian was the judge. The People's Court pilot episode was taped on October 23, 1980, with a second pilot episode taped on January 13, 1981. The show debuted as a half-hour program on September 14, 1981. The judge from the show's first 12 seasons (including the 1980 pilot) was Joseph Wapner . Rusty Burrell

2652-535: A half-hour program on September 14, 1981, litigants could not sue for more than US$ 1,500, which was the limit for small-claims court at the time in California. As the laws in California changed, so did this amount. Starting in 1990, litigants could sue for up to US$ 5,000, which is now the law in most states. Researchers for the show examined small-claims filings in Southern California and approached

2808-717: A leading eight nominations at the 61st Academy Awards , winning four (more than any other film nominated): Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor (for Hoffman), and Best Original Screenplay . As of 2024, Rain Man is the only film to win both the Berlin International Film Festival's highest award and the Academy Award for Best Picture in the same year. It was also the last film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to be nominated for Best Picture until Licorice Pizza in 2021; 33 years later. Arrogant collectibles dealer Charlie Babbitt

2964-593: A movie character who was marginalized and who could not be incorporated into mainstream American culture, Kerouac opened the way for road movies to depict a more diverse range of characters, rather than just heterosexual couples (e.g., It Happened One Night ), groups on the move (e.g., The Grapes of Wrath ), notably the pair of male buddies. On the Road and another novel published in the same era, Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Lolita (1955), have been called "two monumental road novels that rip back and forth across American with

3120-407: A pioneer and originator of "reality TV" also created Bride and Groom and Queen for a Day . The People's Court is the first court show to use binding arbitration , introducing the format into the genre in 1981. The system has been duplicated by most of the show's successors in the judicial genre. Moreover, The People's Court is the first popular, long-running reality in the judicial genre. It

3276-486: A plan to win the needed money by playing blackjack and counting cards . Although the casino bosses obtain videotape evidence of the scheme and ask them to leave, Charlie successfully wins $ 86,000 to cover his debts. He also reconciles with Susanna, who has rejoined the brothers in Las Vegas. Returning to Los Angeles, Charlie meets with Bruner, who offers him $ 250,000 to walk away from Raymond. Charlie refuses, saying he

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3432-529: A popular shorthand for autism and savantism. In the final episode of the first season of Community , Pierce calls Abed "Rain Man" when listing members of the study group; Abed had been described previously as having Asperger's Syndrome , which is now diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder. In the 2015 biographical drama film Steve Jobs , when Jobs (played by Michael Fassbender ) is confronted by Apple CEO John Sculley ( Jeff Daniels ), he refers to co-founder Steve Wozniak ( Seth Rogen ) as "Rain Man". In

3588-426: A post-WW II genre, as they track key post-war cultural trends, such as the breakup of the traditional family structure, in which male roles were destabilized; there is focus on menacing events which impact the characters who are on the move; there is an association between the character and the mode of transportation being used (e.g., a car or motorcycle), with the car symbolizing the self in the modern culture; and there

3744-468: A road movie tradition than stretches from Bertrand Blier 's Les Valseuses (1973) and Agnès Varda 's Sans toit ni loi (about a homeless woman) to 1990s films such as Merci la vie (1991) and Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi 's Baise-moi (a controversial film about two women revenging a rape), to 2000s films such as Laurent Cantet 's L'emploi du temps (2001) and Cédric Kahn 's Feux rouges (2004). While French road movies share

3900-443: A rupture point in the narrative which erases and forgets the history of this violence. Canada also has huge expanses of territory, which make the road movie also common in that country, where the genre is used to examine "themes of alienation and isolation in relation to an expansive, almost foreboding landscape of seemingly endless space", and explore how Canadian identity differs from the "less humble and self-conscious neighbours to

4056-576: A small town where the inhabitants cause road accidents to salvage the vehicles; the biker film Stone (1974) by Sandy Harbutt , about a biker gang who witness a political cover-up murder; The (1981) thriller Roadgames by Richard Franklin , about a truck driver who tracks down a serial killer in the Australian outback; Dead-end Drive-in (1986) by Brian Trenchard-Smith , about a dystopian future where drive-in theatres are turned into detention centres; Metal Skin (1994) by Geoffrey Wright about

4212-586: A story about a journey down the Mississippi River that is full of social commentary; Heart of Darkness (1902), about a journey down a river in the Belgian Congo to search for a rogue colonial trader; and Women in Love (1920), which describes "travel and mobility" while also providing social commentary about the woes of industrialization. Laderman states that Women in Love particularly lays

4368-595: A street racer; and Kiss or Kill (1997) by Bill Bennett , a film noir-style road movie. The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994) has been called a "watershed gay road movie that addresses diversity in Australia". Walkabout (1971), Backroads (1977), and Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) use a depiction of travelling through the Australian outback to address the issue of relations between white and Indigenous people. In 2005, Fiona Probyn described

4524-548: A strong American influence, with the films incorporating the road movie-comedy genre hybrid made popular in US films such as Peter Farrelly 's Dumb and Dumber (1994). Spanish films including Los años bárbaros , Carretera y manta , Trileros , Al final del Camino , and Airbag , which has been called the "most successful Spanish road movie of all time". Airbag , along with Slam (2003), El mundo alrededor (2006) and Los managers , are examples of Spanish road films that, like US movies such as Road Trip , uses

4680-410: A subgenre of road movies about Indigenous Australians that she called "No Road" movies, in that they typically do not show a vehicle travelling on an asphalt road; instead, these films depict travel on a trail, often with Indigenous trackers being shown using their tracking abilities to discern hard-to-detect clues on the trail. With the increasing depiction of racial minorities in Australian road movies,

4836-522: A subversive erotic charge." In the 1950s, there were "wholesome" road comedies such as Bob Hope and Bing Crosby 's Road to Bali (1952), Vincente Minnelli 's The Long, Long Trailer (1954) and the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis film Hollywood or Bust (1956). There were not many 1950s road films, but "postwar youth culture" was depicted in The Wild One (1953) and Rebel Without

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4992-707: A surge of motion-pictures such as Road, Movie , nominated for the Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix Award , the Tribeca Film Festival , and the Generation 14plus at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival in 2010. Liars Dice explores the story of a young mother from a remote village who, going in search of her missing husband, goes missing, the film examines the human cost of migration to cities and

5148-553: A taxi driver trying to find about the Hollywood detective character Charlie Chan , and Abraham Lim 's Roads and Bridges (2001), about an Asian-American prisoner who is sentenced to clean up garbage along a Midwestern highway. Australia's vast open spaces and concentrated population have made the road movie a key genre in that country, with films such as George Miller 's Mad Max films, which were rooted in an Australian tradition for films with " dystopian and noir themes with

5304-414: A wealthy woman who goes on the road is liberated from her elite background and marriage to an immoral husband when she meets and experiences hospitality from regular, good-hearted Americans who she never would have met in her previous life, with middle America depicted as a utopia of "real community". The scenes in road movies tend to elicit longing for a mythic past. American road movies have tended to be

5460-632: A white genre, with Spike Lee 's Get on the Bus (1996) being a notable exception, as its main characters are African-American men on a bus travelling to the Million Man March (the film depicts the historic role of buses in the US civil rights movement). Asian-American filmmakers have used the road movie to examine the role and treatment of Asian-Americans in the United States; examples include Wayne Wang 's Chan Is Missing (1982), about

5616-716: Is about a poor rural person's trip into a big city to help his mother, who is dying. The road trip on this film is shown as a "carnivalesque pilgrimage" or "travelling circus", an approach also used in Bye Bye Brazil (1979, Brazil), Guantanamera (1995, Cuba), and Central do Brasil ( Central Station , 1998, Brazil). Some Latin American road movies are also set in the era of conquest, such as Cabeza de Vaca (1991, Mexico). Movies about outlaws escaping from justice include Profundo Carmesí ( Deep Crimson , 1996, Mexico) and El Camino ( The Road , 2000, Argentina). Y tu mamá también ( And Your Mother Too , 2001, Mexico)

5772-541: Is about two Indigenous men. While rare, there are some road movies about large groups on the road ( Get on the Bus from 1996) and lone drivers ( Vanishing Point from 1971). The road movie has been called an elusive and ambiguous film genre. Timothy Corrigan states that road movies are a "knowingly impure" genre as they have "overdetermined and built-in genre-blending tendencies". Devin Orgeron states that road movies, despite their literal focus on car trips, are "about

5928-476: Is about two young male buddies who have sexual adventures on the road. Movies involving road movie genre while being rejected by mainstream media, gained huge popularity in Russian art cinema and surrounding post-Soviet cultures, slowly building their way into international film festivals. Well-known examples are My Joy (2010), Bimmer (2003), Major (2013), and How Vitka Chesnok Took Lyokha Shtyr to

6084-472: Is an "overlooked strain of film history". Major genre studies often do not examine road movies, and there has been little analysis of what qualifies as a road movie. The road movie is mostly associated with the United States, as it focuses on "peculiarly American dreams, tensions and anxieties". US road movies examine the tension between the two foundational myths of American culture, which are individualism and populism, which leads to some road films depicting

6240-531: Is far from seamless, but Barry Levinson's direction is impressive, and strong performances from Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman add to its appeal." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A", on a scale of A+ to F. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Rain Man : becomingly modest, decently thought-out, sometimes funny film"; Hoffman's performance

6396-573: Is in the middle of importing four grey market Lamborghinis to Los Angeles for resale. He needs to deliver the cars to impatient buyers who have already made down payments to repay the loan he took out to buy them, but the EPA is holding the cars at the port because they have failed emission tests . Charlie directs an employee to lie to the buyers while he stalls his creditor. When Charlie learns that his estranged father Sanford Babbitt has died, he and his girlfriend Susanna travel to Cincinnati to settle

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6552-734: Is mentioned in numerous other films, such as Miss Congeniality , 21 , The Hangover , and Escape Room , as well as in the television series Breaking Bad and Barry . Raymond Babbitt was caricatured as a rain cloud in the animated episode of The Nanny , " Oy to the World ". During the episode, Fran fixes up CC the Abominable Babcock with the Rain Man. He is portrayed as a cloud of rain mumbling about weather patterns and being an excellent driver. References to Rain Man , Dustin Hoffman's performance in particular, have become

6708-437: Is no longer upset about being cut out of his father's will, but he wants to have a relationship with his brother. At a meeting with a court-appointed psychiatrist, Raymond proves to be unable to decide for himself what he wants. Charlie stops the questioning and tells Raymond he is happy to have him as his brother. As Raymond and Bruner board a train to return to the institution, Charlie promises to visit in two weeks. In drafting

6864-583: Is stuck between the father-daughter duo, as they embark on a journey from Delhi to Kolkata . In Nagesh Kukunoor 's children's film Dhanak a blind kid and his sister set off alone on a 300 km journey traversing testing Indian terrain from Jaislamer to Jodhpur , the film won the Crystal Bear Grand Prix for Best Children's Film, and Special Mention for the Best Feature Film by The Children's Jury for Generation Kplus at

7020-461: Is the first Hispanic judge to preside over a courtroom series. By the completion of the 16th season of The People's Court (2012–13), Milian had completed 12 + 1 ⁄ 2 seasons presiding over the series, officially making her the longest reigning judge over the program—outlasting Joseph Wapner 's reign of 12 seasons. For the remainder of the 2000–01 season, Davey Jones took over the role of bailiff, replacing Longobardi. In September 2001, Jones

7176-404: Is the first of all arbitration-based reality-style programs, which has overwhelmingly become the convention of the genre. The original series ran from 1981 to 1993, and the revival ran from 1997 to 2023. Both versions ran in first-run syndication . The show ranks as the longest-running traditional court show and second-longest-running court show in general, having a total of 38 overall seasons as of

7332-458: Is the show's longest-reigning arbiter, having made it to 20 years of presiding over the series by spring 2021. The program is the third highest rated of court shows after only Judge Judy reruns (ended the original run in July 2021) and Hot Bench (produced by Judy Sheindlin ), respectively. With Judge Judy ' s end at 25 seasons in 2021, The People's Court ' s revival now boasts

7488-546: Is usually a focus on men, with women typically being excluded, creating a "male escapist fantasy linking masculinity to technology". Despite these examples of the post-WW II aspects of road movies, Cohan and Hark argue that road movies go back to the 1930s. In the 2000s, a new crop of road movies was produced, including Vincent Gallo 's Brown Bunny (2003), Alexander Payne 's Sideways (2004), Jim Jarmusch 's Broken Flowers (2005) and Kelly Reichardt 's Old Joy (2006) and scholars are taking more interest in examining

7644-579: The Odyssey and the Aeneid . The road film is a standard plot employed by screenwriters . It is a type of bildungsroman , a story in which the hero changes, grows or improves over the course of the story. It focuses more on the journey rather than the goal. David Laderman lists other literary influences on the road movie, such as Don Quixote (1615), which uses a description of a journey to create social satire; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884),

7800-987: The 65th Berlin International Film Festival Finding Fanny is based on a road trip set in Goa and follows the journey of five dysfunctional friends who set out on a road trip in search of Fanny. The Good Road is told in a hyperlink format , where several stories are intertwined, with the center of the action being a highway in the rural lands of Gujarat near a town in Kutch . Several road movies have been produced in Africa , including Cocorico! Monsieur Poulet (1977, Niger ); The Train of Salt and Sugar (2016, Mozambique ); Hayat (2016, Morocco ); Touki Bouki (1973, Senegal) and Borders (2017, Burkina Faso ). The genre has its roots in spoken and written tales of epic journeys, such as

7956-756: The American Film Institute in their list of 100 Years...100 Cheers at #63. The cold open sketch in the April 1, 1989, installment of Saturday Night Live spoofed both the film and the Pete Rose gambling scandal at the time. Charlie and Raymond Babbitt were played by Ben Stiller and Dana Carvey , respectively, with Phil Hartman as Rose. The Babbitt brothers appear in The Simpsons Season 5 episode " $ pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Gambling) ". The film

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8112-477: The Interstate after they encounter a car accident. During the course of the journey, Charlie learns more about Raymond, including his ability to instantly perform complex calculations and count hundreds of objects at once , far beyond the normal range of human abilities. He also realizes that Raymond had lived with the family as a child and was the "Rain Man" (Charlie's infantile pronunciation of "Raymond"),

8268-541: The New York Psychiatric Institute when he was younger. Inspiration for the portrayal of Raymond Babbitt's mannerisms was drawn from a multitude of sources, but he thanked three men in his Oscar acceptance speech. One was Peter Guthrie, the autistic brother of Kevin Guthrie, a Princeton football player with whom Hoffman was in touch at the time. Another was autistic savant Joseph Sullivan, who was

8424-510: The O. J. Simpson murder trial revived interest in court shows, and Judge Judy became very successful, on September 8, 1997, a revival of The People's Court debuted in first-run syndication. The series as a whole reached its 38th season in September 2022, with its 26th and final season in its production cycle. The 1997–2023 reincarnation has vastly outlasted the program's original version, which ran 12 seasons. The show's second incarnation

8580-782: The Russo-Ukrainian War . Indian screens saw a series of road movies with experimental filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma 's works such as Kshana Kshanam . Rachel Dwyer , a reader in world cinema at the University of London -Department of South Asia, marked Varma's contribution into the new-age film noir . The film received critical reception at the Ann Arbor Film Festival , which led to a series of genre-benders like Mani Ratnam 's Thiruda Thiruda , and Varma's Daud , Anaganaga Oka Roju and Road . Subsequently 21st century bollywood movies witnessed

8736-582: The USA Network from October 16, 1995, to June 6, 1997. On September 8, 1997, after being out of production for four years, The People's Court was revived in first-run syndication as a 60-minute program. Former lawyer and Mayor of New York Ed Koch was chosen as arbiter, which he maintained for two seasons. By the 1999–2000 season, former New York State Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin (husband of Judy Sheindlin from Judge Judy and Judy Justice ) succeeded Koch. Sheindlin only lasted one and

8892-474: The United Artists label in the United States on December 16, 1988, to critical and commercial success. Praise was given to Levinson's direction, the performances (particularly Cruise and Hoffman), the screenplay, the musical score, the cinematography, and the film's portrayal of autism. The film grossed $ 354   million on a $ 25 million budget, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1988 , and received

9048-455: The "No Road" subgenre has also been associated with Asian-Australian films that depict travel using routes other than roads (e.g., the 2010 film Mother Fish , which depicts travel over water as it tells the story of the boat people refugees). The iconography of car crashes in many Australian road movies (particularly the Mad Max series) has been called a symbol of white-Indigenous violence,

9204-517: The "disintegration of the family and the community" and the "journey of transformation", as it depicts two fugitives on the run, whose distrust fades as the two women learn to trust each other from their adventures on the road. The images in the film are blend of homage to US road movie conventions (gas stations, billboards) and "recognizable Spanish types", such as the "embittered drunkard". Other European road films include Ingmar Bergman 's Wild Strawberries (1957), about an old professor travelling

9360-440: The "first mumblecore road movie"; Broken Flowers (2005); Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ' Little Miss Sunshine (2006), about a family's trip in a VW camper van; Old Joy (2006); Alexander Payne 's Nebraska (2013), which depicts a father and son on a road trip; Steven Knight 's Locke (2013), about a construction executive taking stressful calls on a road trip; and Jafar Panahi 's Taxi Tehran (2015), about

9516-481: The "road movie genre as a narrative framework for...gross-out sex comedy". The director of Airbag , Juanma Bajo Ulloa , states that he aimed to make fun of the road movie genre as established in North America, while still using the metamorphosis through road trip narrative that is popular in the genre (in this case, the main male character rejects his upper class girlfriend in favour of a prostitute he meets on

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9672-469: The "road picture" as a separate genre came only in the 1960s with Bonnie and Clyde and Easy Rider . Road movies were an important genre in the late 1960s and 1970s era of the New Hollywood , with films such as Terrence Malick 's Badlands and Richard Sarafian 's Vanishing Point (1971) showing an influence from Bonnie and Clyde . There may have been influences from French cinema in

9828-443: The 1930s focused on couples, in post-World War II films, usually the travellers are male buddies, although in some cases, women are depicted on the road, either as temporary companions, or more rarely, as the protagonist couple (e.g., Thelma & Louise from 1991). The genre can also be parodied, or have protagonists that depart from the typical heterosexual couple or buddy paradigm, as with The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of

9984-527: The 1940s internment of Japanese Canadians by the Canadian government (e.g., Lise Yasui 's Family Gathering (1988), Rea Tajiri 's History and Memory (1991) and Janet Tanaka 's Memories from the Department of Amnesia (1991). European filmmakers of road movies appropriate the conventions established by American directors, while at the same time reformulating these approaches, by de-emphasizing

10140-478: The 2008 film Tropic Thunder (in which Tom Cruise also appears), wherein Robert Downey Jr. 's character, Kirk Lazarus, chastises a fellow actor for portraying a character whose developmental disability is deemed too alienating for a mainstream audience. Rain Man is also known for popularizing the misconception that card counting is illegal in the United States. In 2006, the film was recognized by

10296-498: The 2022–23 television year, behind only niche court show Divorce Court by 2 seasons. The first version of The People's Court was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner . The final incarnation of the show had different presiding judges: former New York City Mayor Ed Koch (1997–1999), former New York Supreme Court Judge Jerry Sheindlin (1999–2001), and former Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian (2001–2023). Milian

10452-477: The Country column is the country of origin and/or financing, and does not necessarily represent the country or countries depicted in each film. Universal Pictures (International) The People%27s Court The People's Court is an American arbitration-based reality court show , featuring an arbitrator handling small claims disputes in a simulated courtroom set. Within the court show genre, it

10608-404: The Desert (1994), which depicts a group of drag queens who tour the Australian desert. Other examples of the increasing diversity of the drivers shown in 1990s and subsequent decades' road films are The Living End (1992), about two gay, HIV-positive men on a road trip; To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995), which is about drag queens, and Smoke Signals (1998), which

10764-470: The Home for Invalids (2017). Some other movies incorporate a large portion of road movie style, for example Morphine (2008), Leviathan (2014), Cargo 200 (2007), Donbass (2018). With themes ranging from crime, corruption and power to history, addiction and existence, road movies became an independent part of cinematic landscape. From the strong flow of existentialism, to the black comedy style,

10920-543: The Last Crusade , and he would later regret the decision. Mickey Rourke was also offered a role, but he turned it down. Mel Gibson was also offered the role of Raymond, but he turned it down. For a year prior to playing Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman prepared to portray Raymond's autism by seeking out and educating himself on other autistic people, particularly those with savant syndrome. Hoffman had some experience with disabled individuals prior to filming, having worked at

11076-687: The NEP/Image studios in the former Grand Ballroom of the Hotel Pennsylvania , which was also the studio for the talk show Maury . In 1998, the show began taping at the MTI Studios on the 8th floor at 401 Fifth Avenue, where the courtroom received a makeover. In 2006, the MTI Studios were sold to NEP/Image. At the end credits of some episodes, the show is said to be taped at the NEP/Image studios. The former MTI studios are officially part of NEP Broadcasting 's NEP Penn Studios. In 2012,

11232-612: The Road (1976). All three films were shot by cinematographer Robby Müller and mostly take place in West Germany . Kings of the Road includes stillness, which is unusual for road movies, and quietness (except for the rock soundtrack). Other road movies by Wenders include Paris, Texas and Until the End of the World . Wender's road movies "filter nomadic excursions through a pensive Germanic lens" and depict "somber drifters coming to terms with their internal scars". France has

11388-595: The Side (1995), in that they show a "less traditional" and more "visible, innovative, introspective, and realistic" type of woman onscreen. Spanish road movies about women include Hola, ¿estás sola? , Lisboa , Fugitivas , Retorno a Hansala , and Sin Dejar Huella address social issues about women, such as the "injustice and mistreatment" that women experience under "authoritarian patriarchal order." Fugitivas depicts an American road movie genre convention:

11544-1100: The US road movie's focus on the theme of individual freedom, French movies also balance this value with equality and fraternity, according to the French Republican model of liberty-equality-fraternity. Neil Archer states that French and other Francophone (e.g., Belgium, Switzerland) road films focus on "displacement and identity", notably in regards to maghrebin immigrants and young people (e.g., Yamina Benguigui 's Inch'Allah Dimanche (2001), Ismaël Ferroukhi 's La Fille de Keltoum (2001) and Tony Gatlif 's Exils (2004). More broadly, European films are tending to use imagery of border-crossing and focusing on "marginal identities and economic migration", which can be seen in Lukas Moodysson 's Lilja 4-ever (2002), Michael Winterbottom's In This World (2002) and Ulrich Seidl 's Import/Export (2007). European road movies also examine post-colonialism , "disclocation, memory and identity". Road movies from Spain have

11700-737: The [history of] the cinema, about the culture of the image", with road movies created with a mixture of Classical Hollywood film genres. The road movie genre developed from a "constellation of “solid” modernity, combining locomotion and media-motion" to get "away from the sedentarising forces of modernity and produc[e] contingency". Road movies are blended with other genres to create a number of subgenres, including: road horror (e.g., Near Dark from 1987); road comedies (e.g., Flirting with Disaster from 1996); road racing films (e.g., Death Race 2000 from 1975) and rock concert tour films (e.g., Almost Famous from 2000). Film noir road movies include Detour (1945), Desperate , The Devil Thumbs

11856-469: The bench from September 13, 1999, to March 9, 2001, and ratings on the show lagged. The bailiff for both of these judges' tenures was Josephine Ann Longobardi. On March 12, 2001, late in The People's Court ' s fourth season, retired Florida State Circuit Court Judge Marilyn Milian replaced Sheindlin as presiding judge on the court show. Under Milian, People's Court ratings improved. Milian

12012-461: The car crash experience", a subject matter which led to Ted Turner lobbying against the film being shown in US theatres. Asian-Canadian filmmakers have made road films about the experience of Canadians of Asian origin, such as Ann Marie Fleming 's The Magical Life of Long Tak Sam , which is about her search for her "Chinese grandfather, an itinerant magician and acrobat". Other Asian-Canadian road movies look at their relatives experiences during

12168-589: The car was auctioned in January 2022 by Bonhams in Scottsdale, Arizona , and sold for $ 335,000. The camera-carrying car was similarly acquired by Barry Levinson, who had it restored by Wayne Carini of the Chasing Classic Cars television series a few years later. Road movie There are two main narratives: the quest and the outlaw chase. In the quest-style film, the story meanders as

12324-487: The case of cross judgments). Each litigant received at least what remained of their half in shows concluding with that disclaimer. The disclaimer did not call this fund an "appearance fee", a term which appeared later in connection with The People's Court and other court shows. There may have been a later period when The People's Court paid the judgment, plus expenses and only a modest appearance fee to each litigant. In 1993, after 12 seasons on The People's Court , Wapner

12480-410: The characters make discoveries (e.g., Two-Lane Blacktop from 1971). In outlaw road movies, in which the characters are fleeing from law enforcement, there is usually more sex and violence (e.g., Natural Born Killers from 1994). Road films tend to focus more on characters' internal conflicts and transformations, based on their feelings as they experience new realities on their trip, rather than on

12636-540: The concept into a show shot in a studio rather than a real courtroom. Small-claims court participants agreed to drop their court cases and accept binding arbitration in a simulated courtroom. The networks expressed interest, but still did not buy it; however, it did sell into the first-run syndication market. The series was executive produced by Ralph Edwards , who also created and hosted the documentary show This Is Your Life , and Stu Billett, who later went on to create Moral Court . John Masterson, whom many consider

12792-442: The conclusion of each case. Beginning with the 2016-17 season, Doug Llewelyn from the first incarnation of The People's Court took over this litigant interviewing role. Chaplin, however, maintained his voice-over role in the series. In this role, Chaplin narrated the court show in a manner that poked fun at the cases with melodramatic and exaggerated vocal expressions and verbiage. Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch presided over

12948-420: The country's history, current situation, and to anxieties about the future. The Mad Max films, including Mad Max , The Road Warrior and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome , "have become canonical for their dystopic reinvention of the outback as a post-human wasteland where survival depends upon manic driving skills". Other Australian road movies include Peter Weir 's The Cars That Ate Paris (1974), about

13104-586: The court from September 8, 1997, to June 25, 1999, with reruns airing until September 10. In 1998, Carol Martin left the show, with Levin becoming the sole host. The studio segments were done away with and Levin hosted the entire episodes from the viewing area, which eventually moved from the Manhattan Mall to the Times Square visitors' center. Since Levin is now based in Los Angeles with TMZ ,

13260-480: The creation of Bonnie and Clyde ; David Newman and Robert Benton have stated that they were influenced by Jean-Luc Godard 's A bout de souffle (1960) and François Truffaut 's Tirez sur la pianiste (1960). More generally, Devin Orgeron states that American road movies were based on post-WW II European cinema's own take on the American road film approach, showing a mutual influence between US and European filmmakers in this genre. The addition of violence to

13416-411: The destructive power of cars and the country’s harsh, sparsely populated land mass ". Australian road movies have been described as having a dystopian or gothic tone, as the road the characters travel on is often a "dead end", with the journey being more about "inward-looking" exploration than reaching the intended location. In Australia, road movies have been called a "complex metaphor" which refers to

13572-401: The dramatic movement-based sequences that predominate in action films . Road movies do not typically use the standard three-act structure used in mainstream films; instead, an "open-ended, rambling plot structure" is used. The road movie keeps its characters "on the move", and as such the "car, the tracking shot , [and] wide and wild open space" are important iconography elements, similar to

13728-554: The end of the Wapner run in 1993, the opening disclaimer by Jack Harrell was changed: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a California Municipal Court. Both parties have agreed to dismiss their court cases, and have their disputes settled here...in our forum... The People's Court . On September 8, 1997, when The People's Court expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes, where former New York mayor Ed Koch became

13884-550: The estate. He inherits only a group of rosebushes and a classic 1949 Buick Roadmaster convertible over which he and Sanford had clashed, while the remainder of the $ 3 million estate is going to an unnamed trustee . He learns that the money is being directed to a local mental institution , where he meets his elder brother Raymond, of whom he was unaware. Raymond is an autistic savant and adheres to strict routines. He has superb recall , but he shows little emotional expression, except when in distress. Charlie spirits Raymond out of

14040-525: The exploitation of migrant workers. It was India's Official Entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the 87th Academy Awards . It won special prize at Sofia International Film Festival . In Karwaan , the protagonist is forced to set out on a road trip from Bengaluru to Kochi after he loses his father in an accident, but the body delivered to him is of the mother of a woman in another state. Ryan Gilbey of The Guardian

14196-400: The film grossed over $ 354   million worldwide, while The Numbers reported that the film grossed $ 412.8   million worldwide. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Rain Man holds an approval rating of 88%, based on 136 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The website's critical consensus states: "This road-trip movie about an autistic savant and his callow brother

14352-474: The film three and a half stars out of four. He wrote: Hoffman proves again that he almost seems to thrive on impossible acting challenges. ... I felt a certain love for Raymond, the Hoffman character. I don't know quite how Hoffman got me to do it. Gene Siskel also gave the film three and a half stars out of four, singling out Cruise for praise: "The strength of the film is really that of Cruise's performance...the combination of two superior performances makes

14508-404: The film's harshest reviews came from The New Yorker magazine critic Pauline Kael , who said, "Everything in this movie is fudged ever so humanistically, in a perfunctory, low-pressure way. And the picture has its effectiveness: people are crying at it. Of course they're crying at it—it's a piece of wet kitsch ." Rain Man was placed on 39 critics' "ten best" lists in 1988, based on a poll of

14664-613: The film, Fear Street Part One: 1994 , Simon, surprised by Josh's knowledge of a seemingly unknown girl who had attacked him, says: "Jesus, Rain Man. How [...] do you know that?". In June 1989, at least fifteen major airlines showed edited versions of Rain Man that omitted the scene involving Raymond's refusal to fly, mentioning the crashes of American Airlines Flight 625 , Delta Air Lines Flight 191 , and Continental Airlines Flight 1713 , except on Australia-based Qantas . Those criticizing this decision included film director Barry Levinson, co-screenwriter Ronald Bass, and George Kirgo (at

14820-457: The final two years doing The People's Court . In April 2023, it was reported that Allen Media Group had signed Milian to a new show, Justice for the People with Judge Milian , set to premiere in syndication in fall 2023. When The People's Court premiered on September 14, 1981, as a half-hour show, the first opening disclaimer was used during the first five seasons of the Wapner run, and

14976-449: The general public. Rain Man is known, in particular, for its portrayal of a man with both autism and savant skills, leading much of its viewing audience to incorrectly assume the intellectual capabilities of autistic people at large. Characters like Raymond Babbitt, whose characterization has been criticized for adhering to stereotypes , are portrayed as having an otherworldly intellectual ability that, rather than disable them from living

15132-401: The genre's longest single production continuance having entered its 26th season in the 2022–23 television year (albeit having gone through 3 arbitrators). In June 2021, The People's Court won its 4th Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program , which officially gives it the most Daytime Emmy wins in the court show genre. In February 2023, it was confirmed that the 26th season of

15288-589: The genre. The British Film Institute highlights ten post-2000 road films that show that "[t]here’s still plenty of gas left in the road movie genre". The BFI's top 10 include Andrea Arnold ’s American Honey (2016), which used "mostly non-professional actors"; Alfonso Cuarón 's Y tu mamá también (2001), about Mexican teens on the road; The Brown Bunny (2003), which garnered publicity for its "infamous fellatio scene"; Walter Salles ' The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), about Che Guevera's epic motorcycle trip; Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass ' The Puffy Chair (2005),

15444-476: The groundwork for the future road films, as it showed a couple who rebelled against social norms by leaving their familiar location and going on an aimless, meandering journey. Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) depicts a family that struggles to survive on the road during the Great Depression, a book that has been called "America's best-known proletarian road saga". The movie version of

15600-459: The heterosexual couple are united by their involvement in murder; as well, with jail hanging over their heads, there can be no return to domestic life at the end of the film. There have been three historical eras of the "outlaw-rebel" road movie: the post-WW II film noir era (e.g., Detour ), the late 1960s era which was rocked by the Vietnam War ( Easy Rider and Bonnie and Clyde ), and

15756-463: The in-flight entertainment, the scene was shown intact on flights of Qantas, and commentators noted that Raymond mentions it as the only airline whose planes have "never crashed". The film is credited with introducing Qantas's safety record to U.S. consumers. However, contrary to the claims made in the film, Qantas aircraft have been involved in a number of fatal accidents since the airline's founding in 1920 (although none involving jet aircraft, with

15912-441: The institution. Morrow ultimately decided to drop this ending in favor of Raymond's returning to the institution, as he felt the original ending would not have stuck with the viewers as effectively as the revised ending did. Almost all of the principal photography occurred during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike ; one key scene that was affected by the lack of writers was the film's final scene. Bass delivered his last draft of

16068-423: The intellectually disabled Sackter, and, in doing so, ended up taking some situational aspects from his friendship and using them to help craft the relationship between Charlie and Raymond. Following the success of Bill , the made-for-TV movie he had written about Sackter, Morrow met Kim Peek and was wildly intrigued by his savant syndrome. Going into the creation of the film, Morrow was still essentially unaware of

16224-482: The intricacies of the condition, as well as of autism itself; instead deciding that the movie was less about Raymond's intellectual disability, and more about the relationship formed between Raymond and Charlie. Roger Birnbaum was the first studio executive to give the film a green light ; he did so immediately after Barry Morrow pitched the story. Birnbaum received "special thanks" in the film's credits. Real-life brothers Dennis and Randy Quaid were considered for

16380-490: The judge, the opening disclaimer by Curt Chaplin was changed: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in civil court. Both sides have agreed to settle their dispute here in Judge Jerry Sheindlin's forum... The People's Court . When Marilyn Milian replaced Jerry Sheindlin as the final judge on March 12, 2001, the opening disclaimer

16536-465: The judge, the show moved to New York City, and the opening disclaimer was changed and was narrated by Curt Chaplin : What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with a case pending in a New York Metropolitan Area Court. Both parties have agreed to drop their claims, and have their dispute settled here...in our forum... The People's Court . On September 13, 1999, when Jerry Sheindlin replaced Ed Koch as

16692-411: The judgment, as such. Instead (as is stated in the disclaimer at the end of each show), both parties are paid from a fund (set up by Ralph Edwards-Stu Billett Productions). This fund was based on the amount of the lawsuit claim, but an exact formula was not stated. The fund was to be first divided equally, then any monetary judgment ordered was subtracted from the loser's half (and presumably both halves in

16848-462: The last incident taking place in December 1951). Two 1949 Roadmaster convertibles were used in the filming, one of which had its rear suspension stiffened to bear the additional load of camera equipment and a cameraman. After filming completed, the unmodified car was acquired by Hoffman, who had it restored and added it to his collection. He kept it for 34 years. Hemmings Motor News reported that

17004-482: The law into your own hands; you take 'em to court," which became something of the 1980s catchphrase . If a case ended with a verdict for the defendant, however, Llewelyn instead ended the episode by saying, "If someone files a lawsuit against you and yet you're convinced you've done nothing wrong, don't be intimidated. The best policy is to go to court and stand up for your rights." The cases often had pun -related names, such as "The Overdone Underthings" and "A Head with

17160-685: The mental institution and into a hotel for the night. Disheartened with the way Charlie treats Raymond, Susanna leaves him. Charlie asks Raymond's doctor, Dr. Gerald Bruner, for half the estate in exchange for Raymond's return, but Bruner refuses. Charlie decides to attempt to gain custody of his brother to get control of the money. After Raymond refuses to fly to Los Angeles, he and Charlie resort to driving there instead. They make slow progress because Raymond insists on sticking to his routines, which include watching The People's Court on television every day, getting to bed by 11:00 p.m., and refusing to travel when it rains. He also objects to traveling on

17316-410: The movie worth watching." Amy Dawes of Variety wrote that "one of the year's most intriguing film premises ... is given uneven, slightly off-target treatment"; she called the road scenes "hastily, loosely written, with much extraneous screen time", but admired the last third of the film, calling it a depiction of "two very isolated beings" who "discover a common history and deep attachment". One of

17472-508: The nation's top 100 critics. The release of Rain Man in 1988 coincided with a tenfold increase in funding for medical research and diagnoses of individuals for autism. The latter is primarily due to autism's being more broadly defined in newer editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , particularly versions III-R and IV . The movie is credited, however, with significantly increasing awareness of autism among

17628-443: The novel, made a year later, depicts the hungry, weary family's travel on Route 66 using "montage sequences, reflected images of the road on windshields and mirrors", and shots taken from the driver's point of view to create a sense of movement and place. Even though Henry Miller's The Air-Conditioned Nightmare (1947) is not a fictional work, it captures the mood of frustration, restlessness and aimlessness that became prevalent in

17784-542: The only actor to have won three awards in the category) garnered his first Best Actor win for his portrayal of cerebral palsy patient Christy Brown in My Left Foot . The Academy's incentivizing of such casting practices has drawn criticism from disabled actors and self-advocates , who argue that these decisions sideline more authentic stories about disabled characters, in favor of leveraging already-established actors' prestige. This pattern has even been satirized by

17940-587: The open road as a "utopian fantasy" with a homogenous culture while others show it as a "dystopian nightmare" of extreme cultural differences. US road movies depict the wide open, vast spaces of the highways as symbolizing the "scale and notionally utopian" opportunities to move up upwards and outwards in life. In US road movies, the road is an "alternative space" where the characters, now set apart from conventional society, can experience transformation. For example, in It Happened One Night (1934),

18096-471: The plaintiff and defendant in interesting cases. The producers offered to have Judge Wapner arbitrate the dispute if they would agree to dismiss their action and be bound by Judge Wapner's decision. Through this approach, the show could get real people with real cases. Though the show is decorated and runs like a real courtroom, it is not a real court or part of any judicial system, but instead a form of binding arbitration . The losing party does not need to pay

18252-434: The plaintiff won, the show would pay his/her judgment and give the defendant $ 50 for his/her time, whereas if the defendant won, the parties would "split $ 500". In 1989, a litigant sued the producers, claiming, "I was only willing to appear because they guaranteed me $ 1,500. I never would have appeared on that show and made a fool out of myself for a chintzy $ 250." (In response, an associate producer said that before going on

18408-629: The post-Reagan era of the 1990s, when the "masculinist heroics of the Gulf War gave way to closer scrutiny" ( My Own Private Idaho , Thelma & Louise and Natural Born Killers ). In the 1970s, there were low-budget outlaw films depicting chases, such as Eddie Macon's Run . In the 1980s, there were rural Southern road movies such as Smokey and the Bandit and the Cannonball Run chase films of 1981 and 1984. The outlaw couple movie

18564-414: The pre-WW II era was changed by the publication of Jack Kerouac 's On the Road in 1957, as it sketched out the future for the road movie and provided its "master narrative" of exploration, questing, and journeying. The book includes many descriptions of driving in cars. It also depicted the character Sal Paradise, a middle class college student who goes on the road to seek material for his writing career,

18720-491: The program. He did, however, note that the two People's Court judges who succeeded him, Ed Koch and Jerry Sheindlin , only lasted no more than two seasons each, whereas he lasted the original series' entire 12 seasons. He also emphasized that judges need to be respectful of litigants. In 2009, he returned to The People's Court during the Marilyn Milian era to preside over a case in honor of his 90th birthday. After

18876-428: The remainder is divided equally between both litigants. The amount of the fund is dependent on the size of the judgment. No information is given as to what relation the amount of the fund bears to the size of the judgment, nor the amount of the fund if a verdict for the defense is rendered. In a talk-show appearance, Judge Wapner gave a few more specifics as to how compensation was typically calculated. In his words, if

19032-445: The revival would be its last. The final episode aired on July 21, 2023. When John Masterson devised the original camera-in-court concept in 1975, he first pitched it to Monty Hall , the producer and host of the game show Let's Make a Deal , and his partner, producer-writer Stefan Hatos. They put a young associate, Stu Billett, in charge of selling it, but the networks were not interested. Billett later went out on his own and refined

19188-463: The road movie experienced a new revival. Most precious are pieces from Sergei Loznitsa , in his early work My Joy (2010) he used black noir style to tell the story of people falling together with destruction of governments after the fall of the Soviet Union. In his later work Donbass (2018), he takes an opposing style, turning to black comedy and satire to underline actual war tragedies in

19344-436: The road movie. In the book, which describe's Miller's cross-country journey across the United States, he criticizes the nation's descent into materialism. Western films such as John Ford 's Stagecoach (1939) have been called "proto-road movies." In the film, an unusual group of travellers, including a banker, prostitute, escaped prisoner and a military officer's wife, move through the dangerous desert trails. Even though

19500-646: The road). Airbag also uses Spanish equivalents to the stock road movie setting and iconography, depicting "deserts, casinos and road clubs" and use the road movie action sequences (chases, car explosions, and crashes) that remind the viewer of similar work by Tony Scott and Oliver Stone . A second subtype of Spanish road movies is more influenced by the female road movies from the US, such as Martin Scorsese 's Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), Jonathan Demme 's Crazy Mama (1975), Ridley Scott 's Thelma & Louise (1991), and Herbert Ross ' Boys on

19656-463: The roads of Sweden and picking up hitchhikers and Jean-Luc Godard 's Pierrot le fou (1965) about law-breaking lovers escaping on the road. Both of these films, as well as Roberto Rossellini 's Voyage in Italy (1953) and Godard's Weekend (1967) have more "existential sensibility" or pauses for "philosophical digressions of a European bent", as compared with American road films. Three Men and

19812-482: The roles of Raymond Babbitt and Charles Babbitt. Agents at Creative Artists Agency sent the script to Dustin Hoffman and Bill Murray , envisioning Murray in the title role, and Hoffman in the role eventually portrayed by Tom Cruise. Martin Brest , Steven Spielberg and Sydney Pollack were directors also involved in the film. Spielberg was attached to the film for five months, until he left to direct Indiana Jones and

19968-501: The script only hours before the strike started and spent no time on the set. Rain Man debuted December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins ), with $ 7   million. It reached the first spot the weekend of December 30 – January 2, finishing 1988 with $ 42   million. The film would become the highest-grossing U.S. film of 1988 by earning more than $ 172   million. Worldwide figures vary, though. Box Office Mojo claims that

20124-587: The sexual tension of road movies in the late 1960s and in subsequent decades can be seen as a way to create more excitement and "frisson". From the 1930s to 1960s, merely showing a man and woman on a road trip was exciting for audience, as all the motel stays and closeness had implied, yet deferred, consummation of the sexual attraction between the characters (sex could not be depicted due to the Motion Picture Production Code ). With Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and Natural Born Killers (1994),

20280-569: The show moved to the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford, taking advantage of the same state tax credits which attracted NBCUniversal 's syndication and cable divisions to the Stamford area. The aired episodes are sometimes spliced together in a different order from which they are taped (a common procedure on some hour-long shows). This is why the judge's blouse color may change and why fewer courtroom observers may be seen during

20436-507: The show was still doing well. However, although the show had a good run ratings-wise, the ratings had dropped to an all-time low at around the time The People's Court was canceled. Wapner stated that he was told years later that the producers did not want to hurt his feelings, but that it was exactly what they did. He also stated that he was not notified when the producers decided to revamp the series and that he held no opinions on The People's Court judges who succeeded him as he never watched

20592-569: The show, participants are given a packet of information "where everything is clearly outlined to the nth degree.") The New York Post reported on some of the details surrounding compensation for a lawsuit filed by Claudia Evart. "The show pays all damages awarded to defendants and plaintiffs, as well as a $ 250 appearance fee." The 1981–93 life of the show was initially taped at Golden West Broadcasters and, later, Metromedia Square in Los Angeles, before moving to The Production Group. In New York City, The People's Court first taped episodes at

20748-461: The soundbites of Judge Milian's voice were removed from the opening, and Curt Chaplin's opening disclaimer was slightly changed: Everybody's talking about the honorable Marilyn Milian, the hottest judge on television. Real cases, real litigants. Here...in our forum... The People's Court . In September 2009, the final opening disclaimer was used: What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with

20904-456: The south", in United States. Canadian road films include Donald Shebib 's Goin' Down the Road (1970), three Bruce McDonald films ( Roadkill (1989), Highway 61 (1991), and Hard Core Logo (1996), a mockumentary about a punk rock band's road tour), Malcolm Ingram 's Tail Lights Fade (1999) and Gary Burns ' The Suburbanators (1995). David Cronenberg 's Crash (1996) depicted drivers who get "perverse sexual arousal through

21060-497: The speed of the driver on the road, increasing the amount of introspection (often on themes such as national identity), and depicting the road trip as a search on the part of the characters. The German filmmaker Wim Wenders explored the American themes of road movies through his European reference point in his Road Movie trilogy in the mid-1970s. They include Alice in the Cities (1974), The Wrong Move (1975), and Kings of

21216-452: The story for Rain Man , Barry Morrow decided to base Raymond Babbitt on his experiences with both Kim Peek and Bill Sackter, two men who had gained notoriety and fame for their intellectual disabilities and, in Peek's case, for his abilities as a savant that were evident in high speed reading and extremely detailed memory. Prior to the conception of Rain Man , Morrow had formed a friendship with

21372-518: The subject of two documentary films and whose mother, Dr. Ruth Sullivan , was the founding president of the Autism Society of America and served as a consultant on the film. The third was savant Kim Peek, with whom Hoffman met as part of his research of the role, wherein he would observe and mimic Peek's actions, attempting to give an accurate portrayal of what an individual with savant syndrome might act like. His mimicry of Peek's savant syndrome

21528-519: The time, the President of the Writers Guild of America, West ). "I think it's a key scene to the entire movie," Levinson said in a telephone interview. "That's why it's in there. It launches their entire odyssey across country – because they couldn't fly." Although some of those airlines cited as justification avoiding having airplane passengers feel uncomfortable in sympathy with Raymond during

21684-465: The travellers are so unlike each other, the mutual danger they must face in travelling through Geronimo 's Apache territory requires them to work together to create a "utopia of...community". The difference between older stories about wandering characters and the road movie is technological: with road movies, the hero travels by car, motorcycle, bus or train, making road movies a representation of modernity's advantages and social ills. The on-the-road plot

21840-547: The viewing area has moved to the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California , while production of The People's Court has moved to Connecticut. The opening outlines of the taped cases are shown to people in the outdoor viewing area on a monitor. Their responses are edited into the program. Judge Jerry Sheindlin (husband of Judge Judy Sheindlin , the presiding judge over Judge Judy ) sat on

21996-438: Was a "display of sustained virtuosity ... [that] makes no lasting connections with the emotions. Its end effect depends largely on one's susceptibility to the sight of an actor acting nonstop and extremely well, but to no particularly urgent dramatic purpose. Canby considered the "film's true central character" to be "the confused, economically and emotionally desperate Charlie, beautifully played by Mr. Cruise." Roger Ebert gave

22152-457: Was announced that The People's Court revival would end after 26 seasons. Variety reported that the cancelation was due to a broader decline in advertising revenue for syndicated daytime shows, leading television stations to prioritize spending money on local news, rather than acquiring other programming. This also ends a 26-year relationship with Harvey Levin and Telepictures which sold TMZ to Fox Corporation in 2021 while continuing

22308-547: Was broadly positive about Zoya Akhtar 's Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ; he wrote, "It's still playing to full houses, and you can see why. Slick it may be. But tourist board employees representing the various Spanish cities flattered in the movie are not the only ones who will come out grinning", and that he found the movie "stubbornly un-macho" for a buddy film. Piku tells the story of the short-tempered Piku Banerjee ( Deepika Padukone ), her grumpy, aging father Bhashkor ( Amitabh Bachchan ) and Rana Chaudhary ( Irrfan Khan ), who

22464-562: Was changed: What you are witnessing is real. The participants are not actors. They are actual litigants with real cases. They will settle their disputes here...in Judge Marilyn Milian's forum... The People's Court . Later, Milian's opening disclaimer was changed: There's a new judge in town, the honorable Marilyn Milian. She will be hearing real cases presented by real litigants who have agreed to have their disputes settled here...in our forum... The People's Court . Then,

22620-525: Was deemed a poor fit for the character by Hoffman, resulting in Hoffman's decision to make Babbitt not only a man with savant syndrome, but also with autism. Principal photography included nine weeks of filming on location in Cincinnati and throughout northern Kentucky . Other portions were shot in the desert near Palm Springs, California . There was originally a different ending to the movie drafted by Morrow that differed from Raymond's going back to

22776-412: Was headed by three judges in all. The new The People's Court expanded from the original version's 30-minute length to a 60-minute broadcast where former New York Newscaster Carol Martin (1997–98) of WCBS-TV hosted from a studio. Harvey Levin (1997–2023) was also added to the show cast in a role that was added to reflect the court show's title People's Court : returning from breaks, Levin acting as

22932-440: Was his bailiff , Jack Harrell was the announcer, and Doug Llewelyn was the host and court reporter , who announced the matter of the dispute at the beginning of each trial. He also interviewed the plaintiff and the defendant after the court ruling, to gauge their responses to the verdict. Llewelyn often ended each episode with a jaunty "If you're in a dispute with another party and you can't seem to work things out, don't take

23088-484: Was narrated by Jack Harrell: What you are about to witness is real. The participants are not actors. They are the actual people who have already either filed suit or been served a summons to appear in a California Municipal Court. Both parties in the suit have agreed to dismiss their court cases, and have their disputes settled here...in our forum... The People's Court . Beginning in Season 6 (1986-1987), and running until

23244-492: Was not invited back to the show. The show's producers wished to revamp the series, but they did not notify him of that decision, which he eventually learned of from his brother-in-law, who read about it in the San Francisco Chronicle . Wapner expressed holding great resentment and bitterness at the show's producers for his finding out this way, and additional resentment over being let go when, according to him,

23400-557: Was preceded only by a few short-lived realities in the genre; these short-lived predecessors were only loosely related to judicial proceedings, except for one: Parole (1959) took footage from real-life courtrooms holding legal proceedings. Before The People's Court , the vast majority of TV courtroom shows used actors, and recreated or fictional cases (as did radio before that ). Examples of these types of court shows include Famous Jury Trials and Your Witness . The People's Court has had two incarnations. The show's first life

23556-449: Was presided over solely by former Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Joseph Wapner . His tenure lasted from the show's debut on September 14, 1981, until May 28, 1993, when the show was canceled due to falling ratings. This left the show with a total of 2,484 half-hour episodes and 12 seasons. The show was taped in Los Angeles during its first life. After being canceled, reruns aired in syndication until September 9, 1994, and on

23712-434: Was reinvented in the 1990s with a postmodernist take in films such as Wild at Heart , Kalifornia and True Romance . While the first road movies described the discovery of new territories or pushing the boundaries of a nation, which was a core message of early Western films in the United States, road movies were later used to show how national identities were changing, such as which Edgar G. Ulmer ’s Detour (1945),

23868-687: Was replaced by Douglas McIntosh, who remained on the show until its cancellation in July 2023. In 2008, The People's Court , under Milian's reign, was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award under a new Courtroom/Legal Show category created by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . In 2009 and 2010, the show was nominated again for the Daytime Emmy Award under the same category but did not win. On May 1, 2013, The People's Court had again been nominated for an Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program Daytime Emmy, but again did not win. The show

24024-654: Was taped in Manhattan for the first 15 seasons of the revival; beginning with the 16th season (2012–13), it was taped in Stamford, Connecticut . For the show's 20th season, Doug Llewelyn returned to the series for the first time since the end of the original series. He resumed his previous role as host/reporter, replacing Curt Chaplin, who remained in the announcer role as of March 2017 . For Llewelyn's first show back, Judge Milian welcomed him "home" and handed him his suit jacket and microphone. On February 18, 2023, it

24180-508: Was unaware of. Morrow created the character of Raymond after meeting real-life savant Kim Peek ; his characterization was based on both Peek and Bill Sackter , a good friend of Morrow who was the subject of Bill , an earlier film that Morrow wrote. Rain Man competed at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the highest prize: the Golden Bear . The film was released theatrically by MGM/UA Communications Co. under

24336-403: Was used at the birth of American cinema but blossomed in the years after World War II , reflecting a boom in automobile production and the growth of youth culture. Early road movies have been criticized by some progressives for their "casual misogyny", "fear of otherness", and for not examining issues such as power, privilege, and gender and for mostly showing white people. The road movie of

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