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Recherche Archipelago

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65-521: The Archipelago of the Recherche , known locally as the Bay of Isles , is a group of 105 islands, and over 1200 "obstacles to shipping", off the south coast of Western Australia . The islands stretch 230 km (140 mi) from east to west and to 50 km (31 mi) off-shore encompassing an area of approximately 4,000 square kilometres (1,544 sq mi). The western group is near Esperance and

130-614: A French expedition in search of the vanished navigator Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse . The name was taken from one of the admiral's ships, Recherche ("Research"). The bay containing the current town of Esperance was named for his other ship, Espérance . Matthew Flinders was the first to explore and chart the islands of the archipelago in 1802 as part of his voyage in the Investigator . Flinders abandoned two anchors when leaving Middle Island in 1803. These were found and recovered in 1973 by divers. The bower anchor

195-462: A few inches up to 10 m (33 ft); less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m (33 ft). Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources such as kelp . An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it has time to fully clamp down. Divers dive from boats, kayaks, tube floats, or directly off the shore. The largest abalone recorded in California

260-545: A gale. The vessel was salvaged later the following year. On 14 February 1991 the Sanko Harvest a bulk carrier of 33,024 tons sank in the archipelago – and it became the second largest wreck that can be dived on in the world. The response to pollution caused by the wreck was reported upon soon after. Uses of the area now include recreational and commercial fishing, and shipping from the Port of Esperance. Commercial fishing

325-599: A number of Indigenous cultures around the world, specifically in Africa and on the Northwest American coast . The meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments; historically, the shells were also used as currency in some communities. Abalones are one of the many classes of organism threatened with extinction due to overfishing and the acidification of oceans from recent higher levels of carbon dioxide , as reduced pH erodes their shells. In

390-570: A permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) are followed. The legal recreational daily limit is 10 per diver, with a minimum shell length of 125 mm (4.9 in) for H. iris and 80 mm (3.1 in) for H. australis . In addition, no person may be in possession, even on land, of more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pāua meat at any one time. Pāua can only be caught by free-diving; it

455-525: A rich diversity of marine life. This includes 263 known species of fish, 347 known species of mollusc, and over 450 types of sponge , sea grasses , and soft corals . A coral-like algae species, rhodoliths , form beds which support marine species of spiders, snails, and worms, also acting as a creche for scallops . Marine mammals associated with the islands include two species of seal , large groups of common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis ), and minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ). Seagrasses found at

520-483: A set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, and as of 2017 the limit has been reduced to 12, only nine of which may be taken south of Mendocino County . Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of San Francisco Bay . A size minimum of 7 in (180 mm) measured across

585-411: A significant decline in catches, with the total allowable catch reduced from 1440 to 787 tonnes for the 2011/12 fishing year , due to dwindling stocks and most notably the abalone virus ganglioneuritis , which is fast-spreading and lethal to abalone stocks. Sport harvesting of red abalone is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with

650-476: A source of colorful mother-of-pearl . The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a delicacy , and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cuisines . Most abalone vary in size from 20 mm (0.8 in) ( Haliotis pulcherrima ) to 200 mm (8 in). The largest species, Haliotis rufescens , reaches 300 mm (12 in). The shell of abalones is convex , rounded to oval in shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of

715-592: A time of lower sea levels when many of the islands were joined to the mainland. The islands became known to Europeans when François Thijssen and Pieter Nuyts , sailing on Gulden Zeepaert , charted the coast in 1627. George Vancouver also passed through the archipelago as part of his expedition in HMS Discovery in 1791. The area was named Archipelago of the Recherche (French: l'Archipel de la Recherche , IPA: [laʁʃipɛl də la ʁəʃɛʁʃ] ) by Rear-admiral Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux in 1792 during

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780-431: Is imperforate , shows an exserted spire, and has prickly ribs. A mantle cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the selenizone , which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes

845-577: Is 12.34 in (31.3 cm), caught by John Pepper somewhere off the coast of San Mateo County in September 1993. The mollusc Concholepas concholepas is often sold in the United States under the name "Chilean abalone", though it is not an abalone, but a muricid . In New Zealand, abalone is called pāua ( / ˈ p aʊ ə / , from the Māori language ). Haliotis iris (or blackfoot pāua)

910-748: Is a common name for any small to very large marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae , which once contained six genera but now contains only one genus, Haliotis . Other common names are ear shells , sea ears , and, now rarely, muttonfish or muttonshells in parts of Australia , ormer in the United Kingdom , perlemoen in South Africa , and pāua in New Zealand . The number of abalone species recognized worldwide ranges between 30 and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of

975-636: Is a criminal offence and can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in prison. The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of Guernsey was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear when illegally diving for ormers. The highly iridescent inner nacre layer of the shell of abalone has traditionally been used as a decorative item, in jewelry, buttons, and as inlay in furniture and musical instruments, such as on fret boards and binding of guitars. See article Najeonchilgi regarding Korean handicraft. Abalone has been an important staple in

1040-432: Is illegal to catch them using scuba gear. An extensive global black market exists in collecting and exporting abalone meat. This can be a particularly awkward problem where the right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under Māori customary rights. When such permits to harvest are abused, it is frequently difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving Ministry for Primary Industries fishery officers with

1105-457: Is near the anterior margin. Only a small number is generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. An abalone has no operculum . The aperture of the shell is very wide and nacreous . The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect

1170-628: Is on display at the South Australian Maritime Museum while the stream anchor can be seen at the National Museum of Australia . Sealers and whalers from other British colonies on the Australian continent frequented the area since at least the early 1820s. Australia's only recorded pirate, Black Jack Anderson , frequented the archipelago in the 1830s. A former whaler, he turned to piracy and wreaked havoc in

1235-602: Is primarily for abalone , southern rock lobsters , pilchards , and sharks , and fishing tourism is an established industry. The area is proposed for other applications of aquaculture , including farming trials of bluefin tuna . The archipelago includes 105 features classed as islands, and more than 1500 islets. The islands of the archipelago have a combined area of 9,720 hectares (24,019 acres). The islands are generally composed of granite outcrops, often with steep slopes and usually lacking beaches. A large number of features are submerged, some becoming exposed by tides. The coast

1300-621: Is prohibited for sale in the country to help reduce poaching; however, much of the illegally harvested meat is sold in Asian countries. As of early 2008, the wholesale price for abalone meat was approximately US$ 40.00 per kilogram. There is an active trade in the shells, which sell for more than US$ 1,400 per tonne . Ormers ( Haliotis tuberculata ) are considered a delicacy in the British Channel Islands as well as in adjacent areas of France, and are pursued with great alacrity by

1365-401: Is subject to some of the most extreme wave energy in all of Australia, with the wave energy causing abrasion as far down as 100 metres (328 ft) during storms. The inner shelf of the archipelago has an average depth of 40 metres (131 ft) with most of the islands being in 60 metres (197 ft) of water. Middle Island with an area of 1,080 hectares (2,669 acres) is the largest island in

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1430-638: Is the ubiquitous New Zealand pāua, the highly polished nacre of which is extremely popular as souvenirs with its striking blue, green, and purple iridescence. Haliotis australis and Haliotis virginea are also found in New Zealand waters, but are less popular than H. iris . Haliotis pirimoana is a small species endemic to Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands that superficially resembles H. virginea . Like all New Zealand shellfish, recreational harvesting of pāua does not require

1495-564: The California Fish and Game Commission closed recreational abalone season due to dramatically declining populations. That year, they extended the moratorium to last through April 2021. An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick wetsuit , including a hood, bootees , and gloves, and usually also a mask, snorkel , weight belt , abalone iron, and abalone gauge. Alternatively, the rock picker can feel underneath rocks at low tides for abalone. Abalone are mostly taken in depths from

1560-534: The Great Southern regional centre of Albany and, further east, Esperance . However, some sources apply "south coast" from Windy Harbour to Mount Manypeaks as the delineating points for the coast. The Rainbow Coast is a tourist region name for the coast as well. It is called the Rainbow Coast because of the fast-moving weather fronts that buffet the coast from the south. This, combined with

1625-461: The Nereus . The schooner Liberty salvaged the wreck the following year collecting metal stores and both the anchors. The Mountaineer was sunk off Thistle Cove near Cape Le Grand in 1835 while attempting to find shelter from a gale. The Rodondo was thought to be wrecked on Polloch Reef off Salisbury Island in 1895. The SS Penguin was wrecked in 1920 off Middle Island while trying to shelter from

1690-613: The Western Australian coastline from Cape Leeuwin to Eucla . This is a distance of approximately 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi), fronting the Great Australian Bight and the Southern Ocean . The Bureau of Meteorology in forecast districts break up the south coast into four sub-regions: With other authorities and departments, the region is usually broken up into smaller regions, oriented to

1755-473: The intertidal zone . Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their fecundity is high and increases with their size, laying from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time. The spermatozoa are filiform and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head. The haliotid family has a worldwide distribution, along the coastal waters of every continent, except the Pacific coast of South America,

1820-501: The 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list, and possible restoration sites have been proposed for the San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island areas. The possibility of farming abalone to be reintroduced into the wild has also been proposed, with these abalone having special tags to help track the population. The number of species that are recognized within

1885-526: The Archipelago. The islands are usually considered as being either in the western group, near Esperance and Woody Island and Cape Le Grand National Park, or in the eastern group where Middle Island is most prominent, near Cape Arid National Park. Some surveys of the archipelago go further than the eastern and western distinction and consider groupings around named islands, such as the Woody Group and

1950-523: The Atlantic coast of North America, the Arctic , and Antarctica . The majority of abalone species are found in cold waters, such as off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan. The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When

2015-523: The Great Southern region. The south east coast of Western Australia is designated as the "Eucla Coast" in Bureau of Meteorology forecasts. The coastline was travelled and written up by Daisy Bates before the first world war. Abalone Abalone ( / ˈ æ b ə l oʊ n i / or / ˌ æ b ə ˈ l oʊ n i / ; via Spanish abulón , from Rumsen aulón )

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2080-576: The Greater China region and among Overseas Chinese communities, abalone is commonly known as bao yu , and sometimes forms part of a Chinese banquet. In the same way as shark fin soup or bird's nest soup , abalone is considered a luxury item , and is traditionally reserved for celebrations. As abalone became more popular and less common, the prices adjusted accordingly. In the 1920s, a restaurant-served portion of abalone, about 4 ounces, would cost (in inflation adjusted dollars) about US$ 7; by 2004,

2145-631: The Japanese perfected diving, with or without gear, to enter the market. Abalone started to become popular in the US after the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915, which exhibited 365 varieties of fish with cooking demonstrations, and a 1,300-seat dining hall. In Japan, live and raw abalones are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in soy sauce . Salted, fermented abalone entrails are

2210-512: The Recherche Island dugite ( Pseudonaja affinis tanneri ) on Cull Island , and the python Morelia spilota imbricata . Other reptiles include the barking gecko ( Underwoodisaurus milii ), ornate dragon ( Ctenophorus ornatus ), and the southern heath monitor ( Varanus rosenbergi ). Two species of frog are also found on the islands; the quacking frog Crinia georgiana and spotted-thighed frog Litoria cyclorhyncha .: Many of

2275-661: The Remark Group. Part of the area is included in the bioregion described as Esperance 2 (ESP2), the 'Recherche subregion', which contains Cape Le Grand National Park at its western end, and the Cape Arid National Park at the eastern end. This area is named the Recherche Archipelago Nature Reserve . Tour operator Don MacKenzie was granted permission to land passengers on Woody Island in 1973. The MacKenzie family built

2340-584: The South African government listed abalone as an endangered species according to the CITES section III appendix, which requests member governments to monitor the trade in this species. This listing was removed from CITES in June 2010 by the South African government and South African abalone is no longer subject to CITES trade controls. Export permits are still required, however. The abalone meat from South Africa

2405-459: The United States. After trials in 2012, a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in Flinders Bay , Western Australia to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5,000 separate concrete abalone habitat units, which can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that grows naturally on the habitats;

2470-670: The abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow. Material scientists around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as body armor . The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles. Abalones are subject to various diseases. The Victorian Department of Primary Industries said in 2007 that ganglioneuritis killed up to 90% of stock in affected regions. Abalone are also severe hemophiliacs , as their fluids will not clot in

2535-404: The animal's diet. The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple. The animal has fimbriated head lobes and side lobes that are fimbriated and cirrated . The radula has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. They have about 70 uncini , with denticulated hooks,

2600-785: The animals and plants are in refugia , where they are remote from factors that threaten mainland populations. The archipelago has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it is the only breeding site for the western subspecies of Cape Barren goose known as the Recherche Cape Barren goose . It also supports over 1% of the world populations of flesh-footed shearwaters , sooty oystercatchers , fairy terns and, probably, white-faced storm-petrels . Rock parrots ( Neophema petrophila ) and red-eared firetails ( Stagonopleura oculata ) have also been recorded. South coast of Western Australia The south coast of Western Australia comprises

2665-425: The archipelago. New Zealand fur seal ( Arctocephalus forsteri ) and Australian sea-lion ( Neophoca cinerea ) breeding colonies are found on some islands, with haul-out sites on many. Marsupials include tammars ( Macropus eugenii derbianus ), a species of bandicoot ( Isoodon obesulus ), and two subspecies of rock wallabies ( Petrogale lateralis lateralis and Petrogale lateralis hacketti ). Snakes include

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2730-409: The area until being murdered by his crew. Middle Island was regarded as the right whale hunting station of the bight in the 1830s and 1840s. The archipelago is recorded as the site of shipwrecks and other maritime incidents. The brig Belinda was wrecked off Middle Island while sealing in late 1824. The crew unsuccessfully attempted to reach Sydney in two boats, and were eventually rescued by

2795-618: The backing of the New Zealand Police. Poaching is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles and fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. There are five species endemic to South Africa, namely H. parva , H. spadicea , H. queketti and H. speciosa . The largest abalone in South Africa, Haliotis midae , occurs along roughly two-thirds of

2860-485: The case of a laceration or puncture wound. Members of the Spionidae of the polychaetes are known as pests of abalone. Abalone has been harvested worldwide for centuries as a source of food and decorative items. Abalone shells and associated materials, like their claw-like pearls and nacre , have been used as jewelry and for buttons, buckles, and inlay. These shells have been found in archaeological sites around

2925-436: The cold seas to over 20 °C (68 °F) in summer. Larger islands have a substrate that supports vegetation, nesting birds, and other animals. A complex marine environment is found in the surrounding waters, the benthic habitat is various densities of seagrass meadows , reefs, or bare sand. The waters around the islands meet often steep faces of granite, the extensive reefs and other features form habitat which supports

2990-539: The country's coastline. Abalone-diving has been a recreational activity for many years, but stocks are currently being threatened by illegal commercial harvesting . In South Africa, all persons harvesting this shellfish need permits that are issued annually, and no abalone may be harvested using scuba gear. For the last few years, however, no permits have been issued for collecting abalone, but commercial harvesting still continues as does illegal collection by syndicates . In 2007, because of widespread poaching of abalone,

3055-462: The diver is working. Bags of abalone pried from the rocks are brought to the surface by the diver or by way of "shot line", where the deckhand drops a weighted rope for the catch bag to be connected then retrieved. Divers measure each abalone before removing from the reef and the deckhand remeasures each abalone and removes excess weed growth from the shell. Since 2002, the Victorian industry has seen

3120-565: The eastern group at Israelite Bay . They are located in coastal waters, part of which is designated the Recherche Archipelago Nature Reserve . Recherche Archipelago exhibits evidence of human occupation dated to 13,000 years ago. Archeologists have found ancient artefacts on Salisbury Island , a massive limestone remnant sitting on a granite dome 60 kilometres (37 mi) offshore, that included stone blades, lizard traps, axe heads, grinding stones and granite watering holes. The objects are believed to extend up to 13,000 years before present, from

3185-481: The ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of dhufish , pink snapper , wrasse , and Samson fish among other species. Abalones have long been a valuable food source for humans in every area of the world where a species is abundant. The meat of this mollusc is considered a delicacy in certain parts of Latin America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In

3250-462: The family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies . The shells of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre , which in many species is highly iridescent , giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as ornaments , jewelry , and as

3315-482: The first four very large. The rounded foot is very large in comparison to most molluscs. The soft body is coiled around the columellar muscle , and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The gills are symmetrical and both well developed. These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at sublittoral depths, although some species such as Haliotis cracherodii used to be common in

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3380-456: The genus Haliotis has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species range from 30 to 130. This list finds a compromise using the WoRMS database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57. The majority of abalone have not been rated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general

3445-436: The island include: Amphibolis antarctica , Amphibolis griffithii , Halophila decipiens , Halophila ovalis , Posidonia angustifolia , Posidonia australis , Posidonia coriacea , Posidonia denhartogii , Posidonia kirkmani , Posidonia ostenfeldii , Posidonia sinuosa , Syringodium isoetifolium , and Thalassodendron pachyrhizum . The islands support populations of terrestrial flora and fauna, some of which are unique to

3510-463: The jetty that is still used for visitors to disembark from tourist boats. Download coordinates as: The area is a biodiversity hotspot with high biodiversity and a large number of species that are native to the region. The environment contains a diverse array of subtropical and temperate flora and fauna. This is partly due to the Leeuwin current that flows in an easterly direction, this warms

3575-426: The late 1950s. The state is sectioned into three fishing zones, Eastern, Central and Western, with each fisher required a zone-allocated licence. Harvesting is performed by divers using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems operating from runabout-style, outboard-powered boats. While the diver seeks out colonies of abalone amongst the reef beds, the deckhand operates the boat, known as working "live" and stays above where

3640-570: The locals. This, and a recent lethal bacterial disease, has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century, and "ormering" is now strictly regulated to preserve stocks. The gathering of ormers is now restricted to a number of 'ormering tides', from 1 January to 30 April, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 millimetres (3.1 in) in shell length. Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws

3705-477: The main component of tottsuru , a local dish from Honshū. Tottsuru is mainly enjoyed with sake. In South Korea, abalone is called Jeonbok (/juhn-bok/) and used in various recipes. Jeonbok porridge and pan-fried abalone steak with butter are popular but also commonly used in soups or ramyeon. In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sautéed with caramelized mango, or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour. Tasmania supplies about 25% of

3770-402: The majority of species has a small, flat spire and two to three whorls . The last whorl, known as the body whorl , is auriform , meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". Haliotis asinina has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii is also unusual as it has an ovate form,

3835-554: The mid-1990s, there have been many increasingly successful endeavors to commercially farm abalone for the purpose of consumption. Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to such an extent that farmed abalone now supplies most of the abalone meat consumed. The principal abalone farming regions are China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. Abalone is also farmed in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Iceland , Ireland, Mexico, Namibia , New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, and

3900-458: The north of the state where the minimum size is 132 millimetres (5.2 in). With a recreational abalone licence, the bag limit is 10 per day, with a total possession limit of 20. Scuba diving for abalone is allowed, and has a rich history in Australia. (Scuba diving for abalone in the states of New South Wales and Western Australia is illegal; a free-diving catch limit of two is allowed). Victoria has had an active abalone fishery since

3965-459: The price had risen to US$ 75. In the United States, prior to this time, abalone was predominantly eaten, gathered, and prepared by Chinese immigrants. Before that, abalone were collected to be eaten, and used for other purposes by Native American tribes. By 1900, laws were passed in California to outlaw the taking of abalone above the intertidal zone . This forced the Chinese out of the market and

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4030-452: The shell is in place. A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time. As of 2017, abalone season is May to October, excluding July. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport-obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken, as black , white , pink , flat , green , and pinto abalone are protected by law. In 2018,

4095-407: The sun being close to the northern horizon in winter, creates regular displays of rainbows in the south. The main towns of the Rainbow Coast are Albany, Denmark and Walpole. The coast has dozens of national parks and nature reserves including: Considerable numbers of government reports and environmental studies with "South Coast" in the titles are focused specifically on the coastline adjacent to

4160-532: The world, ranging from 100,000-year-old deposits at Blombos Cave in South Africa to historic Chinese abalone middens on California's Northern Channel Islands. For at least 12,000 years, abalones were harvested to such an extent around the Channel Islands that shells in the area decreased in size four thousand years ago. Farming of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since

4225-407: The yearly world abalone harvest. Around 12,500 Tasmanians recreationally fish for blacklip and greenlip abalone. For blacklip abalone, the size limit varies between 138 mm (5.4 in) for the southern end of the state and 127 mm (5.0 in) for the northern end of the state. Greenlip abalones have a minimum size of 145 mm (5.7 in), except for an area around Perkins Bay in

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