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63-536: The son of an inspector of the Department of Water of Orléans , Blanchard attended Holy Cross School and Pothier Secondary School, where he studied under the geographer Louis Gallouédec . He was admitted to the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1897, he became excited by geography, which was taught by Paul Vidal de La Blache . Blanchard received his agrégation in 1900 and became a professor at

126-627: A basketball team: Orléans Loiret Basket which is in the French first division . The club won the "Coupe de France" of basketball, its first major trophy, in the season 2009 – 2010. Orléans also has a football club, the US Orléans , which plays in Championnat National . There is also a semi-professional rugby team, RC Orléans . The city also has very well known clubs in karate , fencing and judo . In 2012, Orléans hosted

189-920: A biography. In the centre of Grenoble is rue Raoul-Blanchard. Collège Raoul-Blanchard is in Annecy . A spatial analysis laboratory named after him is in Nice . Since June 5, 1954, a street is named after him in Koksijde . He wrote about 290 works covering a wide range of subjects such as Flanders , the French Alps , the Middle East and North America (especially Quebec ). Orl%C3%A9ans Orléans ( UK : / ɔːr ˈ l iː ə n z , ˈ ɔːr l i ə n z / ; US : / ˌ ɔːr l eɪ ˈ ɒ̃ , ˌ ɔːr l i ˈ ɑː n , ɔːr ˈ l eɪ ə n z / , French: [ɔʁleɑ̃] )

252-605: A carnival contrary to university rules. From 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General after the death of Francis II of France , the eldest son of Catherine de Médicis and Henry II . He died in the Hôtel Groslot in Orléans, with his queen Mary at his side. The cathedral was rebuilt several times. The present structure had its first stone laid by Henry IV , and work on it took

315-548: A century. It thus is a mix of late Renaissance and early Louis XIV styles, and one of the last cathedrals to be built in France. When France colonised America, the territory it conquered was immense, including the whole Mississippi River (whose first European name was the River Colbert ), from its mouth to its source at the borders of Canada. Its capital was named la Nouvelle-Orléans in honour of Louis XV 's regent,

378-637: A gentle depression to about 95 m (312 ft) above sea level (at Saint-Marceau) between the Loire and the Loiret, designated a "zone inondable" (flood-risk zone). At the end of the 1960s, the Orléans-la-Source  [ fr ] neighbourhood was created, 12 kilometres (7 mi)to the south of the original commune and separated from it by the Val d'Orléans and the river Loiret (whose source

441-530: A lower average low than January at 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). The record high temperature is 41.3 °C (106.3 °F) recorded in July, while the record low temperature of −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded in January. Precipitation is evenly distributed year-round, with Orléans receiving 642.5 millimetres (25.30 in) of precipitation annually. However, some months are slightly wetter than others, with

504-561: A middle-class house in the city, and contributing to her ransom when she was taken prisoner. Once the Hundred Years' War was over, the city recovered its former prosperity. The bridge brought in tolls and taxes, as did the merchants passing through the city. King Louis XI also greatly contributed to its prosperity, revitalising agriculture in the surrounding area (particularly the exceptionally fertile land around Beauce ) and relaunching saffron farming at Pithiviers . Later, during

567-657: A stage finish of Paris–Nice . Orléans is twinned with: Laurentian Mountains The Laurentian Mountains , also known as the Laurentians or Laurentides , are a mountain range in Canada . The range is 1,448 km (900 mi) long and ranges in height from 500 m (1,640 ft) with peaks over 1,000 m (3,280 ft). The Laurentian Mountains extend across Labrador and Quebec within the Laurentian Upland , which contains foothills in northeastern Ontario . The range

630-617: A tow. An Inexplosible -type  [ fr ] paddle steamer owned by the mairie was put in place in August 2007, facing Place de la Loire and containing a bar. Every two years, the Festival de Loire recalls the role played by the river in the commune's history. On the river's north bank, near the town centre, is the Canal d'Orléans , which connects to the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare at Buges near Montargis . The canal

693-577: Is a city in north-central France, about 120 kilometres (74 miles) southwest of Paris . It is the prefecture of the department of Loiret and of the region of Centre-Val de Loire . Orléans is located on the river Loire nestled in the heart of the Loire Valley, classified as a World Heritage Site , where the river curves south towards the Massif Central . In 2020, the city had 117,026 inhabitants within its municipal boundaries. Orléans

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756-487: Is a subdivision of the Canadian Shield, and in this area, the oldest rocks of this geologic region are found. These rocks represent a chain of mountains that formed between 1,500 and 900 million years ago. During that time, Laurentia , the geologic core of the Canadian Shield, collided with other continents that were dragged by moving tectonic plates . The Laurentian Mountains contain dense boreal forests . It

819-434: Is home to some deciduous trees, such as sugar maple , beech , but are rarely found past the northern boundary of the range. The Laurentian region is also rich in walnut , ash , cherry , linden , and oak . The range also contains bogs . The boreal ecosystem is represented by mixed forests , dominated by black spruce and balsam fir to the south, including areas of white birch . Laurentides Wildlife Reserve , which

882-599: Is in the Parc Floral de la Source ). This quarter's altitude varies from about 100 to 110 m (330 to 360 ft). Orléans experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), similar to much of central France. July, the warmest month, has an average temperature of 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) and a high of 25.4 °C (77.7 °F), while January, the coldest month, has an average temperature of 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) and an average low temperature of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F), although February has

945-615: Is itself derived from the St. Lawrence River . François-Xavier Garneau , author of Histoire de Canada , was first to use the term "Laurentien" when he coined the name of the mountains in 1845. Early geologists adopted the name for the complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks in this area, with the terms further being applied to the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the Laurentian Shield ( Canadian Shield ). Garneau applied

1008-407: Is just one part of a vast system of construction that previously allowed the Loire to remain navigable to this point. The Loire was formerly an important navigation and trading route, and is at the heart of the city's foundation in the second century BC as a center of trade or emporium . More recently, during the 17th century, the river enabled Orleans to become a major hub for refining sugar, which

1071-579: Is located in the range, contains mammals such as black bears , bobcats , raccoons, grey wolves , otters , moose , white-tailed deer and caribou , with birds such as the barred owl , American kestrel , and osprey . The Laurentian Mountains are a popular recreational destination in Quebec. The first ski lift in North America was built in the mountain range in 1931, and by the late 1930s, "snow trains" had brought tens of thousands of skiers to

1134-530: Is located near the rivers of Ottawa , St. Lawrence , and Saguenay . The Laurentian Mountains primarily stretch across multiple regions in Quebec, with geologic formations such as the Jacques-Cartier Massif located within the range. The Laurentians Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges on earth. The range formed around one billion years ago during the Grenville orogeny , in which

1197-418: Is no longer used along its whole length. Its route within Orléans runs parallel to the river, separated from it by a wall or muret , with a promenade along the top. Its last pound was transformed into an outdoor swimming pool in the 1960s, then filled in. It was reopened in 2007 for the "fêtes de Loire." There are plans to revive use of the canal for recreation and install a pleasure-boat port there. Cenabum

1260-478: Is the center of Orléans Métropole that has a population of 290,346. The larger metropolitan area has a population of 454,208, the 20th largest in France. The city owes its development from antiquity to the commercial exchanges resulting from the river. An important river trade port, it was the headquarters of the community of merchants frequenting the Loire. It was the capital of the Kingdom of France during

1323-725: The A75 ). Orléans is served by two main railway stations: the central Gare d'Orléans and the Gare des Aubrais-Orléans , in the northern suburbs. Most long-distance trains call only at the Les Aubrais-Orléans station, which offers connections to Paris, Lille, Tours, Brive-la-Gaillarde, Nevers, and several regional destinations. Orléans is the birthplace of: Museums in Orléans: Parks in Orléans: Orléans has

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1386-522: The East Coast to the Great Lakes . The forests reached heights of 30 to 85 meters high. While the exports of logging grew, it eventually became a wasteful practice, with the felling of trees leaving huge portions of land vulnerable to erosion . Intensive forestry has not entirely ceased in the region. Public and private forests in Quebec have now been entirely mapped, with information such as

1449-808: The Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the city again became strategically important thanks to its geographical position, and was occupied by the Prussians on 13 October that year. The armée de la Loire was formed under the orders of General d'Aurelle de Paladines and based itself not far from Orléans at Beauce . During the Second World War , the German army made the Orléans Fleury-les-Aubrais railway station one of their central logistical rail hubs. The Pont Georges V

1512-652: The Gaspé Peninsula twice on foot and by car. He also went to the north shore of the st. Lawrence River and the Natashquan River . As a man accustomed to Europe, he was very interested in the novelty of Quebec culture. In 1930, he published Gaspé Peninsula in his journal, the first in a long series of articles about Canada, especially Quebec. Blanchard then became a part-time lecturer in Montreal. In 1947, he agreed to found an Institute of Geography of

1575-762: The Grenville Province formed, a subdivision of the Canadian Shield . During that time, Laurentia , the geologic core of the Canadian Shield, collided with other continents and formed Precambrian rocks which extend across the range. The mountain range is located around other related geographic features, such as the Monteregian Hills and the Adirondack Mountains . The Laurentian Mountains are home to vast extents of boreal ecosystems and mixed forests . The southern areas of

1638-910: The Laurentian Upland , which extends as far west as Lake Huron , with foothills extending into northeastern Ontario . Sub-ranges in the upland are the Opeongo Hills , Misquah Hills , Huron Mountains , and the Porcupine Mountains . This region is extensively forested and contains nearly untouched wilderness, with it not being suited for agriculture. One of Quebec's official regions is called Laurentides . The mountain range runs through four other regions; Capitale-Nationale , Outaouais , Lanaudière , and Mauricie . The elevation generally ranges from around 500 m (1,640 ft) to 1,000 m (3,280 ft) with Mont Raoul-Blanchard being its highest peak, at 1,166 m (3,825 ft). Mont Tremblant , Mont Bleu, and Mont des Conscrits are other prominent peaks in

1701-622: The Merovingian era, the city was capital of the Kingdom of Orléans following Clovis I 's division of the kingdom, then under the Capetians it became the capital of a county then duchy held in appanage by the house of Valois-Orléans. The Valois-Orléans family later acceded to the throne of France via Louis XII , then Francis I . In 1108, Louis VI of France became one of the few French monarchs to be crowned outside of Reims when he

1764-531: The Merovingian period and played an important role in the Hundred Years' War , particularly known for the role of Joan of Arc during the siege of Orléans . Every first week of May since 1432, the city pays homage to the "Maid of Orléans" during the Johannic Holidays which has been listed in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage in France . One of Europe's oldest universities was created in 1306 by Pope Clement V and re-founded in 1966 as

1827-469: The Renaissance , the city benefited from its becoming fashionable for rich châtelains to travel along the Loire valley (a fashion begun by the king himself, whose royal domains included the nearby châteaus at Chambord , Amboise , Blois , and Chenonceau ). The University of Orléans also contributed to the city's prestige. Specializing in law, it was highly regarded throughout Europe. John Calvin

1890-623: The University of Montreal , which in 1962 became the Department of Geography. The institute offered courses that took place in Gaspé, New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia according to the method that had been used in his 1929 study. Blanchard was appointed the first director of the institute until illness struck, when one of his students, Pierre Dagenais, took over. At the 1939 founding of the Geographical Society of Montreal, Blanchard

1953-432: The University of Orléans , hosting more than 20,000 students in 2019. The Île d'Orléans in Quebec, Canada, takes its name from Orléans, as do Orléans, Ontario , Orleans, Massachusetts and the city of New Orleans , Louisiana. Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire , which

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2016-524: The duke of Orléans , and was settled with French inhabitants against the threat from British troops to the north-east. The Dukes of Orléans hardly ever visited their city since, as brothers or cousins of the king, they took such a major role in court life that they could hardly ever leave. The duchy of Orléans was the largest of the French duchies, starting at Arpajon , continuing to Chartres , Vendôme , Blois , Vierzon , and Montargis . The duke's son bore

2079-534: The " châtelet des Tourelles" protected access to the bridge. This was the site of the battle on 8 May 1429 which allowed Joan of Arc to enter and lift the siege of the Plantagenets during the Hundred Years' War , with the help of the royal generals Dunois and Florent d'Illiers  [ fr ] . The city's inhabitants have continued to remain faithful and grateful to her to this day, calling her "la pucelle d'Orléans" (the maid of Orléans), offering her

2142-807: The Commission de Toponymie du Québec gave his name to a mountain near Quebec City reaching 1,181 m above sea level, the highest peak in the Laurentian Mountains . In addition, the geography department of the University of Montreal honoured him by naming its largest classroom after him. As of 2020, he is the only geographer to have received the CNRS gold medal (1960). In 1966, the Association des Amis de l'Université de Grenoble published Raoul Blanchard (1877-1965): in memoriam , which contains

2205-546: The French capital to attract businesses interested in reducing transport costs. According to Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun in La France Illustrée , 1882, Orléans's arms are " gules , three caillous in cœurs de lys argent , and on a chief azure , three fleurs de lys Or ." Charle Grandmaison, in the Dictionnaire Héraldique of 1861, states that it is "Or, with three hearts in gules", without

2268-883: The Roman commander in Gaul, requested Goar , head of the Iranian tribe of Alans in the region to come to Orleans and control the rebellious natives and the Visigoths. Accompanying the Vandals , the Alans crossed the Loire in 408. One of their groups, under Goar , joined the Roman forces of Flavius Aetius to fight Attila when he invaded Gaul in 451, taking part in the Battle of Châlons under their king Sangiban . Goar established his capital in Orléans. His successors later took possession of

2331-399: The chief of France. Faulty designs sometimes describe it as "gules, three fleurs de lys argent, and on a chief azure three fleurs de lys Or." The "cœurs de lys", or heart of a lily, is not a true lily, which would have 6 tepals , but a stylized or symbolic lily. Certain authors solve the problem by calling this symbol a " tiercefeuille ", defined as a stemless clover leaf, with one leaf at

2394-453: The commune tramway ), Pont René-Thinat and Pont de Vierzon (rail bridge). To the north of the Loire ( rive droite ) is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the Place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais . Conversely, the south (on the rive gauche ) has

2457-472: The driest month receiving 44.4 millimetres (1.75 in) of rain and the wettest receiving 64.4 millimetres (2.54 in) of precipitation on average. Precipitation days vary more, with less of them in the summer months than in the other seasons. Humidity is high year-round but decreases slightly in summer. July and August only have their humidity at 72% but December has 90% humidity on average. Orléans receives 1,767.3 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being

2520-455: The estates in the region between Orléans and Paris. Installed in Orléans and along the Loire, they were unruly (killing the town's senators when they felt they had been paid too slowly or too little) and resented by the local inhabitants. Many inhabitants around the present city have names bearing witness to the Alan presence – Allaines. Also many places in the region bear names of Alan origin. In

2583-542: The geography of French-speaking Canada . Given the Francophone roots in the Canadian province of Quebec and the facilities available there, Blanchard enjoyed researching the vast area, which had not been the subject of geographical study. Until 1960, he visited Quebec 15 times. He began to produce documents about Quebec with a strictly-geographical method. During his five autumn trips (1929 to 1933), he travelled to

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2646-475: The mountain range. Jacques-Cartier National Park is located in this mountain range, which is north of Quebec City , residing in the Jacques-Cartier Massif . The Adirondack Mountains , which are located in northeastern New York , have great similarity to the Laurentian Mountains, consisting of the same type of rocks that are part of the Canadian Shield. The Laurentian Mountains are one of

2709-612: The new term to the whole range north of the St. Lawrence River. While the region has been popularly referred to as the Laurentians and Les Laurentides , it was officially adopted in 1987 as the territory was defined. The Laurentian Mountains extend from Quebec to Labrador over a distance of 1,448 kilometers (900 miles ). They are partially bounded by the Ottawa , St. Lawrence , and Saguenay River . The Laurentian Mountains reside in

2772-472: The oldest mountain ranges in the world, being of Precambrian age, with some regions dating to over one billion years old. The mountain range is between other related geologic features, such as the Monteregian Hills and the older Oka Hills. The mountain range is located within the Grenville orogeny . The rocks of the Laurentian Mountains contain deformation and metamorphic structures that show long periods of tectonic activity occurred. The Grenville Province

2835-440: The range are dominated by black spruce and balsam fir , with areas of white birch . The range is home to various wildlife species. The Laurentian Mountains are an important part of the economy of Quebec, as they have been historically been used for forestry and provide access to tourism and outdoor recreation for people in the region. The namesake of the mountains is derived from the term "Laurentide" or "Laurentian", which

2898-479: The range. In the area, there is skiing, snowboarding , dog sledding , ice climbing , and snowmobiling during winter at Mont-Tremblant, with rafting , kayaking , hiking, camping, and golf through the region during spring, summer, and fall. The Laurentian Mountains have been historically used for logging . During the European colonization of North America, colonists were met with a woodland that stretched from

2961-467: The river were traditionally flat-bottomed boats, with large but foldable masts so the sails could gather wind from above the river banks, but the masts could be lowered in order to allow the boats to pass under bridges. These vessels are known as "gabarre", "futreau" , and so on, and may be viewed by tourists near pont Royal. The river's irregular flow strongly limits traffic on it, in particular at its ascent, though this can be overcome by boats being given

3024-527: The school of Douai , France. He prepared a thesis on the regional geography of Flanders, which he defended in 1906 under the title Flanders, Geographic Study of the Flemish Plain in France, Belgium, Holland . A few months after his successful defence, he was appointed to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Grenoble . In 1907, he founded a research centre on the French Alps of which very little

3087-403: The start of 1945. This reconstruction in part identically reproduced what had been lost, such as Royale and its arcades, but also used innovative prefabrication techniques, such as îlot 4 under the direction of the architect Pol Abraham . The big city of former times is today an average-sized city of 250,000 inhabitants. It is still using its strategically central position less than an hour from

3150-536: The sunniest season and winter being the least sunny season. August, receiving 224.6 hours of sunshine on average, is the sunniest month, and December, receiving 56.6 hours of sunshine on average, has the least amount of sunshine. In Orléans, the Loire is separated by a submerged dike known as the dhuis into the Grande Loire to the north, no longer navigable, and the Petite Loire to the south. This dike

3213-512: The temporal dimension of the spatial phenomena he studied. His works abound in historical insights. The historian will be able to criticize it, he will never finish consulting it or quoting it. Perhaps we will say of him what Talleyrand said of Jeremy Bentham: no matter how much they plunder him, he remains rich. Blanchard died on 24 March 1965 in Paris. He is considered the father of modern geography in Quebec. To thank him for his many contributions,

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3276-552: The title duke of Chartres . Inheritances from great families and marriage alliances allowed them to accumulate huge wealth, and one of them, Philippe Égalité , is sometimes said to have been the richest man in the world at the time. His son, King Louis-Philippe I , inherited the Penthièvre and Condé family fortunes. 1852 saw the creation of the Compagnies ferroviaires Paris-Orléans and its famous gare d'Orsay in Paris. In

3339-417: The top and two below, thus making this coat of arms "gules, with three reversed tiercefeuilles in argent, etc". "Hoc vernant lilia corde" (granted by Louis XII , then duke of Orléans ), meaning "It is by this heart that lilies flourish" or "This heart makes lilies flourish", referring to the fleur de lys , symbol of the French royal family. TAO manages buses and tram lines in Orléans . The first tram line

3402-424: Was a Gaul stronghold, one of the principal towns of the tribe of the Carnutes where the Druids held their annual assembly. The Carnutes were massacred and the city was destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC. In the late 3rd century AD, Roman Emperor Aurelian rebuilt the city and renamed it civitas Aurelianorum ("city of Aurelian") after himself. The name later evolved into Orléans. In 442 Flavius Aetius,

3465-529: Was appointed honorary president, and in 1952, he became president of the Association of Geographers. In 1958, he was elected to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences). In 1964, a year before his death, his last book was published at Porte de Paris, in Quebec City. The great Quebec economic historian Albert Faucher praised Blanchard's work in Quebec by writing in 1962: He never claimed to be an economist historian and yet, in his investigations, he never neglected

3528-408: Was crowned in Orléans cathedral by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens . The city was always a strategic point on the Loire, for it was sited at the river's most northerly point, and thus its closest point to Paris. There were few bridges over the dangerous river Loire , but Orléans had one of them, and so became – with Rouen and Paris – one of medieval France's three richest cities. On the south bank

3591-424: Was geographer Thérèse Sclafert . His 12 volumes on the French Alps are considered his chief work. He taught at the University of Grenoble until his retirement, in 1948. Blanchard was appointed an instructor at Harvard University , in Massachusetts , in 1917 and was named a full professor from 1928 to 1936, which gave him the opportunity to spend a few months a year in North America . In 1929, he grew interested in

3654-446: Was imported from the Caribbean via Nantes , and whose commerce boosted other aspects of the local economy, such as sweets, chocolate manufacturing, and paper for wrapping. In the 18th century, Orleans also acquired a reputation for producing vinegar, from local vineyards as well as wine traveling up the Loire. With the increase in size of ocean-going ships, large ships can now navigate the estuary only up to about Nantes . Boats on

3717-477: Was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . The capital of Orléanais , 120 kilometres southwest of Paris, is bordered to the north by the Beauce region, more specifically the Orléans Forest (French: forêt d'Orléans ) and Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood, and the Sologne region to the south. Five bridges in the city cross the Loire: Pont de l'Europe, Pont du Maréchal Joffre (also called Pont Neuf), Pont George-V (also called Pont Royal, carrying

3780-429: Was inaugurated November 20, 2000 and the second line on June 30, 2012. The network contains 29.3 km of rail. The annual ridership was 18.46 million in 2022. Orléans is an autoroute intersection: the A10 (linking Paris to Bordeaux ) links to the commune outskirts, and A71 (whose bridge over the Loire is outside the commune limits) begins here, heading for the Mediterranean via Clermont-Ferrand (where it becomes

3843-424: Was received and accommodated there (and wrote part of his reforming theses during his stay), and in return Henry VIII of England (who had drawn on Calvin's work in his separation from Rome) offered to fund a scholarship at the university. Many other Protestants were sheltered by the city. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known by his pseudonym Molière , also studied law at the University, but was expelled for attending

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3906-406: Was renamed "pont des Tourelles". A transit camp for deportees was built at Beaune-la-Rolande . During the war, the American Air Force heavily bombed the city and the train station, causing much damage. The city was one of the first to be rebuilt after the war: the reconstruction plan and city improvement initiated by Jean Kérisel and Jean Royer was adopted as early as 1943, and work began as early as

3969-404: Was then known. The Alpine Geography Institute was endowed in 1913, and its journal began in 1920 and became the Revue de géographie alpine (Alpine Geography Review). Blanchard collaborated with the institute and its journal for 50 years, and both still exist today. He was appointed professor in 1913 and became known as the head of geography at the University of Grenoble. One of his students there

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