44-735: The River Smite , a tributary of the River Devon , flows for 20 miles (32 km) through Leicestershire and south-east Nottinghamshire , England. The source is near the hamlet of Holwell, Leicestershire and it joins the Devon near Shelton, Nottinghamshire . The Smite and its tributaries, such as the River Whipling , the Stroom Dyke, and the Dalby Brook, drain an area of 193 square kilometres (75 sq mi) of farmland in
88-565: A CGS unit of acceleration . The gallon currently has one definition in the imperial system, and two definitions (liquid and dry ) in the US customary system. Historically, there were many definitions and redefinitions. There were a number of systems of liquid measurements in the United Kingdom prior to the 19th century. The British imperial gallon (frequently called simply "gallon") is defined as exactly 4.54609 dm (4.54609 litres). It
132-411: A US fluid ounce is 1 / 16 of a US pint, or 1 / 128 of a US gallon. Thus, the imperial gallon, quart, pint, cup and gill are approximately 20% larger than their US counterparts, meaning these are not interchangeable, but the imperial fluid ounce is only approximately 4% smaller than the US fluid ounce, meaning these are often used interchangeably. Historically,
176-422: A US gallon. In order to overcome the effects of expansion and contraction with temperature when using a gallon to specify a quantity of material for purposes of trade, it is common to define the temperature at which the material will occupy the specified volume. For example, the volume of petroleum products and alcoholic beverages are both referenced to 60 °F (15.6 °C) in government regulations. Since
220-664: A common bottle size for liquor in the US was the " fifth ", i.e. one-fifth of a US gallon (or one-sixth of an imperial gallon). While spirit sales in the US were switched to metric measures in 1976, a 750 mL bottle is still sometimes known as a "fifth". The term derives most immediately from galun , galon in Old Norman French , but the usage was common in several languages, for example jale in Old French and gęllet (bowl) in Old English. This suggests
264-522: A common origin in Romance Latin , but the ultimate source of the word is unknown. The gallon originated as the base of systems for measuring wine and beer in England. The sizes of gallon used in these two systems were different from each other: the first was based on the wine gallon (equal in size to the US gallon), and the second one either the ale gallon or the larger imperial gallon. By
308-481: A conduit. By this time it is below the 160-foot (49 m) contour. The county border between Leicestershire and Lincolnshire follows the course of the river for a short distance near the bottom lake, and beyond Woolsthorpe, the river is in Lincolnshire. Passing back into Leicestershire, it flows through Muston and Bottesford , where there are a number of bridges. At the end of Church Street, Fleming's bridge
352-452: A refurbishment programme on the dam and spillway which cost £170,000. The village of Knipton is a little further to the north, on the eastern bank of the river. An unnamed tributary flows through the village to join the river, after which it enters woodland, where it is joined by a stream flowing eastwards from a small lake called Frog Hollow. Belvoir upper lake and Belvoir lower lake come next, each covering 12 acres (4.9 ha) and created by
396-787: Is a tributary of the River Trent , which rises in Leicestershire and joins the Trent at Newark in Nottinghamshire , England. In its upper reaches, it supplies Knipton Reservoir, which was built to supply water to the Grantham Canal , and Belvoir Lakes, designed by Capability Brown . It passes under the Grantham Canal, and then through Bottesford, where it is spanned by five railway bridges, only one of which
440-469: Is a unit of volume in British imperial units and United States customary units . Three different versions are in current use: There are two pints in a quart and four quarts in a gallon. Different sizes of pints account for the different sizes of the imperial and US gallons. The IEEE standard symbol for both US (liquid) and imperial gallon is gal , not to be confused with the gal (symbol: Gal),
484-411: Is a double-arched grade II listed medieval bridge, now just used by pedestrians, which was built for Samuel Fleming, who was rector in the village between 1581 and 1620. At Devon Lane, there is a ford, besides which stands a single-arched brick bridge, with two holes passing through the spandrels, and iron railings in the centre of the parapet. It was built in the early 19th century. Beyond the village,
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#1732797733279528-412: Is legally defined as 231 cubic inches , which is exactly 3.785411784 litres. A US liquid gallon can contain about 3.785 kilograms or 8.34 pounds of water at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F), and is about 16.7% less than the imperial gallon. There are four quarts in a gallon, two pints in a quart and 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint , which makes the US fluid ounce equal to 1 / 128 of
572-411: Is still used for its original purpose. On the outskirts of Newark, it passes by two Civil War structures, and just before it joins the Trent it becomes navigable, with a marina located on the west bank. Its name is pronounced "Deevon", not as spelt. The river has a catchment of 109.8 square miles (284 km ) and had an average flow of 29.8 million gallons (135.6 Megalitres) per day, measured at
616-680: Is the confluence of two tributaries, the Rundle Beck and the Grimmer, which meet near Granby . The Whipling then flows around the village, before taking a north-easterly course to join the Smite near Whatton. The Whipling and tributaries drain some 52 square kilometres (20 sq mi) of the Vale of Belvoir, contributing about a quarter of the Smite's catchment area. River Devon, Nottinghamshire The River Devon / ˈ d iː v ə n /
660-662: Is used as the primary fuel economy unit in the United Kingdom and as a supplementary unit in Canada on official documentation. Other than the United States, petrol is sold by the US gallon in 13 other countries, and one US territory: The latest country to cease using the gallon is El Salvador in June 2021. Both the US gallon and imperial gallon are used in the Turks and Caicos Islands (due to an increase in tax duties which
704-418: Is used in some Commonwealth countries, and until 1976 was defined as the volume of water at 62 °F (16.67 °C) whose mass is 10 pounds (4.5359237 kg). There are four imperial quarts in a gallon, two imperial pints in a quart, and there are 20 imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint, yielding 160 fluid ounces in an imperial gallon. The US liquid gallon (frequently called simply "gallon")
748-567: The European Union the gallon was removed from the list of legally defined primary units of measure catalogue in the EU directive 80/181/EEC for trading and official purposes, effective from 31 December 1994. Under the directive the gallon could still be used, but only as a supplementary or secondary unit. As a result of the EU directive Ireland and the United Kingdom passed legislation to replace
792-441: The Grantham Canal , then continues in a north-westerly direction to meet Dalby Brook. This tributary drains the south-west of the catchment, rising near Old Dalby, then flowing between Upper and Nether Broughton and past Hickling to the junction with the Smite. Beyond this confluence the river flows through Colston Bassett and beside Wiverton Hall, where it is joined by the Stroom Dyke. It continues through farmland, until it reaches
836-508: The Vale of Belvoir . In the 17th century the river was known as the Snite. This and the modern spelling are thought to derive from the Old English smita , denoting a foul or miry place. This links with another Old English word smitan , which means to daub or pollute. It implies that the Smite was a dirty, miry stream. The river draws from several springs near Holwell, along a spring line where
880-459: The dry measure is one-eighth of a US Winchester bushel of 2,150.42 cubic inches, it is equal to exactly 268.8025 cubic inches, which is 4.404 883 770 86 L . The US dry gallon is not used in commerce, and is also not listed in the relevant statute, which jumps from the dry pint to the bushel. As of 2021, the imperial gallon continues to be used as the standard petrol unit on 10 Caribbean island groups , consisting of: All 12 of
924-535: The kilogram -litre relationship , the imperial gallon was based on the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury (100 kilopascals ; 15 pounds per square inch ) and at a temperature of 62 °F (17 °C). In 1963, this definition was refined as the space occupied by 10 pounds of distilled water of density 0.998 859 g/mL weighed in air of density 0.001 217 g/mL against weights of density 8.136 g/mL (the original "brass"
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#1732797733279968-427: The 490-foot (150 m) contour, and flows generally northwards. Passing close to Branston, it flows into Knipton reservoir, built in the 1790s to supply the Grantham Canal . The surface area of the reservoir is 52 acres (21 ha), and it feeds the canal through a channel, called The Carrier , which has open sections and runs through a tunnel for about 1 mile (1.6 km). In 2006, British Waterways completed
1012-606: The A52, where it passes between the villages of Whatton-in-the-Vale and Aslockton . It is joined by the River Whipling as it flows past the remains of the motte and bailey of Aslockton Castle . The river continues north-east, beside the villages of Orston , Thoroton , Flawborough and Shelton, where it meets the River Devon. The River Whipling is the main tributary of the Smite and 6 miles (9.7 km) long. Its source
1056-473: The Caribbean islands use miles per hour for speed limits signage, and drive on the left side of the road . The United Arab Emirates ceased selling petrol by the imperial gallon in 2010 and switched to the litre, with Guyana following suit in 2013. In 2014, Myanmar switched from the imperial gallon to the litre. Antigua and Barbuda has proposed switching to selling petrol by litres since 2015. In
1100-479: The Devon joins the River Trent . Below the bridge, the river is used for moorings, and there is a marina on the western bank. The mouth is below the 50-foot (15 m) contour. The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at
1144-468: The US), which in turn are further divided into two gills . Thus, both gallons are equal to four quarts, eight pints, sixteen cups, or thirty-two gills. The imperial gill is further divided into five fluid ounces, whereas the US gill is divided into four fluid ounces, meaning an imperial fluid ounce is 1 / 20 of an imperial pint, or 1 / 160 of an imperial gallon, while
1188-420: The assessment. However the ecological status of the upper river improved from poor to moderate, while the lower river deteriorated from moderate to poor. Download coordinates as: [REDACTED] Media related to River Devon, Nottinghamshire at Wikimedia Commons 53°04′18″N 0°49′23″W / 53.0717°N 0.8231°W / 53.0717; -0.8231 Imperial gallon The gallon
1232-420: The bushel 8 in × ( 9 + 1 / 4 in) × π ≈ 2150.42017 cubic inches . The bushel was later defined to be 2150.42 cubic inches exactly, thus making its gallon exactly 268.8025 in ( 4.404 883 770 86 L ); in previous centuries, there had been a corn gallon of between 271 and 272 cubic inches. The wine , fluid , or liquid gallon has been the standard US gallon since
1276-511: The earlier definition with π approximated to 22 / 7 . π r 2 h ≈ 22 7 × ( 7 i n 2 ) 2 × 6 i n = 231 i n 3 . {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}h\approx {\frac {22}{7}}\times \left({\frac {7~\mathrm {in} }{2}}\right)^{2}\times 6~\mathrm {in} =231~\mathrm {in} ^{3}.} Although
1320-415: The early 19th century . The wine gallon, which some sources relate to the volume occupied by eight medieval merchant pounds of wine, was at one time defined as the volume of a cylinder 6 inches deep and 7 inches in diameter, i.e. 6 in × ( 3 + 1 / 2 in) × π ≈ 230.907 06 cubic inches . It was redefined during the reign of Queen Anne in 1706 as 231 cubic inches exactly,
1364-401: The end of the 18th century, there were three definitions of the gallon in common use: The corn or dry gallon is used (along with the dry quart and pint) in the United States for grain and other dry commodities. It is one-eighth of the (Winchester) bushel, originally defined as a cylindrical measure of 18 + 1 / 2 inches in diameter and 8 inches in depth, which made
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1408-519: The gallon with the litre as a primary unit of measure in trade and in the conduct of public business, effective from 31 December 1993, and 30 September 1995 respectively. Though the gallon has ceased to be a primary unit of trade, it can still be legally used in both the UK and Ireland as a supplementary unit. However, barrels and large containers of beer, oil and other fluids are commonly measured in multiples of an imperial gallon. Miles per imperial gallon
1452-496: The gauging station in Cotham, near the mouth. However, the gauging station was closed in 1978, due to doubts about the reliability of its measurements, and there is currently no gauging station on the river. The catchment receives 23.28 inches (591 mm) of rainfall in an average year. The river rises as a series of springs and streams near the villages of Eastwell , Bottesford (Leics) Eaton in north-east Leicestershire, close to
1496-466: The landscape architect Capability Brown in the grounds of the Belvoir Castle estate. They are used for coarse fishing . Between them, an early 19th-century bridge with five arches and long retaining walls, built from ironstone and limestone, acts as a weir. After the lakes, the river passes to the east of Woolsthorpe-by-Belvoir and the hamlet of Stenwith, to flow under the Grantham Canal in
1540-585: The local permeable ironstone meets the lower mudstones on the flank of the Bleak Hills, which form part of the Belvoir Ridge. However, the source of the Smite is also attributed to another spring 1 km to the north called Holwell Mouth, a chalybeate or mineral spring in a wooded ravine to the north of Holwell. The spring is now disused, but in the 17th and 18th centuries was thought to have healing properties and had stone seating for those taking
1584-670: The outskirts of Newark-on-Trent . Here it passes another civil war defence, the Queen's Sconce, built in 1644 at a strategic point overlooking the Devon, the Trent and the Great North Road. The site was bought by Newark Urban Council in 1912, and formed part of Devon Park, which has since been extended by further acquisitions of land. Crossing under the B6166, which follows the course of the Fosse Way Roman road at this point,
1628-421: The quality being less than good include sewage discharge for most of the river, and physical modification of the channel and poor nutrient management on adjacent agricultural land on the upper sections. Like most rivers in the UK, the chemical status changed from good to fail in 2019, due to the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and mercury compounds, neither of which had previously been included in
1672-487: The quantity and varieties of invertebrates , angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail. The water quality of the Devon was as follows in 2019. Data for the middle section covers a large section of the River Smite and a small section of the Devon after the two rivers have joined. Reasons for
1716-474: The river is crossed by four railway bridges, only one of which is still in use, carrying the line from Grantham to Nottingham . A fifth bridge, located in fields to the north of the village, consisting of three brick arches, carried the Newark to Leicester railway line over the river. It was opened in 1860, and ceased to be used for railway traffic in 1960. The centre arch collapsed after heavy rain in 2007 , and
1760-417: The waters. It contains iron salts that give it a reddish colour and ostensibly a sulphurous taste. The name Holwell, of Saxon origin, means "spring or stream in a hollow". Various tributaries that descend from the Bleak Hills join the Smite as it flows in a north-westerly direction, before turning north-east at the bottom of the escarpment, into the lower-lying Vale of Belvoir. It is spanned by an aqueduct of
1804-540: The whole structure has been replaced by a single steel span, resting on the remains of two of the piers. The river again forms the county border, until it reaches Staunton in the Vale, which is in Nottinghamshire. The Winter Beck joins the west bank, as does the River Smite soon afterwards. The river passes Cotham which lies to the east, and runs close to a Civil War redoubt at Hawton , to arrive at
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1848-482: The wine gallon had been used for centuries for import duty purposes, there was no legal standard of it in the Exchequer , while a smaller gallon (224 cu in) was actually in use, requiring this statute; the 231 cubic inch gallon remains the US definition today. In 1824, Britain adopted a close approximation to the ale gallon known as the imperial gallon , and abolished all other gallons in favour of it. Inspired by
1892-749: Was disguised by levying the same duty on the US gallon (3.79 L) as was previously levied on the Imperial gallon (4.55 L)) and the Bahamas . In some parts of the Middle East, such as the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain , 18.9-litre water cooler bottles are marketed as five-gallon bottles. Both the US liquid and imperial gallon are divided into four quarts ( quart er gallons), which in turn are divided into two pints , which in turn are divided into two cups (not in customary use outside
1936-407: Was refined as the densities of brass alloys vary depending on metallurgical composition), which was calculated as 4.546 091 879 L to ten significant figures. The precise definition of exactly 4.546 09 cubic decimetres (also 4.546 09 L , ≈ 277.419 433 in ) came after the litre was redefined in 1964. This was adopted shortly afterwards in Canada, and adopted in 1976 in
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