Misplaced Pages

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138-452: A wiki ( / ˈ w ɪ k i / WI -kee ) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet which is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly through a web browser . A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base . Wikis are powered by wiki software , also known as wiki engines. Being

276-601: A roman à clef populated with real figures from Carroll's life. Alice is based on Alice Liddell; the Dodo is Carroll; Wonderland is Oxford; even the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, according to Cohen, is a send-up of Alice's own birthday party. The critic Jan Susina rejects Cohen's account, arguing that Alice the character bears a tenuous relationship with Alice Liddell. Beyond its refashioning of Carroll's everyday life, Cohen argues, Alice critiques Victorian ideals of childhood. It

414-485: A Memex . A Memex would hypothetically store — and record — content on reels of microfilm, using electric photocells to read coded symbols recorded next to individual microfilm frames while the reels spun at high speed, and stopping on command. The coded symbols would enable the Memex to index, search, and link content to create and follow associative trails. Because the Memex was never implemented and could only link content in

552-636: A cultural icon . In 2006, Alice in Wonderland was named among the icons of England in a public vote. Books for children in the Alice mould emerged as early as 1869 and continued to appear throughout the late 19th century. Released in 1903, the British silent film Alice in Wonderland was the first screen adaptation of the book. In 2015, Robert Douglas-Fairhurst wrote in the Guardian , Since

690-558: A taxonomy , or other forms of ad hoc content organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages, such as a backlink feature which displays all pages that link to a given page. Adding categories or tags to a page makes it easier for other users to find it. Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some offer full text search of all stored content. Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between each other using

828-614: A wiki but without hypertext punctuation, which was not invented until 1987. The early 1980s also saw a number of experimental "hyperediting" functions in word processors and hypermedia programs, many of whose features and terminology were later analogous to the World Wide Web . Guide , the first significant hypertext system for personal computers , was developed by Peter J. Brown at the University of Kent in 1982. In 1980, Roberto Busa , an Italian Jesuit priest and one of

966-480: A 'hypertext' (meaning editing) interface to the public for the first time, in what has come to be known as " The Mother of All Demos ". In 1971 a system called Scrapbook , produced by David Yates and his team at the UK's National Physical Laboratory , went live. It was an information storage and retrieval system that included what would now be called word processing, e-mail and hypertext. ZOG , an early hypertext system,

1104-417: A bank and engage in a "Caucus Race" to dry themselves. Following the end of the race, Alice inadvertently frightens the animals away by discussing her cat. The White Rabbit appears looking for the gloves and fan. Mistaking Alice for his maidservant, he orders her to go to his house and retrieve them. Alice finds another bottle and drinks from it, which causes her to grow to such an extent that she gets stuck in

1242-702: A basis for new works. Eva Le Gallienne 's stage adaptation of the Alice books premiered on 12 December 1932 and ended its run in May 1933. The production was revived in New York in 1947 and 1982. A community theatre production of Alice was Olivia de Havilland 's first foray onto the stage. Joseph Papp staged Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City in 1980. Elizabeth Swados wrote

1380-618: A change from linear, structured and hierarchical forms of representing and understanding the world into fractured, decentralized and changeable media based on the technological concept of hypertext links. In the 1990s, women and feminist artists took advantage of hypertext and produced dozens of works. Linda Dement 's Cyberflesh Girlmonster a hypertext CD-ROM that incorporates images of women's body parts and remixes them to create new monstrous yet beautiful shapes. Caitlin Fisher's award-winning online hypertext novella These Waves of Girls (2001)

1518-435: A children's fantasy, in 1863, and suggested its design as a basis for Alice 's . Carroll saw a specimen copy in May 1865. 2,000 copies were printed by July, but Tenniel objected to their quality, and Carroll instructed Macmillan to halt publication so they could be reprinted. In August, he engaged Richard Clay as an alternative printer for a new run of 2,000. The reprint cost £600, paid entirely by Carroll. He received

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1656-577: A croquet game, in which hedgehogs are used as balls, flamingos are used as mallets, and soldiers act as hoops. The Queen is short-tempered and constantly orders beheadings. When the Cheshire Cat appears as only a head, the Queen orders his beheading, only to be told that such an act is impossible. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, Alice prompts the Queen to release the Duchess from prison to resolve

1794-625: A few related authors. In 1983, Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland Human - Computer Interaction Lab led a group that developed the HyperTies system that was commercialized by Cognetics Corporation . They studied many designs before adopting the blue color for links . Hyperties was used to create the July 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM as a hypertext document and then

1932-413: A form of content management system , these differ from other web-based systems such as blog software or static site generators in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent structure, allowing one to emerge according to the needs of the users. Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a lightweight markup language and sometimes edited with

2070-479: A girl Carroll knew—scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her. The book has never been out of print and has been translated into 174 languages. Its legacy includes adaptations to screen, radio, visual art, ballet, opera, and musical theatre, as well as theme parks, board games and video games. Carroll published a sequel in 1871 entitled Through the Looking-Glass and

2208-421: A given content size is likely to reduce growth; access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that a higher ratio of administrators to regular users has no significant effect on content or population growth. Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling

2346-436: A high-powered London publisher, on 19 October 1863. His firm, Macmillan Publishers , agreed to publish Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by sometime in 1864. Carroll financed the initial print run, possibly because it gave him more editorial authority than other financing methods. He managed publication details such as typesetting and engaged illustrators and translators. Macmillan had published The Water-Babies , also

2484-573: A hypertext document usually replace the current piece of hypertext with the destination document. A lesser known feature is StretchText , which expands or contracts the content in place, thereby giving more control to the reader in determining the level of detail of the displayed document. Some implementations support transclusion , where text or other content is included by reference and automatically rendered in place. Hypertext can be used to support very complex and dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing. The most famous implementation of hypertext

2622-443: A link to view that specific revision. A diff (short for "difference") feature may be available, which highlights the changes between any two revisions. The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include edit summaries written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to the function of a log message in a revision control system, an edit summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains

2760-405: A long period. In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting themselves, larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism. For example, on Misplaced Pages, the bot ClueBot NG uses machine learning to identify likely harmful changes, and reverts these changes within minutes or even seconds. Disagreements between users over

2898-488: A mathematics don at the University of Oxford . It details the story of a girl named Alice who falls through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world of anthropomorphic creatures. It is seen as an example of the literary nonsense genre. The artist John Tenniel provided 42 wood-engraved illustrations for the book. It received positive reviews upon release and is now one of the best-known works of Victorian literature ; its narrative, structure, characters and imagery have had

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3036-542: A new hypertext project in response to a request for a simple, immediate, information-sharing facility, to be used among physicists working at CERN and other academic institutions. He called the project "WorldWideWeb". HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will. Potentially, HyperText provides a single user-interface to many large classes of stored information, such as reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line systems help. We propose

3174-489: A page or set of pages to maintain quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them, allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly. Such a feature is often called a watchlist . Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions , in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed. Wikis may allow any person on

3312-425: A page to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a malicious or inappropriate edit to its content. These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log" or "edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list displays metadata for each revision to the page, such as the time and date of when it was stored, and the name of the person who created it, alongside

3450-439: A page was displayed, any instance of a camel case phrase would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same phrase. While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of requiring pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling, and titles of a single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the letters (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt to improve

3588-555: A piglet, which Alice releases into the woods. The Cheshire Cat appears to Alice and directs her toward the Hatter and March Hare before disappearing, leaving his grin behind. Alice finds the Hatter, March Hare, and a sleepy Dormouse in the midst of a tea party . The Hatter explains that it is always 6 p.m. ( tea time ), claiming that time is standing still as punishment for the Hatter trying to "kill it". A conversation ensues around

3726-554: A poem . Before crawling away, the Caterpillar says that a bite of one side of the mushroom will make her larger, while a bite from the other side will make her smaller. During a period of trial and error, Alice's neck extends between the treetops, frightening a pigeon who mistakes her for a serpent. After shrinking to an appropriate height, Alice arrives at the home of a Duchess , who owns a perpetually grinning Cheshire Cat . The Duchess's baby, whom she hands to Alice, transforms into

3864-399: A rabbit hole, which sends her into a lengthy plummet but to a safe landing. Inside a room with a table, she finds a key to a tiny door, beyond which is a garden. While pondering how to fit through the door, she discovers a bottle labelled "Drink me". Alice drinks some of the bottle's contents, and to her astonishment, she shrinks small enough to enter the door. However, she had left the key upon

4002-500: A relatively crude fashion — by creating chains of entire microfilm frames — the Memex is regarded only as a proto-hypertext device, but it is fundamental to the history of hypertext because it directly inspired the invention of hypertext by Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart. In 1965, Ted Nelson coined the terms 'hypertext' and 'hypermedia' as part of a model he developed for creating and using linked content (first published reference 1965). He later worked with Andries van Dam to develop

4140-552: A replacement for hypertextual narrative. Critics of hypertext claim that it inhibits the old, linear, reader experience by creating several different tracks to read on. This can also been seen as contributing to a postmodernist fragmentation of worlds. In some cases, hypertext may be detrimental to the development of appealing stories (in the case of hypertext Gamebooks ), where ease of linking fragments may lead to non-cohesive or incomprehensible narratives. However, they do see value in its ability to present several different views on

4278-416: A rich text editing mode. This is usually implemented, using JavaScript , as an interface which translates formatting instructions chosen from a toolbar into the corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This is generated and submitted to the server transparently , shielding users from the technical detail of markup editing and making it easier for them to change the content of pages. An example of such an interface

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4416-499: A series of scripts which operate an existing web server , a standalone application server that runs on one or more web servers, or in the case of personal wikis , run as a standalone application on a single computer. Some wikis use flat file databases to store page content, while others use a relational database , as indexed database access is faster on large wikis, particularly for searching. Wikis can also be created on wiki hosting services (also known as wiki farms ), where

4554-399: A shortened version for young children, The Nursery "Alice" , in 1890. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was conceived on 4 July 1862, when Lewis Carroll and Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed up the river Isis with the three young daughters of Carroll's friend Henry Liddell : Lorina Charlotte (aged 13; "Prima" in the book's prefatory verse); Alice Pleasance (aged 10; "Secunda" in

4692-421: A single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited in more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version control , the idea of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense. The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as

4830-727: A small audience, Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice in 2002. The English composer Joseph Horovitz composed an Alice in Wonderland ballet commissioned by the London Festival Ballet in 1953. It was performed frequently in England and the US. A ballet by Christopher Wheeldon and Nicholas Wright commissioned for the Royal Ballet entitled Alice's Adventures in Wonderland premiered in February 2011 at

4968-469: A specimen page of the print edition around that date. On 26 November 1864, Carroll gave Alice the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground , with illustrations by Carroll, dedicating it as "A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer's Day". The published version of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is about twice the length of Alice's Adventures Under Ground and includes episodes, such as

5106-524: A suggestion of Carroll's. The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte); Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda); and Lacie is an anagram of Alice. The Mock Turtle speaks of a drawling-master, "an old conger eel", who came once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils". This

5244-442: A system called WikiNodes . A WikiNode is a page on a wiki which describes and links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a structure of neighbors and delegates , wherein a neighbor wiki is one which discusses similar content or is otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is one which has agreed to have certain content delegated to it. WikiNode networks act as webrings which may be navigated from one node to another to find

5382-484: A term in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn it into a link without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its first implementation, in UseModWiki in February 2001. In that implementation, link terms were wrapped in a double set of square brackets, for example [[Kingdom of France]] . This syntax was adopted by a number of later wiki engines. It is typically possible for users of

5520-466: A time, the guards soon gang up and start to swarm all over her. Alice's sister wakes her up from a dream, brushing what turns out to be leaves from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank to imagine all the curious happenings for herself. The main characters in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland are the following: In The Annotated Alice , Martin Gardner provides background information for

5658-430: A widespread influence on popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre. It is credited as helping end an era of didacticism in children's literature , inaugurating an era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain". The tale plays with logic , giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. The titular character Alice shares her name with Alice Liddell ,

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5796-433: A wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are usually differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red instead of the default blue, which was the case in the original WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a question mark next to the linked words. WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki. Ward Cunningham started developing it in 1994, and installed it on

5934-460: A wiki which addresses a specific subject. The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki implementations. Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis used camel case to name pages, which is when words in a phrase are capitalized and the spaces between them removed. In this system, the phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase". In early wiki engines, when

6072-453: A wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose legal risks. When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an internet service provider , which

6210-471: A work about the role of evolutionary theory in Victorian children's literature, argues that Carroll's focus on language prioritises humanism over scientism by emphasising language's role in human self-conception. Pat's "Digging for apples" is a cross-language pun , as pomme de terre (literally; "apple of the earth") means potato and pomme means apple. In the second chapter, Alice initially addresses

6348-560: Is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin , who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children to draw, sketch, and paint in oils. The Mock Turtle sings "Turtle Soup", which is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which the Liddells sang for Carroll. Carroll wrote multiple poems and songs for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , including: Carroll's biographer Morton N. Cohen reads Alice as

6486-491: Is a rule-bound world, but its rules are not those of our world. The literary scholar Daniel Bivona writes that Alice is characterised by "gamelike social structures." She trusts in instructions from the beginning, drinking from the bottle labelled "drink me" after recalling, during her descent, that children who do not follow the rules often meet terrible fates. Unlike the creatures of Wonderland, who approach their world's wonders uncritically, Alice continues to look for rules as

6624-583: Is a timeline of major publication events related to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland : Alice was published to critical praise. One magazine declared it "exquisitely wild, fantastic, [and] impossible". In the late 19th century, Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland "was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete". No story in English literature has intrigued me more than Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland . It fascinated me

6762-486: Is absent from Alice's recitation. Nilson suggests that Alice's missing ablative is a pun on her father Henry Liddell's work on the standard A Greek-English Lexicon , since ancient Greek does not have an ablative case. Further, mousa (μούσα, meaning muse ) was a standard model noun in Greek textbooks of the time in paradigms of the first declension, short-alpha noun. Mathematics and logic are central to Alice . As Carroll

6900-401: Is an account of "the child's plight in Victorian upper-class society", in which Alice's mistreatment by the creatures of Wonderland reflects Carroll's own mistreatment by older people as a child. In the eighth chapter, three cards are painting the roses on a rose tree red, because they had accidentally planted a white-rose tree that the Queen of Hearts hates. According to Wilfrid Scott-Giles ,

7038-648: Is easy to correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to prevent them from happening in the first place. This allows them to be very open while providing a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. Most wikis offer a recent changes page which shows recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame. Some wikis can filter the list to remove edits flagged by users as "minor" and automated edits. The version history feature allows harmful changes to be reverted quickly and easily. Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote monitoring and management of

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7176-423: Is generally not held liable due to its lack of control over publications' contents, than a publisher. It has been recommended that trademark owners monitor what information is presented about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions, and they can edit entries to rectify misinformation. Hypertext "(...)'Hypertext' is a recent coinage. 'Hyper-'

7314-494: Is lost. The girls and Carroll took another boat trip a month later, when he elaborated the plot of the story to Alice, and in November, he began working on the manuscript in earnest. To add the finishing touches, he researched natural history in connection with the animals presented in the book and then had the book examined by other children—particularly those of George MacDonald . Though Carroll did add his own illustrations to

7452-587: Is much less used. Instead they use the strange term "interactive multimedia": this is four syllables longer, and does not express the idea of extending hypertext. Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in response to user input, such as dynamic web pages ). Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents, software applications , or books on CDs . A well-constructed system can also incorporate other user-interface conventions, such as menus and command lines. Links used in

7590-501: Is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language. The English-language Misplaced Pages has the largest collection of articles, standing at 6,916,995 as of November 2024. In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web , Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf described the essence of the wiki concept: Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on

7728-509: Is set in three time periods of the protagonist exploring polymorphous perversity enacted in her queer identity through memory. The story is written as a reflection diary of the interconnected memories of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It consists of an associated multi-modal collection of nodes includes linked text, still and moving images, manipulable images, animations, and sound clips. Adrienne Eisen (pen name for Penelope Trunk ) wrote hypertexts that were subversive narrative journeys into

7866-407: Is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region. Such a wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Such highly localized information might be appropriate for a wiki targeted at local viewers, and could include: A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high number of administrators for

8004-478: Is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki. Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if

8142-517: Is the VisualEditor in MediaWiki , the wiki engine used by Misplaced Pages. WYSIWYG editors may not provide all the features available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use them, so a source editor will often be available simultaneously. Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages, and may store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors to revert

8280-538: Is the World Wide Web , written in the final months of 1990 and released on the Internet in 1991. In 1941, Jorge Luis Borges published " The Garden of Forking Paths ", a short story that is often considered an inspiration for the concept of hypertext. In 1945, Vannevar Bush wrote an article in The Atlantic Monthly called " As We May Think ", about a futuristic proto-hypertext device he called

8418-466: Is used in the mathematical sense of extension and generality (as in 'hyperspace,' 'hypercube') rather than the medical sense of 'excessive' ('hyperactivity'). There is no implication about size — a hypertext could contain only 500 words or so. 'Hyper-' refers to structure and not size." The English prefix "hyper-" comes from the Greek prefix "ὑπερ-" and means "over" or "beyond"; it has a common origin with

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8556-527: The Guardian , the character of the plucky, yet proper, Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage. The book has inspired numerous film and television adaptations, which have multiplied, as the original work is now in the public domain in all jurisdictions. Musical works inspired by Alice include the Beatles 's song " Lucy in

8694-606: The Hypertext Editing System (text editing) in 1967 at Brown University . It was implemented using the terminal IBM 2250 with a light pen which was provided as a pointing device . By 1976, its successor FRESS was used in a poetry class in which students could browse a hyperlinked set of poems and discussion by experts, faculty and other students, in what was arguably the world's first online scholarly community which van Dam says "foreshadowed wikis, blogs and communal documents of all kinds". Ted Nelson said in

8832-557: The Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. Cunningham gave it the name after remembering a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the " Wiki Wiki Shuttle " bus that runs between the airport's terminals, later observing that "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web." Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple 's hypertext software HyperCard , which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of virtual cards. HyperCard, however,

8970-800: The Royal Opera House in London. The ballet was based on the novel Wheeldon grew up reading as a child and is generally faithful to the original story, although some critics claimed it may have been too faithful. Unsuk Chin 's opera Alice in Wonderland premiered in 2007 at the Bavarian State Opera and was hailed as World Premiere of the Year by the German opera magazine Opernwelt . Gerald Barry 's 2016 one-act opera , Alice's Adventures Under Ground , first staged in 2020 at

9108-546: The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-Patent , a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. Queens , New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on

9246-738: The WikiWikiWeb , Memory Alpha , Wikivoyage , and previously Susning.nu , a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd , an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts. Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises . They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation. A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution

9384-491: The server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm owner, and may do so at no charge in exchange for advertisements being displayed on the wiki's pages. Some hosting services offer private, password-protected wikis requiring authentication to access. Free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page. The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors, wiki administrators and system administrators. System administrators are responsible for

9522-468: The 1960s that he began implementation of a hypertext system he theorized, which was named Project Xanadu , but his first and incomplete public release was finished much later, in 1998. Douglas Engelbart independently began working on his NLS system in 1962 at Stanford Research Institute, although delays in obtaining funding, personnel, and equipment meant that its key features were not completed until 1968. In December of that year, Engelbart demonstrated

9660-420: The 1990s. Judy Malloy 's Uncle Roger (1986) and Michael Joyce 's afternoon, a story (1987) are generally considered the first works of hypertext fiction. An advantage of writing a narrative using hypertext technology is that the meaning of the story can be conveyed through a sense of spatiality and perspective that is arguably unique to digitally networked environments. An author's creative use of nodes,

9798-528: The Internet began the creation of the Web on the Internet. As new web browsers were released, traffic on the World Wide Web quickly exploded from only 500 known web servers in 1993 to over 10,000 in 1994. As a result, all previous hypertext systems were overshadowed by the success of the Web, even though it lacked many features of those earlier systems, such as integrated browsers/editors (a feature of

9936-446: The Liddell children since around March 1856, when he befriended Harry Liddell. He had met Lorina by early March as well. In June 1856, he took the children out on the river. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, who wrote a literary biography of Carroll, suggests that Carroll favoured Alice Pleasance Liddell in particular because her name was ripe for allusion. "Pleasance" means pleasure and the name "Alice" appeared in contemporary works, including

10074-578: The Lion and the Unicorn (also in Looking-Glass ) look like Tenniel's Punch illustrations of William Ewart Gladstone and Disraeli, although Gardner says there is "no proof" that they were intended to represent these politicians. Gardner has suggested that the Hatter is a reference to Theophilus Carter , an Oxford furniture dealer, and that Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on

10212-687: The Lory and Eaglet to Alice Liddell's sisters Lorina and Edith. Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli . One of Tenniel's illustrations in Through the Looking-Glass — the 1871 sequel to Alice — depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom Alice meets on a train) as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat. The illustrations of

10350-473: The Mad Hatter's Tea-Party (or Mad Tea Party), that do not appear in the manuscript. The only known manuscript copy of Under Ground is held in the British Library . Macmillan published a facsimile of the manuscript in 1886. Alice , a young girl, sits bored by a riverbank and spots a White Rabbit with a pocket watch and waistcoat lamenting that he is late. Surprised, Alice follows him down

10488-487: The New York publishing house of D. Appleton & Company . The binding for the Appleton Alice was identical to the 1866 Macmillan Alice , except for the publisher's name at the foot of the spine . The title page of the Appleton Alice was an insert cancelling the original Macmillan title page of 1865 and bearing the New York publisher's imprint and the date 1866. The entire print run sold out quickly. Alice

10626-460: The Queen's tarts. The trial is conducted by the King of Hearts , and the jury is composed of animals that Alice previously met. Alice gradually grows in size and confidence, allowing herself increasingly frequent remarks on the irrationality of the proceedings. The Queen eventually commands Alice's beheading, but Alice scoffs that the Queen's guard is only a pack of cards. Although Alice holds her own for

10764-553: The Sky with Diamonds ", with songwriter John Lennon attributing the song's fantastical imagery to his reading of Carroll's books. A popular figure in Japan since the country opened up to the West in the late 19th century, Alice has been a popular subject for writers of manga and a source of inspiration for Japanese fashion, in particular Lolita fashion . The first full major production

10902-614: The World Wide Web series of conferences, organized by IW3C2 , also include many papers of interest. There is a list on the Web with links to all conferences in the series. Hypertext writing has developed its own style of fiction, coinciding with the growth and proliferation of hypertext development software and the emergence of electronic networks. Hypertext fiction is one of earliest genres of electronic literature , or literary works that are designed to be read in digital media. Two software programs specifically designed for literary hypertext, Storyspace and Intermedia , became available in

11040-496: The academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing , strategic planning , departmental documentation, and committee work. In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in

11178-552: The book, lyrics, and music based on both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass . Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival . Meryl Streep played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty. The cast also included Debbie Allen , Michael Jeter , and Mark Linn-Baker . Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress,

11316-405: The branched literature writing software Storyspace , were also demonstrated. Meanwhile, Nelson (who had been working on and advocating his Xanadu system for over two decades) convinced Autodesk to invest in his revolutionary ideas. The project continued at Autodesk for four years, but no product was released. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, then a scientist at CERN , proposed and later prototyped

11454-426: The change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into the article's main text. Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via hypertext links in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or structured navigation scheme. Users may also create indexes or table of contents pages, hierarchical categorization via

11592-402: The characters. The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale show up in chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale"). Alice Liddell is there, while Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo (Lewis Carroll was a pen name for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson; because he stuttered when he spoke, he sometimes pronounced his last name as "Dodo-Dodgson"). The Duck refers to Robinson Duckworth , and

11730-626: The classroom. Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency 's Intellipedia , designed to share and collect intelligence assessments , DKosopedia , which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents about the internment of detainees in Guantánamo Bay ; and the wiki of

11868-423: The content or appearance of pages may cause edit wars , where competing users repetitively change a page back to a version that they favor. Some wiki software allows administrators to prevent pages from being editable until a decision has been made on what version of the page would be most appropriate. Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which address the behavior of persons with access to

12006-417: The content. Proponents maintain that these issues will be caught and rectified by a wiki's community of users. High editorial standards in medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis. Wiki implementations retaining and allowing access to specific versions of articles has been useful to

12144-429: The design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex , whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit. In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and research support systems. A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific geographical locale. The term city wiki

12282-439: The developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb , originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work". " Wiki " (pronounced [wiki] ) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick". The online encyclopedia project Misplaced Pages is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being one of the internet's most popular websites , having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007. Misplaced Pages

12420-412: The display of camel case page titles and links by reinserting spaces and possibly also reverting to lower case, but this simplistic method is not able to correctly present titles of mixed capitalization. For example, " Kingdom of France " as a page title would be written as "KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France". To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links , wherein

12558-433: The eater—a horrific image of mortality. Nina Auerbach discusses how the novel revolves around eating and drinking which "motivates much of her [Alice's] behaviour", for the story is essentially about things "entering and leaving her mouth." The animals of Wonderland are of particular interest, for Alice's relation to them shifts constantly because, as Lovell-Smith states, Alice's changes in size continually reposition her in

12696-583: The finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license

12834-816: The first commercial electronic book Hypertext Hands-On! . In August 1987, Apple Computer released HyperCard for the Macintosh line at the MacWorld convention . Its impact, combined with interest in Peter J. Brown's GUIDE (marketed by OWL and released earlier that year) and Brown University's Intermedia , led to broad interest in and enthusiasm for hypertext, hypermedia, databases, and new media in general. The first ACM Hypertext (hyperediting and databases) academic conference took place in November 1987, in Chapel Hill NC, where many other applications, including

12972-557: The first copy of Clay's edition on 9 November 1865. Macmillan finally published the new edition, printed by Richard Clay, in November 1865. Carroll requested a red binding, deeming it appealing to young readers. A new edition, released in December 1865 for the Christmas market but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Carroll's permission to

13110-449: The first publication of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 150 years ago, Lewis Carroll's work has spawned a whole industry, from films and theme park rides to products such as a "cute and sassy" Alice costume ("petticoat and stockings not included"). The blank-faced little girl made famous by John Tenniel's original illustrations has become a cultural inkblot we can interpret in any way we like. Labelled "a dauntless, no-nonsense heroine" by

13248-405: The first time I read it as a schoolboy. F. J. Harvey Darton argued in a 1932 book that Alice ended an era of didacticism in children's literature , inaugurating a new era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain". In 2014, Robert McCrum named Alice "one of the best loved in the English canon" and called it "perhaps the greatest, possibly most influential, and certainly

13386-463: The food chain, serving as a way to make her acutely aware of the 'eat or be eaten' attitude that permeates Wonderland. Alice is an example of the literary nonsense genre. According to Humphrey Carpenter , Alice 's brand of nonsense embraces the nihilistic and existential . Characters in nonsensical episodes such as the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, in which it is always the same time, go on posing paradoxes that are never resolved. Wonderland

13524-469: The four decades after its premiere, including a London production at the Globe Theatre in 1888, with Isa Bowman as Alice. As the book and its sequel are Carroll's most widely recognised works, they have also inspired numerous live performances, including plays, operas, ballets, and traditional English pantomimes . These works range from fairly faithful adaptations to those that use the story as

13662-833: The help of a rich-text editor . There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems . Some wiki engines are free and open-source , whereas others are proprietary . Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content. In addition to hosting user-authored content, wikis allow those users to interact, hold discussions, and collaborate. There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use , both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites , and intranets . Ward Cunningham ,

13800-475: The house. Attempting to extract her, the White Rabbit and his neighbours eventually take to hurling pebbles that turn into small cakes. Alice eats one and shrinks herself, allowing her to flee into the forest. She meets a Caterpillar seated on a mushroom and smoking a hookah . During the Caterpillar's questioning, Alice begins to admit to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember

13938-428: The idea of eating coincides to make gruesome images. After the riddle "Why is a raven like a writing-desk?", the Hatter claims that Alice might as well say, "I see what I eat…I eat what I see" and so the riddle's solution, put forward by Boe Birns, could be that "A raven eats worms; a writing desk is worm-eaten"; this idea of food encapsulates idea of life feeding on life itself, for the worm is being eaten and then becomes

14076-516: The implementation of a simple scheme to incorporate several different servers of machine-stored information already available at CERN, including an analysis of the requirements for information access needs by experiments... A program which provides access to the hypertext world we call a browser. ― T. Berners-Lee, R. Cailliau, 12 November 1990, CERN In 1992, Lynx was born as an early Internet web browser. Its ability to provide hypertext links within documents that could reach into documents anywhere on

14214-404: The installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. Wiki administrators maintain content and, through having elevated privileges , are granted additional functions (including, for example, preventing edits to pages, deleting pages, changing users' access rights, or blocking them from editing). Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it

14352-399: The link had their systems infected with the worm. Some wiki engines offer a blacklist feature which prevents users from adding hyperlinks to specific sites that have been placed on the list by the wiki's administrators. The English Misplaced Pages has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic. Other large wikis include

14490-422: The manuscript more than two years later. 4 July was known as the " golden afternoon ", prefaced in the novel as a poem. In fact, the weather around Oxford on 4 July was "cool and rather wet", although at least one scholar has disputed this claim. Scholars debate whether Carroll in fact came up with Alice during the "golden afternoon" or whether the story was developed over a longer period. Carroll had known

14628-605: The matter. When the Duchess ruminates on finding morals in everything around her, the Queen dismisses her on the threat of execution. Alice then meets a Gryphon and a Mock Turtle , who dance to the Lobster Quadrille while Alice recites (rather incorrectly) a poem . The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup", during which the Gryphon drags Alice away for a trial, in which the Knave of Hearts stands accused of stealing

14766-546: The mind of a woman whose erotic encounters were charged with a post-feminist satirical edge that cuts deep into the American psyche. There are various forms of hypertext fiction, each of which is structured differently. Below are four: Alice%27s Adventures in Wonderland Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (also known as Alice in Wonderland ) is an 1865 English children's novel by Lewis Carroll ,

14904-556: The most famous wiki site, launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets , and documentation, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning . On March 15, 2007,

15042-468: The most world-famous Victorian English fiction". A 2020 review in Time states: "The book changed young people's literature. It helped to replace stiff Victorian didacticism with a looser, sillier, nonsense style that reverberated through the works of language-loving 20th-century authors as different as James Joyce , Douglas Adams and Dr. Seuss ." The protagonist of the story, Alice, has been recognised as

15180-489: The mouse as "O Mouse", based on her memory of the noun declensions "in her brother's Latin Grammar , 'A mouse – of a mouse – to a mouse – a mouse – O mouse! ' " These words correspond to the first five of Latin's six cases, in a traditional order established by medieval grammarians: mus ( nominative ), muris ( genitive ), muri ( dative ), murem ( accusative ), (O) mus ( vocative ). The sixth case, mure ( ablative )

15318-636: The original WorldWideWeb browser, which was not carried over into most of the other early Web browsers). Besides the already mentioned Project Xanadu , Hypertext Editing System , NLS , HyperCard , and World Wide Web, there are other noteworthy early implementations of hypertext, with different feature sets: Among the top academic conferences for new research in hypertext is the annual ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media . The Electronic Literature Organization hosts annual conferences discussing hypertext fiction , poetry and other forms of electronic literature . Although not exclusively about hypertext,

15456-506: The original copy, on publication he was advised to find a professional illustrator so that the pictures were more appealing to his audience. He subsequently approached John Tenniel to reinterpret his visions through his own artistic eye, telling him that the story had been well-liked by the children. Carroll began planning a print edition of the Alice story in 1863. He wrote on 9 May 1863 that MacDonald's family had suggested he publish Alice . A diary entry for 2 July says that he received

15594-531: The page being viewed. This will open an interface for writing, formatting, and structuring page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is text-based and employs a lightweight markup language (also known as wikitext , wiki markup , or wikicode ), or a visual editor . For example, in a source editor, starting lines of text with asterisks could create a bulleted list . The syntax and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and structure can vary greatly among implementations . Some allow

15732-587: The pioneers in the usage of computers for linguistic and literary analysis, published the Index Thomisticus , as a tool for performing text searches within the massive corpus of Aquinas 's works. Sponsored by the founder of IBM, Thomas J. Watson , the project lasted about 30 years (1949–1980), and eventually produced the 56 printed volumes of the Index Thomisticus the first important hypertext work about Saint Thomas Aquinas books and of

15870-472: The play is a loose adaptation, with song styles ranging the globe. The 1992 musical theatre production Alice used both books as its inspiration. It also employs scenes with Carroll, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music. Although the original production in Hamburg , Germany, received only

16008-419: The poem "Alice Gray" by William Mee, of which Carroll wrote a parody; Alice is a character in "Dream-Children: A Reverie", a prose piece by Charles Lamb . Carroll, an amateur photographer by the late 1850s, produced many photographic portraits of the Liddell children – and especially of Alice, of which 20 survive. Carroll began writing the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest version

16146-538: The prefix "super-" which comes from Latin. It signifies the overcoming of the previous linear constraints of written text. The term "hypertext" is often used where the term " hypermedia " might seem appropriate. In 1992, author Ted Nelson  – who coined both terms in 1963  – wrote: By now the word "hypertext" has become generally accepted for branching and responding text, but the corresponding word "hypermedia", meaning complexes of branching and responding graphics, movies and sound – as well as text –

16284-472: The published version of the book. The first print run was destroyed (or sold in the US) at Carroll's request because Tenniel was dissatisfied with the printing quality. There are only 22 known first edition copies in existence. The book was reprinted and published in 1866. Tenniel's detailed black-and-white drawings remain the definitive depiction of the characters. Tenniel's illustrations of Alice do not portray

16422-676: The real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. Alice has provided a challenge for other illustrators, including those of 1907 by Charles Pears and the full series of colour plates and line-drawings by Harry Rountree published in the (inter-War) Children's Press (Glasgow) edition. Other significant illustrators include: Arthur Rackham (1907), Willy Pogany (1929), Mervyn Peake (1946), Ralph Steadman (1967), Salvador Dalí (1969), Graham Overden (1969), Max Ernst (1970), Peter Blake (1970), Tove Jansson (1977), Anthony Browne (1988), Helen Oxenbury (1999), and Lisbeth Zwerger (1999). Carroll first met Alexander Macmillan ,

16560-618: The rose motif in Alice alludes to the English Wars of the Roses : red roses symbolised the House of Lancaster , and white roses the rival House of York . Alice is full of linguistic play, puns, and parodies. According to Gillian Beer , Carroll's play with language evokes the feeling of words for new readers: they "still have insecure edges and a nimbus of nonsense blurs the sharp focus of terms". The literary scholar Jessica Straley, in

16698-459: The same subject in a simple way. This echoes the arguments of 'medium theorists' like Marshall McLuhan who look at the social and psychological impacts of the media. New media can become so dominant in public culture that they effectively create a "paradigm shift" as people have shifted their perceptions, understanding of the world, and ways of interacting with the world and each other in relation to new technologies and media. So hypertext signifies

16836-426: The scientific community, by allowing expert peer reviewers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they have analyzed. Trolling and cybervandalism on wikis, where content is changed to something deliberately incorrect or a hoax , offensive material or nonsense is added, or content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites it is possible for such changes to go unnoticed for

16974-514: The self-contained units of meaning in a hypertextual narrative, can play with the reader's orientation and add meaning to the text. One of the most successful computer games, Myst , was first written in HyperCard. The game was constructed as a series of Ages, each Age consisting of a separate HyperCard stack. The full stack of the game consists of over 2500 cards. In some ways, Myst redefined interactive fiction, using puzzles and exploration as

17112-406: The story progresses. Gillian Beer suggests that Alice looks for rules to soothe her anxiety, while Carroll may have hunted for rules because he struggled with the implications of the non-Euclidean geometry then in development. The manuscript was illustrated by Carroll, who added 37 illustrations—printed in a facsimile edition in 1887. John Tenniel provided 42 wood-engraved illustrations for

17250-477: The system, for example in academic contexts. As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services, the addition of malicious hyperlinks, such as sites infected with malware , can also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Misplaced Pages article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website, and users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed

17388-437: The table and cannot reach it. Alice then discovers and eats a cake labelled "Eat me", which causes her to grow to a tremendous size. Unhappy, Alice bursts into tears, and the passing White Rabbit flees in a panic, dropping a fan and two gloves. Alice uses the fan for herself, which causes her to shrink once more and leaves her swimming in a pool of her own tears. Within the pool, Alice meets various animals and birds, who convene on

17526-509: The table, and the riddle "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" is brought up. Alice impatiently decides to leave, calling the party stupid. Noticing a door on a tree, Alice passes through and finds herself back in the room from the beginning of her journey. She takes the key and uses it to open the door to the garden, which turns out to be the croquet court of the Queen of Hearts , whose guard consists of living playing cards. Alice participates in

17664-570: The use of HTML Tooltip Hypertext Markup Language and CSS Tooltip Cascading Style Sheets , while others prevent the use of these to foster uniformity in appearance. A short section of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland rendered in wiki markup: "I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more." "You mean you can't take less ," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take more than nothing." While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in recent years some implementations have added

17802-510: The verse); and Edith Mary (aged 8; "Tertia" in the verse). The journey began at Folly Bridge , Oxford, and ended 5 miles (8 km) upstream at Godstow , Oxfordshire. During the trip, Carroll told the girls a story that he described in his diary as "Alice's Adventures Under Ground", which his journal says he "undertook to write out for Alice". Alice Liddell recalled that she asked Carroll to write it down: unlike other stories he had told her, this one she wanted to preserve. She finally received

17940-566: The web to edit their content without having to register an account on the site first ( anonymous editing ), or require registration as a condition of participation. On implementations where an administrator is able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a specific group of users, they may have the option to prevent anonymous editing while allowing it for registered users. Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered with by malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into

18078-566: The wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from infringing activities. In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act , which protects sites that engage in " Good Samaritan " policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing. It has also been argued that

18216-411: The word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary . In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and the software that powers them, and the latter definition is still occasionally in use. By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him to write that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to

18354-512: Was Alice in Wonderland , a musical play in London's West End by Henry Savile Clarke and Walter Slaughter , which premiered at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1886. Twelve-year-old actress Phoebe Carlo (the first to play Alice) was personally selected by Carroll for the role. Carroll attended a performance on 30 December 1886, writing in his diary that he enjoyed it. The musical was frequently revived during West End Christmas seasons during

18492-612: Was a mathematician at Christ Church, it has been suggested that there are many references and mathematical concepts in both this story and Through the Looking-Glass . Literary scholar Melanie Bayley asserts in the New Scientist magazine that Carroll wrote Alice in Wonderland in its final form as a satire on mid-19th century mathematics. Carina Garland notes how the world is "expressed via representations of food and appetite", naming Alice's frequent desire for consumption (of both food and words), her 'Curious Appetites'. Often,

18630-436: Was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Oscar Wilde was a fan; Queen Victoria was also an avid reader of the book. She reportedly enjoyed Alice enough that she asked for Carroll's next book, which turned out to be a mathematical treatise; Carroll denied this. The book has never been out of print. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has been translated into 174 languages. The following list

18768-629: Was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work. From a study of thousands of wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment. In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009. Wikis can be used for project management . Wikis have also been used in

18906-618: Was developed at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1970s, used for documents on Nimitz class aircraft carriers, and later evolving as KMS (Knowledge Management System). The first hypermedia application is generally considered to be the Aspen Movie Map , implemented in 1978. The Movie Map allowed users to arbitrarily choose which way they wished to drive in a virtual cityscape, in two seasons (from actual photographs) as well as 3-D polygons . In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee created ENQUIRE , an early hypertext database system somewhat like

19044-475: Was single-user, and Cunningham was inspired to build upon the ideas of Vannevar Bush , the inventor of hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's text." Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming patterns , and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring". Misplaced Pages became

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