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54-648: Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph ordered in 1751 to construct a new theatre outside the palace after a fire in the St. George's Hall of the Residence which had served as before as a theatre room. This theatre was also destroyed during World War II and replaced by the New Residence Theatre. Since the decoration of the Old Residence Theatre had been rescued, it was moved into a wing of

108-686: A character in Richard Wagner 's opera, Lohengrin (1850), trying to gain the support of the Brabantian nobles against the Magyars. After the attempts to achieve German national unity failed with the Revolutions of 1848 , Wagner strongly relied on the picture of Henry as the actual ruler of all German tribes as advocated by pan-Germanist activists like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn . There are indications that Heinrich Himmler saw himself as

162-529: A dynastic marriage, Henry acquired Lotharingia as a vassal in 925. Unlike his Carolingian predecessors, Henry did not seek to create a centralized monarchy, ruling through federated autonomous stem duchies instead. Henry built an extensive system of fortifications and mobile heavy cavalry across Germany to neutralize the Magyar threat and in 933 routed them at the Battle of Riade , ending Magyar attacks for

216-445: A foot (gressum pedis) of land. This was also the reason – by God's will (Dei nutu) – for him having been defeated in this first campaign. This can be seen as proof that Henry did campaign against Bavaria, and Arnulf, more than once. In the second chapter, the unknown chronicler hints that Henry's predecessor on the throne, Conrad I , had also invaded Bavaria in an equally unlawful and hostile (non regaliter, sed hostiliter) fashion. Conrad

270-418: A new elite cavalry force. Henry built fortified settlements as a defense against Magyar and Slav invaders. In 932 Henry refused to pay the annual tribute to the Magyars. When they began raiding again, Henry, with his improved army in 933 at the Battle of Riade , crushed the Magyars so completely that they never returned to the northern lands of Henry's kingdom. During the truce with the Magyars, Henry subdued

324-502: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Elector of Bavaria The following is a list of monarchs during the history of Bavaria . Bavaria was ruled by several dukes and kings , partitioned and reunited, under several dynasties . Since 1918, Bavaria has been under a republican form of government, and from 1949, Bavaria has been a democratic state in the Federal Republic of Germany . Around 548

378-644: Is described as a glorious leader (gloriosus dux), being blessed by heaven (ex alto) with all kinds of virtues, brave and dynamic. He alone had saved his people from the scourge of the Saxons (de sevienti gladio paganorum) and given them back their freedom. This panegyric to the Bavarian duke is unparalleled for its time and underlines his position of power in the southeast of the East Frankish realm, so endangered by disintegration, so that "Arnulf ... nearly [found]

432-407: Is said to have marauded through the land, murdering and pillaging, having made many children orphans (orphanos) and women widows (viduas). Ratisbon , the duke's seat, was set to light and looted. After Conrad committed all these crimes (peccatis), it reports that divine providence (divino nutu) forced him to withdraw. The reason for this is not mentioned. The last section is a eulogy to Duke Arnulf who

486-584: The Duchy of Bohemia and forced Duke Wenceslaus I to resume the annual payment of tribute to the king. Meanwhile, the Slavic Redarii had driven away their chief, captured the town of Walsleben and massacred its inhabitants. Counts Bernard and Thietmar marched against the fortress of Lenzen beyond the Elbe, and, after fierce fighting , completely routed the enemy on 4 September 929. The Lusatians and

540-551: The Kingdom of Italy . Henry became Duke of Saxony after his father's death in 912. An able ruler, he continued to strengthen the position of his duchy within the weakening kingdom of East Francia , and was frequently in conflict with his neighbors to the South in the Duchy of Franconia . On 23 December 918 Conrad I , king of East Francia and Franconian duke, died. Although Henry had rebelled against Conrad I between 912 and 915 over

594-566: The Luitpolding dynasty, was not a duke of Bavaria but a margrave of Carinthia under the rule of Louis the Child. Frankish power had waned in the region due to Hungarian attacks, allowing the local rulers greater independence. Luitpold's son, Arnulf, claimed the title of duke (implying full autonomy) in 911 and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler of Germany in 920. From 947 until

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648-588: The Polabian Slavs who lived on his eastern borders. In the winter of 928 he marched against the Slavic Hevelli tribes and seized their capital, Brandenburg . He then invaded the Glomacze lands on the middle Elbe river, conquering the capital Gana (Jahna) after a siege , and had a fortress (the later Albrechtsburg ) built at Meissen . In 929, with the help of Arnulf of Bavaria, Henry entered

702-599: The Quedlinburg Abbey where Henry and Matilda are buried. She was later canonized . His son Otto I , traditionally known as Otto the Great , continued his father's work of unifying all German tribes into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers. He installed members of his family in the kingdom's most important duchies, subjected the clergy to his personal control, defeated the Magyars and conquered

756-559: The Ukrani on the lower Oder were subdued and made tributary in 932 and 934, respectively. In conquered lands Henry did not create march administration, which was implemented by his successor Otto I. Henry also pacified territories to the north, where the Danes had been harrying the Frisians by sea. The monk and chronicler Widukind of Corvey in his Res gestae Saxonicae reports that

810-418: The reincarnation of Henry, who was proclaimed to be the first king of Germany. Himmler traveled to Quedlinburg several times to hold a ceremony in the crypt on the anniversary of the king's death, 2 July. This started in 1936, 1,000 years after Henry died. Himmler considered him to be the "first German king" and declared his tomb a site of pilgrimage for Germans. In 1937, the king's remains were reinterred in

864-492: The 11th century, the kings of Germany repeatedly transferred Bavaria into different hands (including their own), never allowing any one family to establish itself. Bavaria was ruled by a series of short-lasting, mostly unrelated dynasties. In 1070, Emperor Henry IV deposed Duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Welf I , a member of the Italo-Bavarian family of Este . Welf I subsequently quarreled with King Henry and

918-409: The 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the dukes difficult to list. In Lower Bavaria , Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I. In Upper Bavaria , Louis II

972-530: The Alps was acknowledged by the kings Rudolph of West Francia and Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy , who both accepted a place of subordination as allies in 935. Henry planned an expedition to Rome to be crowned emperor by the pope , but the design was thwarted by his death. Henry prevented a collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia , and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I . He

1026-529: The Bavarian March of Carinthia by Eberhard and the Count of Meran and another group was routed by Liutfried , count of Elsass (French reading: Alsace ), the Magyars continued raiding East Francia. Henry, having captured a Hungarian prince, managed to arrange a ten-year truce in 924, though he agreed to pay annual tribute. By doing so he and the dukes gained time to build new fortified towns and to train

1080-709: The Danes were subjects of Henry the Fowler. Henry incorporated into his kingdom territories held by the Wends , who together with the Danes had attacked Germany, and also conquered Schleswig in 934. As the first Saxon king of East Francia, Henry was the founder of the Ottonian dynasty . He and his descendants ruled East Francia, and later the Holy Roman Empire, from 919 until 1024. Henry had two wives and at least six children: Henry returned to public attention as

1134-606: The Dukes, Electors and Kings over the following regions of Bavaria and under the following circumstances:   – Dukes of Bavaria   – Regents and pretenders to the Bavarian throne   – Dukes of Lower Bavaria   – Dukes of Upper Bavaria   – Dukes of Bavaria-Lanshut   – Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt   – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich   – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich-Dachau   – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing   – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing, disputed Henry

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1188-475: The Fowler Henry the Fowler ( German : Heinrich der Vogler or Heinrich der Finkler ; Latin : Henricus Auceps ; c.  876 – 2 July 936 ) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and the king of East Francia from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non- Frankish king of East Francia, he established the Ottonian dynasty of kings and emperors , and he is generally considered to be

1242-861: The Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was abolished. In 1805 under the Peace of Pressburg between Napoleonic France and the Holy Roman Empire several duchies were elevated to kingdoms. The Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria held the title King of Bavaria from 1806 until 1918. The prince-elector of Bavaria, Maximilian IV Joseph formally assumed the title King Maximilian I of Bavaria on 1 January 1806. The well-known so called Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king) Ludwig II constructed Neuschwanstein Castle , Herrenchiemsee , and Linderhof Palace during his reign (1864–1886), threatening not only to go bankrupt in person, but also to bankrupt

1296-545: The Kelheimer (r. 1189–1231), although four Dukes of Bavaria had been called Louis before that. The same applies to Dukes called Otto, who are sometimes renumbered starting with Otto III, the first Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria. The highest number has been used in this chart to minimise confusion, with one exception: Ludwig is the German for Louis, but Kings Ludwig I, II and III are not numbered XV, XVI and XVII. The colours denote

1350-576: The Kings of Bavaria. However, Otto was mentally ill since teenhood and throughout all of his later life, hence the royal functions had to be carried out by the following prince regents : Prince regent from 1912 until 1913. Declared King of Bavaria following a controversial change of the constitution, discharging his cousin Otto from "office". Lost the throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 at

1404-485: The Lower Palatinate in 1777. From 1349 until 1503 the second partition of Bavaria took place. In 1349, the six sons of Louis IV partitioned Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria again. In 1353, Lower Bavaria was partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing . Upper Bavaria was partitioned between Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut in 1363. After the death of Stephan II in 1392, Bavaria-Landshut

1458-487: The Residence and re-opened as Cuvilliés Theatre ( Old Residence Theatre ). The New Residence Theatre houses the Bavarian State Theatre (Bavarian Staatsschauspiel), one of the most important German language theatres in the world. 48°08′24″N 11°34′44″E  /  48.14000°N 11.57889°E  / 48.14000; 11.57889 This article about a Bavarian building or structure

1512-518: The author gives a very lively impression of the disconcert Henry's claims caused in Bavaria: The piece abruptly starts with a clause. It relates that Henry I ( Saxo Heimricus ), following the advice of an unnamed bishop, had invaded the Bavarian kingdom ( regnum Baioariae ) in a hostile way. Decidedly, it hints at the unlawfulness of this encroachment, namely in that Bavaria was a territory in which none of Henry's forefathers had ever possessed even

1566-602: The country in the process. In 1918 Ludwig III lost his throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 . Abdicated in the Revolutions of 1848 . Ludwig II was called the Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king). He grudgingly acceded to Bavaria becoming a component of the German Empire in 1871, was declared insane in 1886. From a mathematical, calendrical point of view, his marked the longest "reign" amongst

1620-408: The death of Henry V in 1026. Later Henry was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, and became King of Germany in 1039. In 1042, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor , granted the duchy to Henry VII, Count of Luxemburg, nephew of Henry V. After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor , then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno

1674-413: The duchy and besieged Gilbert at Zülpich (Tolbiac), captured the town, and became master of a large portion of his lands. Allowing Gilbert to remain in power as duke, Henry arranged the marriage of his daughter Gerberga to his new vassal in 928. Thus he brought that realm, which had been lost in 910, back into the kingdom as the fifth stem duchy. The threat of Magyar raiders improved his situation, as all

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1728-524: The duke and gave his territory to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach . From now on, Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family for 738 years until the end of the First World War. In 1253, on Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of

1782-402: The dukes and nobles realized that only a strong state could defend their lands against barbarian incursions. In 919 Henry was defeated by the Magyars in the Battle of Püchen , hardly escaping from being killed in battle, managing to take refuge in the town of Püchen. In 921 the Magyars once again invaded East Francia and Italy. Although a sizable Magyar force was defeated near Bleiburg in

1836-428: The election. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz offered to anoint Henry according to the usual ceremony, but he refused – the only king of his time not to undergo that rite – allegedly because he wished to be king not by the church's but by the people's acclaim. Henry, who was elected to kingship by only the Saxons and Franconians at Fritzlar, had to subdue the other dukes. Duke Burchard II of Swabia soon swore fealty to

1890-580: The end of World War I . Marks the end of 738 years of uninterrupted Wittelsbach rule over Bavaria. In 1918, at the end of the First World War in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Bavaria became a democratic republic within the Weimar Republic ; the name for the period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Since then, the heads of government of Bavaria have been ministers-president . Note that Dukes called Louis are usually numbered from Louis

1944-476: The founder of the medieval German state , known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter , he obtained the epithet "the Fowler" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. He was born into the Liudolfing line of Saxon dukes. His father Otto I of Saxony died in 912 and was succeeded by Henry. The new duke launched a rebellion against

1998-498: The king of East Francia, Conrad I of Germany , over the rights to lands in the Duchy of Thuringia . They reconciled in 915 and on his deathbed in 918, Conrad recommended Henry as the next king, considering the duke the only one who could hold the kingdom together in the face of internal revolts and external Magyar raids . Henry was elected and crowned king in 919. He went on to defeat the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and Swabia , consolidating his rule. Through successful warfare and

2052-537: The kings of the Franks placed the border region of Bavaria under the administration of a duke—possibly Frankish or possibly chosen from amongst the local leading families—who was supposed to act as a regional governor for the Frankish king. The first duke we know of, and likely the first, was Gariwald, or Garibald I , a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. This was the beginning of a series of Agilolfing dukes that

2106-735: The lands in Thuringia , Conrad recommended Henry as his successor. Kingship now changed from the Franks to the Saxons , who had suffered greatly during the conquests of Charlemagne and were proud of their identity. Henry, as Saxon, was the first non-Frank on the throne. Conrad's choice was conveyed by his brother, duke Eberhard III of Franconia at the Imperial Diet of Fritzlar in 919. The assembled Franconian and Saxon nobles elected Henry to be king with other regional dukes not participating in

2160-432: The new king, but when he died, Henry appointed a noble from Franconia to be the new duke. Duke Arnulf of Bavaria , lord over a realm of impressive extent, with de facto powers of a king and at times even named so in documents, proved a much harder nut to crack. He would not submit until Henry defeated him in two campaigns in 921. In the short remnant of a more lengthy text, " Fragmentum de Arnulfo duce Bavariae ( de )",

2214-626: The next 21 years and giving rise to a sense of German nationhood. Henry greatly expanded German hegemony in Europe with his defeat of the Slavs in 929 at the Battle of Lenzen along the Elbe river, by compelling the submission of Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia through an invasion of the Duchy of Bohemia the same year and by conquering Danish realms in Schleswig in 934. Henry's hegemonic status north of

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2268-540: The position of the monarchy could only be consolidated gradually. Even under Otto the Great and later monarchs, consensus building would remain important. In 920, the king of West Francia , Charles the Simple , invaded and marched as far as Pfeddersheim near Worms , but retreated when he learned that Henry was organizing an army. On 7 November 921, Henry and Charles met and concluded the Treaty of Bonn , in which Henry

2322-487: The same resonance in the scarce historiography of his time, as did King Henry". Henry besieged Arnulf's residence at Ratisbon and forced the duke into submission. Arnulf had crowned himself as king of Bavaria in 919, but in 921 renounced the crown and submitted to Henry while maintaining significant autonomy and the right to mint his own coins. In his time, the king was considered primus inter pares (first among equals) . The king and princes formulated policies together and

2376-466: The title to Berthold, a younger son of Luitpold. On Berthold's death, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor , gave the duchy to his own brother Henry (I), who was also Arnulf the Bad's son-in-law. Henry IV was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, who gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry V , Count of Luxemburg in 1004. Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Germany, gave Bavaria to his son Henry VI after

2430-591: The two shared Straubing also with Albert I's son, Albert II. Albert VI inherited from his wife the lands of Leuchtenberg, and from 1646 reorganizes them as a new Bavarian duchy, the short-lived Duchy of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg. In the chaos of the wars of the French Revolution , the old order of the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. In the course of these events, Bavaria became once again the ally of France, and Maximilian IV Joseph became King Maximilian I of Bavaria—whilst remaining Prince-Elector and Arch-steward of

2484-489: Was annulled in 909 because her vows as a nun were deemed by the church to remain valid. She had already given birth to Henry's son Thankmar . The annulment placed a question mark over Thankmar's legitimacy. Later that year he married Matilda , daughter of Dietrich of Ringelheim , Count in Westphalia . Matilda bore him three sons and two daughters, Hedwig and Gerberga , and founded many religious institutions, including

2538-670: Was broken into three duchies, John II gained Bavaria-Munich , Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut received a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and in Bavaria-Ingolstadt ruled Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria . Following the Landshut War (1503–1505), the Duke of Bavaria-Munich Albert IV the Wise became ruler of Bavaria. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture . In 1623 Maximilian I

2592-571: Was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey , established by his wife Matilda in his honour. Born in Memleben , in what is now Saxony-Anhalt , Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious , Duke of Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga , who was probably the daughter of Henry of Franconia . In 906 he married Hatheburg of Merseburg , daughter of the Saxon count Erwin. She had previously been a nun. The marriage

2646-626: Was deposed in 1053. During his reign in Bavaria Henry VIII was a minor (born 1050). In 1056 he became King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor as Henry IV in 1084. Abdicated. In a power struggle with King Conrad III of Germany , Henry X lost his duchy to the King, who granted it to his follower Leopold Margrave of Austria . In 1180, Henry XII the Lion and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor , fell out. The emperor consequently dispossessed

2700-515: Was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons Welf II and Henry IX—the latter was succeeded by his son Henry X, who also became Duke of Saxony . Arnulf the Bad claimed the title of duke—implying full autonomy—in 911, and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler in 920. The German King Otto I reasserted central authority, banishing Arnulf's son Eberhard and re-granting

2754-548: Was granted the title Prince-elector (German: Kurfürst ) of the Rhenish Palatinate. (Note: Here the numbering of the dukes is the same for all duchies, as all were titled Dukes of Bavaria, despite the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The dukes are numbered by the year of their succession.) In Lower Bavaria, the three brothers divided the land again in 1353: Stephen kept Landshut, William and Albert shared Straubing, and from 1389

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2808-691: Was recognized as the east Frankish king and Charles rule in Lotharingia was recognized. Henry then saw an opportunity to take Lotharingia when a civil war over royal succession began in West Francia after the coronation of King Robert I . In 923 Henry crossed the Rhine twice, capturing a large part of the duchy. The eastern part of Lotharingia was left in Henry's possession until October 924. In 925 Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia rebelled. Henry invaded

2862-559: Was succeeded by his sons Rudolf I and Louis IV. The latter was elected King of Germany in 1314. After John I's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy. The dukes of Upper Bavaria served also as Counts Palatinate of the Rhine. In 1329 Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. The Upper Palatinate would be reunited with Bavaria in 1623,

2916-808: Was to last until 788. The kings (later emperors) of the Franks now assumed complete control, placing Bavaria under the rule of non-hereditary governors and civil servants. They were not dukes but rather kings of Bavaria. Emperor Louis the Pious divided control of the Empire among his sons, and the divisions became permanent in the decades following his death in 840. The Frankish rulers controlled Bavaria as part of their possessions. Carloman 's bastard son, Arnulf of Carinthia , rebelled against Charles and took power in eastern Francia shortly before Charles' death. Ruled by an array of dukes from an array of rivaling houses, individually appointed to office. Luitpold, founder of

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