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114-718: Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton , KCMG , FRGS , (19 March 1821 – 20 October 1890) was a British explorer, writer, scholar and military officer. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa and South America, as well as his extensive knowledge of languages and cultures, speaking up to 29 different languages. Born in Torquay , Devon , Burton joined the Bombay Army as an officer in 1842, beginning an eighteen-year military career which including

228-423: A steeplechase in a deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently told the college's authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events. Hoping to be merely rusticated , the punishment received by some less provocative students who had also visited the steeplechase, he was instead permanently expelled from the college. According to Ed Rice , speaking on Burton's university days, "He stirred

342-522: A Bektashi Sufi . Deliberately presented by Burton as a translation, the poem and his notes and commentary on it contain layers of Sufic meaning that seem to have been designed to project Sufi teaching in the West. "Do what thy manhood bids thee do/ from none but self expect applause;/ He noblest lives and noblest dies/ who makes and keeps his self-made laws" is The Kasidah' s most-quoted passage. As well as references to many themes from Classical Western myths,

456-430: A Muslim, he came close to being discovered one night when he lifted his robe to urinate rather than squatting as an Arab would. It was said that he was seen by an Arab and, to avoid exposure, killed him. Burton denied this, pointing out that killing the boy would almost certainly have led to his being discovered as an impostor. Burton became so tired of denying this accusation that he took to baiting his accusers, although he

570-772: A brief stint in the Crimean War . He was subsequently engaged by the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) to explore the East African coast, where Burton along with John Hanning Speke led an expedition to discover the source of the Nile and became the first European known to have seen Lake Tanganyika . He later served as the British consul in Fernando Pó , Santos , Damascus and Trieste . Burton

684-478: A case for carrying the Quran, but which instead had three compartments for his watch, compass, money, penknife, pencils and numbered pieces of paper for taking notes. Burton travelled onwards with a group of nomads to Suez before sailing to Yambu and joining a caravan to Medina, where he arrived on 27 July. Departing Medina with a caravan on 31 August, Burton entered Mecca on 11 September, where he participated in

798-626: A day", Burton was commissioned into the Bombay Army at the behest of his former classmates in college who were already serving as officers there. He had hoped to fight in the First Anglo-Afghan War , but the conflict was over by the time Burton arrived in India. He was posted to the 18th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry , which was stationed in Gujarat and under the command of General Charles James Napier . While in India, he became

912-547: A doctor at the Radcliffe Infirmary . There, he met John Henry Newman , whose churchwarden was Greenhill. Despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he allegedly challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burton's moustache. Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic ; he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing . In April 1842, Burton attended

1026-485: A familiarity with the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was dangerous, and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, although "... neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever". The pilgrimage entitled him to

1140-454: A fatal gunshot wound from his hunting shotgun. Burton learned of Speke's death the following day while waiting for their debate to begin. A jury ruled Speke's death an accident. An obituary surmised that Speke, while climbing over the wall, had carelessly pulled the gun after himself with the muzzle pointing at his chest and shot himself. Alexander Maitland, Speke's only biographer, concurs. On 22 January 1861, Burton and Isabel Arundel married in

1254-474: A formal education at a preparatory school in Richmond Green , Surrey , run by Reverend Charles Delafosse. His family travelled between England, France and Italy. Burton showed a talent to learn languages and quickly learned French , Italian , Neapolitan and Latin , as well as several dialects. During his youth, he allegedly had a sexual relationship with a Roma girl and learned the rudiments of

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1368-472: A lecture at the Royal Geographical Society , claiming Lake Victoria as the source of the Nile. According to Burton, Speke broke an agreement they had made to give their first public speech together. Apart from Burton's word, there is no proof that such an agreement existed, and most modern researchers doubt that it did. Tim Jeal, evaluating the written evidence, says the odds are "heavily against Speke having made

1482-528: A matriculation register, making the practice the closest in format to that conducted by Oxford and Cambridge colleges of any university in North America. "F!rosh Week" at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering also begins with a distinct Matriculation ceremony held at the university's Convocation Hall ; though, there is no matriculation register to be signed, and

1596-468: A planned new translation of The Perfumed Garden to be called The Scented Garden , for which she had been offered six thousand guineas and which she regarded as his "magnum opus". She believed she was acting to protect her husband's reputation, and that she had been instructed to burn the manuscript of The Scented Garden by his spirit, but her actions were controversial. However, a substantial quantity of his written materials have survived, and are held by

1710-715: A pledge to his former leader". Speke undertook a second expedition, along with Captain James Grant and Sidi Mubarak Bombay , to prove that Lake Victoria was the true source of the Nile. Speke, in light of the issues he was having with Burton, had Grant sign a statement saying, among other things, "I renounce all my rights to publishing ... my own account [of the expedition] until approved of by Captain Speke or [the Royal Geographical Society]". On 16 September 1864, Burton and Speke were scheduled to debate

1824-437: A proficient speaker of Hindustani , Gujarati , Punjabi , Sindhi , Saraiki , Marathi , Persian and Arabic. His studies of Hindu culture had progressed to such an extent that "my Hindu teacher officially allowed me to wear the janeo ". Him Chand, his gotra teacher and a Nagar Brahmin , was possibly an apostate. Burton had a documented interest and actively participated in the cultures and religions of India . This

1938-654: A quiet Catholic ceremony, although he did not adopt the Catholic faith at this time. Shortly after this, the couple were forced to spend some time apart when he formally entered the Diplomatic Service as consul on the island of Fernando Po, now Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. This was not a prestigious appointment; because the climate was considered extremely unhealthy for Europeans, Isabel could not accompany him. Burton spent much of this time exploring

2052-476: A specific high-school track, the pre-university education ( Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs ). This track is concluded by the Central Exam (matriculation examination) regulated by Dutch law. After three years of the pre-university education program, high-school students select one of four directions (roughly corresponding to languages, humanities and economics, biology and medicine, and hard sciences),

2166-461: A speech by the Principal, typically held at Molson Stadium , to the incoming class is still a ritualized annual tradition. In Ontario during the era with grade 13 , satisfactory completion of grade 12 was considered junior matriculation and satisfactory completion of grade 13 was senior matriculation. In Nova Scotia , at the present time, Junior matriculation is grade 11 and senior matriculation

2280-516: A tithe of the knowledge of Arabic you did." In May 1854, Burton travelled to Aden in preparation for an RGS-backed expedition, which included John Hanning Speke , to Somaliland . The expedition lasted from 29   October 1854 to 9   February 1855, with much of its time spent in Zeila , where Burton was a guest of the town's governor Sharmarke Ali Saleh . Burton, assuming the disguise of an Arab merchant "Hajji Mirza Abdullah", awaited word that

2394-577: A university. The education reforms of Hong Kong in the 2000s have replaced the fourth- and fifth-form education, which prepared students for the HKCEE, and the sixth-form education with a three-year senior secondary education, which leads to the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination. The last sixth-form students graduated and took the A-level examinations in 2012; in the same year

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2508-487: A window at the rear of the tent, which can be accessed via a short fixed ladder. Next to the lady chapel in the church there is a memorial stained-glass window to Burton, also erected by Isabel; it depicts Burton as a medieval knight. Burton's personal effects and a collection of paintings, photographs and objects relating to him are in the Burton Collection at Orleans House Gallery , Twickenham . Among these

2622-500: Is the examination taken at the end of Secondary education to qualify for entry into University . In practice the test also constitutes the high school's final exams, although there is a separate diploma on graduating from high school, based not on the exam, but on the grades of individual courses. Since 1919, the test has been arranged by a national body, the Matriculation Examination Board. Before that,

2736-596: Is a small quartz stone from Mesopotamia , inscribed in supposed Kufic script, which has thus far resisted decipherment by experts. Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the Society for the Suppression of Vice . Burton referred to

2850-669: Is completion of grade 12. At Charles University in Prague , the oldest and most prestigious university in the Czech Republic, matriculation is held at the Great Hall ( Magna Aula ). The ceremony is attended by students commencing their studies. It is intended as a demonstration of the adoption of student's duties and obtaining of student's rights. The ceremony itself involves students taking the Matriculation Oath of

2964-505: Is generally the Abitur , which is the standard matriculation examination in Germany, for regular universities and Fachhochschulreife for Fachhochschulen (Universities of Applied Sciences). Both Abitur and Fachhochschulreife are school leaving certificates which students receive after passing their final examinations at some types of German secondary schools. In Hong Kong, the term

3078-450: Is often full of details about the sexual lives of the inhabitants of areas he travelled through. Burton's interest in sexuality led him to make measurements of the lengths of the penises of male inhabitants of various regions, which he includes in his travel books. He also describes sexual techniques common in the regions he visited, often hinting that he had participated, hence breaking both sexual and racial taboos of his day. Many people at

3192-511: Is the main examination which is also called "Iron gate" in Nepal. Although SLC and 10+2 are widely used, some educational institutions follow the British system with O' or Ordinary Level Examinations (now called GCSE) and A' or Advanced Level Examinations respectively. In the Netherlands high school is vertically segregated into several levels of education. Most students enter university after

3306-535: Is used interchangeably with the completion of sixth-form . After sitting for the Certificate of Education examinations , eligible students receive two years of sixth-form education, upon completion, they sit for the A-level examinations . Most secondary schools offer the sixth-form programme, and there are also a few sixth-form colleges. Students obtaining good grades in the A-level examinations will be admitted to

3420-810: The College of St John the Evangelist within the University of Sydney and new students at Campion College Australia sign the college register during a formal ceremony whilst wearing academic dress. In Bangladesh, the "Matriculation" is the Secondary School Examination (SSC) taken at year 10, and the Intermediate Exams is the Higher Secondary Examination (HSC) taken at year 12. Bangladesh, like

3534-460: The Crimean War a new rank system was introduced which contained the first complete rank insignia in British Army history. A captain's rank insignia was worn on the collar and displayed a crown and a pip (which is now the rank insignia for a lieutenant-colonel). The rank insignia were returned to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress , when the system of crowns and stars

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3648-560: The Huntington Library in San Marino, California , including 21 boxes of his manuscripts, 24 boxes of correspondence, and other material. Isabel wrote a biography in praise of her husband. The couple are buried in a tomb in the shape of a Bedouin tent , designed by Isabel, in the cemetery of St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake in southwest London. The coffins of Sir Richard and Lady Burton can be seen through

3762-568: The New College of the Humanities , the term is used for the ceremony at which new students are entered into the register (in Latin matricula ) of the university, at which point they become members of the university. Oxford requires matriculants to wear academic dress with subfusc during the ceremony. At Cambridge and Durham, policy regarding the wearing of academic dress varies amongst

3876-506: The Nile , accompanied by Speke and a number of Africans porters and expedition guides. The Indian Navy schooner HCS  Mahi transported them to Berbera on 7 April 1855. While the expedition was camped near Berbera , they were attacked by a group of Somali warriors from the Isaaq clan. The British estimated the number of attackers at 200. In the ensuing fight, Speke was wounded in eleven places before he managed to escape, while Burton

3990-467: The Romani language . The peregrinations of Burton's youth may have encouraged him to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he later wrote, "Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none but self expect applause". On 19 November 1840, he matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford . Before getting a room at the college, Burton lived for a short time in the house of William Alexander Greenhill ,

4104-659: The Royal Navy and to a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force . The rank of captain in the Royal Navy is considerably more senior (equivalent to the Army/RM rank of colonel) and the two ranks should not be confused. In the 21st-century British Army, captains are often appointed to be second-in-command (2IC) of a company or equivalent sized unit of up to 120 soldiers. A rank of second captain existed in

4218-706: The Tawaf . He travelled to Mount Arafat and participated in the stoning of the Devil , all the while taking notes on the Kaaba , its Black Stone and the Zamzam Well . Departing Mecca, he journeyed to Jeddah and then back to Cairo, returning to Army duty in Bombay . In India, Burton wrote his Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Medinah and Meccah , writing that "at Mecca there is nothing theatrical, nothing that suggests

4332-410: The University of Saint Mary (Kansas) , Virginia Military Institute , Wabash College , Walsh University , Washington and Jefferson College , and Willamette University . Many medical schools highlight matriculation with a white coat ceremony . This is a relatively recent phenomenon, originating at University of Chicago 's Pritzker School of Medicine in 1989. The first full-fledged ceremony

4446-626: The directors of the East India Company (EIC) to take leave from the Bombay Army. The seven years he spent in India gave Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of Muslims and prepared him to attempt a Hajj to Mecca and Medina . He planned it whilst travelling disguised among Muslims in Sindh , and had laboriously prepared it by studying and practising Muslim culture, including undergoing circumcision to further lower

4560-665: The Campbells of Tuam , was a first cousin of Henry Pearce Driscoll and Eliza Graves . Burton's mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of Richard Baker, a wealthy Hertfordshire squire whom Burton was named after. He had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton (who married Lieutenant-General Sir Henry William Stisted ) and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton. Burton's family travelled extensively during his childhood and employed various tutors to educate him. In 1825, they moved to Tours in France. In 1829, Burton began

4674-645: The Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863), while Burton's Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast was eventually published in 1872. Burton then departed on a trip to the United States in April 1860, eventually making it to Salt Lake City on 25 August. There he studied Mormonism and met Brigham Young . Burton departed San Francisco on 15 November for the voyage back to England, where he published The City of

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4788-666: The Higher secondary school. Most students who pass class 12 are 17–18 years old. The CBSE and ICSE boards conduct twelfth standard courses nationally, while state boards operate at the state-level. Although the basic curriculum is prescribed by the CBSE & almost all the competitive exams for entering in various universities in India are based on CBSE syllabus, various scholarships are also provided to students appearing for matriculation exams like NTSE, NSO, NSTSC etc. In Malaysia, matriculation programmes are run by public universities and

4902-738: The Ministry of Education (MoE). Matriculation programmes offered by public universities offer fewer options for further study upon completion of the said program as they are limited to that particular university. The matriculation programme provided by the MoE is a one-year pre-U program sponsored by the Malaysian government. SPM ( Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or the Malaysian Certificate of Education) holders can apply for MoE Matriculation during their SPM year [Form 5]. Students that are offered

5016-650: The Ordnance at the time of the Battle of Waterloo . From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the junior officer rank of captain. RAF captains had a rank insignia based on the two bands of a naval lieutenant with the addition of an eagle and crown above the bands. It was superseded by the rank of flight lieutenant on the following day. Badges of rank for captains were introduced on 30 January 1855 and were worn on shoulder epaulettes. After

5130-596: The Portuguese national epic by Luís de Camões , in 1880 and, the next year, wrote a sympathetic biography of the poet and adventurer. The book The Jew, the Gipsy and el Islam was published posthumously in 1898 and was controversial for its criticism of Jews and for its assertion of the existence of Jewish human sacrifices . Burton's investigations into this had provoked hostility from the Jews of Damascus . The manuscript of

5244-599: The SSC (or TSC), students may proceed for 11th year of education at a higher secondary school. After successful completion of 11th (HSSC-1) and 12th (HSSC-2) years in college, they get the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) and become eligible to enter universities in Pakistan or in other countries. Pakistan still uses terms such as Matriculation Exams and Intermediate Exams taken from

5358-551: The Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California . A prolonged public quarrel followed, damaging the reputations of both Burton and Speke. Some biographers have suggested that friends of Speke (particularly Laurence Oliphant ) had initially stirred up trouble between the two. Burton's sympathizers contend that Speke resented Burton's leadership role. Tim Jeal , who has accessed Speke's personal papers, suggests that it

5472-684: The Thousand Nights and a Night (commonly called The Arabian Nights in English after early translations of Antoine Galland 's French version) in ten volumes (1885), with seven further volumes being added later. The volumes were printed by the Kama Shastra Society in a subscribers-only edition of one thousand with a guarantee that there would never be a larger printing of the books in this form. The stories collected were often sexual in content and were considered pornography at

5586-506: The United States, matriculation refers to mere enrollment or registration as a student at a university or college by a student intending to earn a degree, an event which involves no special ceremony. Some colleges that have a formal matriculation ceremony and name it as such, while others call this enrollment ceremony for new students a " convocation ". A few colleges, such as Trinity College in Connecticut, use both terms, referring to

5700-420: The administration of the test was the responsibility of the University of Helsinki (which until 1918 was the only university in Finland). The German term Immatrikulation describes the administrative process of enrolling at university as a student. This can happen for winter semester and, depending on the degree program, also for summer semester. It does not involve a ceremony. A prerequisite for matriculation

5814-520: The administrative process of becoming a member of the university. At Oxford and Cambridge, matriculation was formerly associated with entrance examinations taken before or shortly after matriculation, known as Responsions at Oxford and the Previous Examination at Cambridge, both abolished in 1960. University-wide entrance examinations were subsequently re-introduced at both universities, but abolished in 1995. More limited subject-based tests have since been introduced. At most universities and colleges in

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5928-422: The area as well as they wished. Burton was again taken ill on the return journey; Speke continued exploring without him, making a journey to the north and eventually locating the great Lake Victoria , or Victoria Nyanza, on 3 August. Lacking supplies and proper instruments, Speke was unable to survey the area properly, but was privately convinced that it was the long-sought source of the Nile. Burton's description of

6042-521: The area was in some turmoil at the time, with considerable tensions between the Christian, Jewish and Muslim populations. Burton did his best to keep the peace and resolve the situation, but this sometimes led him into trouble. On one occasion, he claims to have escaped an attack by hundreds of armed horsemen and camel riders sent by Mohammed Rashid Pasha, the Governor of Syria. He wrote, "I have never been so flattered in my life than to think it would take three hundred men to kill me." Burton eventually suffered

6156-478: The asparagus bed) was used at first but this was replaced in the same year by a combination of narrow rings of worsted braid around the cuff, with the full-dress style shoulder badges on a three-pointed cuff flap. Based on equivalent naval ranks, captains had two rings of braid. In the case of Scottish regiments, the rings were around the top of the gauntlet-style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself. During World War I, some officers took to wearing similar jackets to

6270-481: The bile of the dons by speaking real—that is, Roman—Latin instead of the artificial type peculiar to England, and he spoke Greek Romaically, with the accent of Athens , as he had learned it from a Greek merchant at Marseilles , as well as the classical forms. Such a linguistic feat was a tribute to Burton's remarkable ear and memory, for he was only a teenager when he was in Italy and southern France." In his own words, "fit for nothing but to be shot at for six pence

6384-432: The book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day. His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide The Perfumed Garden was printed as The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology (1886). After Burton's death, Isabel burnt many of his papers, including a manuscript of a subsequent translation, The Scented Garden , containing

6498-440: The book included an appendix discussing the topic in more detail, but by the decision of his widow, it was not included in the book when published. Burton died in Trieste early on the morning of 20 October 1890 of a heart attack. His wife Isabel persuaded a priest to perform the last rites, although Burton was not a Catholic, and this action later caused a rift between Isabel and some of Burton's friends. It has been suggested that

6612-407: The coast of West Africa, documenting his findings in Abeokuta and The Cameroons Mountains : An Exploration (1863), and A Mission to Gelele , King of Dahome (1864). He described some of his experiences, including a trip up the Congo River to the Yellala Falls and beyond, in his 1876 book Two trips to gorilla land and the cataracts of the Congo . The couple were reunited in 1865 when Burton

6726-444: The colleges. Separate matriculation ceremonies are held by some of the colleges in Durham. Also at Durham, not all students are entered into the register, but one person from each college is selected to sign their own name for the whole college. At the University of St Andrews as well as the other ancient universities of Scotland , matriculation involves signing the Sponsio Academica , a pledge to abide by university rules and to support

6840-423: The days of British rule although in England these terms have been replaced by 'O' or Ordinary Level Examinations (now called GCSEs ) and 'A' or Advanced Level Examinations. English is the standard language for matriculation for science subjects, while regional languages are also an option. Most students who pass matriculation, or class 10, are 15–16 years old. Upon successfully passing, a student may continue onto

6954-408: The days of British rule , although in England itself these terms were replaced with 'O' or Ordinary Level Examinations (now called GCSEs ) and 'A' or Advanced Level Examination. In South Africa , matriculation (or matric ) is the final year of high school and the qualification received on graduating from high school, and the minimum university entrance requirements. The first formal examination

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7068-401: The death occurred very late on 19   October and that Burton was already dead by the time the last rites were administered. On his religious views, Burton called himself an atheist, stating he was raised in the Church of England , which he said was "officially (his) church". Isabel never recovered from the loss. After his death she burned many of her husband's papers, including journals and

7182-402: The enmity of the Greek Christian and Jewish communities. Then, his involvement with the Sházlis , a Sufi Muslim order among whom was a group that Burton called "Secret Christians longing for baptism", which Isabel called "his ruin." He was recalled in August 1871, prompting him to send a telegram to Isabel: "I am recalled. Pay, pack, and follow at convenience." Burton was reassigned in 1872 to

7296-410: The entrance of the first [white] Christian, Harar will fall." With Burton's entry, the tradition was broken. The journey back was plagued by lack of supplies, and Burton wrote that he would have died of thirst had he not seen desert birds and realized they would be near water. He made it back to Berbera on 31 January 1855. Following this expedition, Burton prepared to set out in search of the source of

7410-404: The event is held by the student-run University of Toronto Engineering Society (through their Orientation Committee) rather than officially by the faculty. It is also where first-year engineering students take the "Hardhat Oath," a modified version of the Rifleman's Creed . At McGill University in Montreal , matriculation ceremonies have been substantially stripped down since the 1990s, although

7524-849: The final chapter of the work, on pederasty . Burton all along intended for this translation to be published after his death, to provide an income for his widow. By the end of his life, Burton had mastered at least 26 languages – or 40, if distinct dialects are counted. 1. English 2. French 3. Occitan 4. Italian 5. Romani 6. Latin 7. Classical Greek 8. Saraiki 9. Hindustani 10. Sindhi 11. Marathi 12. Arabic 13. Persian (Farsi) 14. Pushtu 15. Sanskrit 16. Portuguese 17. Spanish 18. German 19. Icelandic 20. Swahili 21. Amharic 22. Fan 23. Yoruba 24. Asante 25. Hebrew 26. Aramaic 27. Many other West African & Indian dialects Burton's writings are unusually open and frank about his interest in sex and sexuality . His travel writing

7638-547: The first students studying the new senior secondary curriculum graduated and took the first HKDSE examinations. In India, matriculation is a term commonly used to refer to the final results of the 10th class, which ends at tenth Board (tenth grade), and the qualification consequently received by passing the national board exams or the state board exams , commonly called "matriculation exams". India still uses terms such as Matriculation Exams and Intermediate Exams for Class 10th and Class 12th Board Exams respectively, taken from

7752-951: The gathering as a convocation and the formal signing in as a student as the matriculation. At some institutions, these ceremonies are relatively new. Scripps College's matriculation began only in 1990. Others, like at Trinity College are nearly two centuries old, first occurring in 1826. Colleges that specifically have a "matriculation" ceremony and specifically use this name include: Adrian College , Albion College , Assumption College , Belmont University , Boston College , Boston University , The Citadel , Culver-Stockton College , Dartmouth College , Duquesne University , Jacksonville University , Kenyon College , Lawrence University , Lyon College , Marietta College , McKendree University , Mount Union College , Moravian College , Muhlenberg College , Randolph-Macon College , Rice University , Saint Lawrence University , Scripps College , Trinity College , Tufts University ,

7866-428: The historical and intellectual superiority of the white race, citing his involvement in the Anthropological Society of London , an organisation which supported scientific racism . Speke appears to have been kinder and less intrusive to the Africans they encountered, and reportedly fell in love with an African woman on a later expedition. The two men travelled home separately. Speke returned to London first and presented

7980-490: The instigator of a mutiny among the unit, damaging his reputation and disgracing Beatson. In 1856, the Royal Geographical Society funded another expedition for Burton and Speke, "and exploration of the then utterly unknown Lake regions of Central Africa ." They would travel from Zanzibar to Ujiji along a caravan route established in 1825 by an Arab ivory and slave merchant. The Great Journey commenced on 5 June 1857 with their departure from Zanzibar, where they had stayed at

8094-420: The institution. In 2015, Bishop Grosseteste University Lincoln introduced a Matriculation event for all new students. Matriculation was a factor in the creation of UK Examing boards such as the Joint Matriculation Board . At most British universities there is no formal ceremony. The term matriculation is not used by many, with the terms enrolment and registration being more commonly employed to describe

8208-777: The journey is given in Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa (1860). Speke gave his own account in The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863). Burton and Speke made it back to Zanzibar on 4 March 1859, and left on 22 March for Aden. Speke immediately boarded the HMS ; Furious for London, where he gave lectures, and was awarded a second expedition by the Society. Burton arrived London on 21 May, discovering "My companion now stood forth in his new colours, an angry rival." Speke additionally published What Led to

8322-484: The last three years of the pre-university education program is meant to prepare for university education within that direction. In Pakistan , matriculation (usually referred to as matric ) is the term that refers to the final examinations that take place at the end of 9th and 10th grades. These examinations are usually taken up by students aged 14 to 16 years. It results in the issuance of Secondary School Certificate (SSC) or Technical School Certificate (TSC). After

8436-1093: The matriculation examination with either a certificate, such as the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in Victoria and New South Wales , or a university entrance exam such as the Tertiary Entrance Exam in Western Australia . These have all been renamed (except in New South Wales) as a state-based certificate, such as the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) or the Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE). Some Catholic university colleges in Australia have reintroduced matriculation ceremonies. New students at

8550-701: The matriculation programme will be posted to several Matriculation Colleges within Malaysia. After MoE Matriculation, they can further their studies in local universities within Malaysia. Several universities in United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand recognize the MoE Matriculation as a pre-U qualification. Apart from the matriculation programmes, there is the STPM programme ([Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia] or Malaysian Higher School Certificate),

8664-413: The men, with the rank badges on the shoulder, as the cuff badges made them conspicuous to snipers. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, being made permanent in 1920 when the cuff badges were abolished. Matriculation In Australia, the term matriculation is seldom used now. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, all states replaced

8778-566: The opera, but all is simple and impressive... tending, I believe, after its fashion, to good." Although Burton was not the first non-Muslim European to undertake the Hajj, with Ludovico di Varthema doing it in 1503 and Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1815, his attempt is the most famous and the best documented of the period. He adopted various disguises, including that of a Pashtun , to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to demonstrate an understanding of intricate Islamic traditions, and

8892-585: The poem contains many laments that are accented with fleeting imagery such as repeated comparisons to "the tinkling of the Camel bell" that becomes inaudible as the animal vanishes in the darkness of the desert. Other works of note include a collection of Hindu tales, Vikram and the Vampire (1870); and his uncompleted history of swordsmanship , The Book of the Sword (1884). He also translated The Lusiads ,

9006-550: The port city of Trieste in Austria-Hungary . A "broken man", Burton was never particularly content with this post, but it required little work, was far less dangerous than Damascus (as well as less exciting), and allowed him the freedom to write and travel. In 1863, Burton co-founded the Anthropological Society of London with Dr. James Hunt . In Burton's own words, the main aim of the society (through

9120-604: The publication of the periodical Anthropologia ) was "to supply travellers with an organ that would rescue their observations from the outer darkness of manuscript and print their curious information on social and sexual matters". On 13 February 1886, Burton was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) by Queen Victoria . He wrote a number of travel books in this period that were not particularly well received. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at

9234-423: The rector listing the different faculties, after which the different student, shouts when their respective faculty is mentioned. The rector then delivers a speech, after which the rector and the deans leave the ceremony again in procession, after which a party is held on university grounds, to mark the admission of the new students. In Finland , Matriculation (Finnish: Ylioppilastutkinto , Swedish: Studentexamen )

9348-616: The residence of Atkins Hamerton , the British consul, their caravan consisting of Baluchi mercenaries led by Ramji, 36 porters, eventually a total of 132 persons, all led by the caravan leader Said bin Salim. From the beginning, Burton and Speke were hindered by disease, malaria, fevers and other maladies, at times both having to be carried in a hammock. Pack animals died, and natives deserted, taking supplies with them. Yet, on 7 November 1857, they made it to Kazeh , and departed for Ujiji on 14 December. Speke wanted to head north, sure they would find

9462-616: The rest of Indian sub-continent, still uses terms such as Matriculation Exams and Intermediate Exams taken from the days of the British Raj although in England itself these terms were replaced by 'O' or Ordinary Level Examinations (now called GCSEs) and 'A' or Advanced Level Examinations respectively. In Brazilian Portuguese, the word matricular refers to the act of enrolling in an educational course, whether it be elementary, high school, college or post-graduate education. In Canada,

9576-606: The risk of being discovered. Burton's undertaking of the Hajj in 1853 was his realisation of "the plans and hopes of many and many a year... to study thoroughly the inner life of the Moslem." He donned the guise of a Persian mirza , and then a Sunni sheikh , doctor, magician and dervish , accompanied by an enslaved Indian boy named Nūr. In April, he travelled through Alexandria before reaching Cairo by May, where Burton stayed during Ramadan in June. He further equipped himself with

9690-620: The road to Harar was safe. On 29 December, Burton met with Gerard Adan in the village of Sagharrah, and openly proclaimed himself as a British officer with a letter for the Emir of Harar. On 3 January 1855, Burton made it to Harar, and was graciously met by the Emir. He stayed in the city for ten days, officially a guest of the Emir but in reality his prisoner. Burton also investigated local landmarks in Harar; according to him, "A tradition exists that with

9804-418: The seven years in India as time wasted." Yet he had "already passed the official examinations in six languages and was studying two more and was eminently qualified." His religious experiences were varied, including attending Catholic services , becoming a Naga Brahmin, converting to Sikhism and Islam , and undergoing chilla for Qadiriyya Sufism . Regarding Burton's Muslim beliefs, Rice stated that "he

9918-408: The society and those who shared its views as Mrs Grundy . A way around this was the private circulation of books amongst the members of a society. For this reason Burton, together with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot , created the Kama Shastra Society to print and circulate books that would be illegal to publish in public. One of the most celebrated of all his books is his translation of The Book of

10032-547: The source of the Nile at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . On the day before the debate, Burton and Speke sat near each other in the lecture hall. According to Burton's wife, Speke stood up, said "I can't stand this any longer," and abruptly left the hall. That afternoon Speke went hunting on the nearby estate of a relative. He was discovered lying near a stone wall, felled by

10146-430: The source of the Nile at what he later named Victoria Nyanza , but Burton persisted in heading west. The expedition arrived at Lake Tanganyika on 13 February 1858. Burton was awestruck by the sight of the magnificent lake, but Speke, who had been temporarily blinded, was unable to see the body of water. By this point much of their surveying equipment was lost, ruined or stolen, and they were unable to complete surveys of

10260-753: The standardised national examinations taken by Form 6 students. STPM is different from the matriculation programme in terms of its duration (2 years vs. 1 year), syllabus (breadth and depth), marking method (standardised assessment nationwide vs. assessment by matriculation college itself) and passing rate. In Nepal, it refers to the School Leaving Certificate (SLC) before now it is known as Secondary education examination (SEE) (As per new education act 2016) taken at year 10, before Intermediate Exams (Higher Secondary or 10+2) taken in subsequent two years prior to university entry. School leaving certificate (SLC) or Secondary education examination (SEE)

10374-473: The term is used by some older universities to refer to orientation (" frosh ") events, however some universities, including University of King's College , still hold formal Matriculation ceremonies. The ceremony at King's is quite similar to the matriculation ceremonies held in universities such as Oxford or Cambridge. Trinity College at the University of Toronto also holds formal matriculation ceremonies, during which time incoming students are required to sign

10488-477: The tests; despite Burton's success in living like an Arab, Playfair recommended to the committee that Burton be failed. Badger later told Burton that "After looking [Burton's test] over, I sent them back to [Playfair] with a note eulogising your attainments and... remarking on the absurdity of the Bombay Committee being made to judge your proficiency inasmuch as I did not believe that any of them possessed

10602-443: The time considered the Kama Shastra Society and the books it published scandalous. Biographers disagree on whether or not Burton ever experienced homosexual sex (he never directly acknowledges it in his writing). Rumours began in his army days when Charles James Napier requested that Burton go undercover to investigate a male brothel reputed to be frequented by British soldiers. It has been suggested that Burton's detailed report on

10716-515: The time of publication. In particular, the Terminal Essay in volume 10 of the Nights contained a 14,000-word essay entitled " Pederasty " (Volume 10, section IV, D), at the time a synonym for homosexuality (as it still is, in modern French). This was and remained for many years the longest and most explicit discussion of homosexuality in any language. Burton speculated that male homosexuality

10830-740: The time, which were published under the auspices of the Kama Shastra society. These books include The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883) (popularly known as the Kama Sutra ), The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885) (popularly known as The Arabian Nights ), The Perfumed Garden of the Shaykh Nefzawi (1886) and The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night (seventeen volumes 1886–98). Published in this period but composed on his return journey from Mecca, The Kasidah has been cited as evidence of Burton's status as

10944-499: The title of Hajji and to wear the green turban . While back in India, Burton sat for the examination as an Arab linguist for the EIC. The examiner was Robert Lambert Playfair , who mistrusted Burton. As academic George Percy Badger knew Arabic well, Playfair asked Badger to oversee the exam. Having been told that Burton could be vindictive, and wishing to avoid any animosity should he fail, Badger declined. Eventually, Playfair conducted

11058-520: The university and symbolically touching the faculty mace and shaking the dean's hand. Other Czech universities hold ceremonies similar to the one just described. In Denmark, the University of Copenhagen holds a matriculation ceremony each year. The ceremony is held in the Hall of Ceremony in the main building of the university. The ceremony begins with a procession with the rector and the deans in academic dress and other regalia. The ceremony continues with

11172-401: The workings of the brothel led some to believe he had been a customer. There is no documentary evidence that such a report was written or submitted, nor that Napier ordered such research by Burton, and it has been argued that this is one of Burton's embellishments. A story that haunted Burton up to his death (recounted in some of his obituaries) was that, during his journey to Mecca disguised as

11286-738: Was also a Fellow of the RGS and was awarded a knighthood in 1886. His best-known achievements include undertaking the Hajj to Mecca in disguise, translating One Thousand and One Nights and The Perfumed Garden , publishing the Kama Sutra in English and attempting to discover the source of the Nile. Although he abandoned his university studies, Burton became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and academic articles on subjects such as human behaviour , travel , falconry , fencing , sexual practices and ethnography . Richard Burton

11400-883: Was appointed as the British consul in Damascus , an ideal post for someone with Burton's knowledge of the region and customs. According to Ed Rice , "England wanted to know what was going on in the Levant ," another chapter in The Great Game . Yet, the Turkish governor Mohammed Rashid 'Ali Pasha feared anti-Turkish activities, and was opposed to Burton's assignment. In Damascus, Burton made friends with Abdelkader al-Jazairi , while Isabel befriended Jane Digby , calling her "my most intimate friend." Burton also met Charles F. Tyrwhitt-Drake and Edward Henry Palmer , collaborating with Drake in writing Unexplored Syria (1872). However,

11514-750: Was at the Columbia University's Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1993. Universities and colleges in the United States commonly have a category of students known as special students , non-matriculated students or non-matriculating students . Generally these are students who are not merely auditing a class, but receive credit which is potentially transferable, pay full tuition, and often receive benefits that other students receive such as access to facilities and health care. These students typically are enrolled as matriculated students at other institutions and are visiting scholars of some type. However, sometimes students attend classes for

11628-633: Was born in Torquay , Devon , on 19 March 1821; in his autobiography, he incorrectly claimed to have been born in the family home of Barham House in Elstree , Hertfordshire . Burton was baptised on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire. His father, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Netterville Burton, was an Anglo-Irish officer in the British Army 's 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot . Joseph, through his mother's family,

11742-520: Was circumcised, and made a Muslim, and lived like a Muslim and prayed and practiced like one." Furthermore, Burton, "was entitled to call himself a hāfiz , one who can recite the Qur'ān from memory." Motivated by his love for adventure, Burton gained the approval of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) for an exploration of the Middle East , and, now at the rank of captain, received permission from

11856-831: Was conducted in South Africa under the University of the Cape of Good Hope in 1858. South African universities do not set their own entrance examinations, although many use standardized entrance tests of linguistic, numerical and mathematical ability, called the National Benchmark Tests, split into the AQL Test (Academic and Quantitative Literacy) and the Mathematics Test. In the British universities of Oxford , Cambridge , Royal Agricultural University , St Andrews , Edinburgh , Durham , and

11970-795: Was culpable for this disaster. While he was largely cleared of any blame, his career prospects were damaged. He described the attack in First Footsteps in East Africa (1856). After recovering from his wounds in London , Burton travelled to Constantinople during the Crimean War , seeking an officer's commission . He received one from Major-General William Ferguson Beatson as the chief of staff for Beatson's Horse , an irregular Ottoman cavalry unit stationed in Gallipoli . Burton returned to England after an incident which implicated him as

12084-404: Was disliked, feared and suspected ... not for what he had done, but for what he was believed capable of doing." Captain (British Army and Royal Marines) Captain ( Capt ) is a junior officer rank of the British Army and Royal Marines and in both services it ranks above lieutenant and below major with a NATO ranking code of OF-2. The rank is equivalent to a lieutenant in

12198-469: Was impaled with a javelin, the point entering one cheek and exiting the other, leaving a permanent scar; he was forced to escape with the weapon still transfixing his head. Burton subsequently wrote that the Somalis were a "fierce and turbulent race". However, the failure of this expedition was viewed harshly by the British authorities, and a two-year investigation was set up to determine to what extent Burton

12312-537: Was more likely the other way around, Burton being jealous and resentful of Speke's determination and success. "As the years went by, [Burton] would neglect no opportunity to deride and undermine Speke's geographical theories and achievements". Speke had earlier proven his mettle by trekking through the mountains of Tibet , but Burton regarded him as inferior as he did not speak any Arabic or African languages. Despite his fascination with non-European cultures, some have portrayed Burton as an unabashed imperialist convinced of

12426-448: Was not promoted further, either in army life or in the diplomatic service. As an obituary described: "...he was ill fitted to run in official harness, and he had a Byronic love of shocking people, of telling tales against himself that had no foundation in fact." Ouida reported: "Men at the FO [Foreign Office] ... used to hint dark horrors about Burton, and certainly justly or unjustly he

12540-454: Was one of the many peculiar habits that set him apart from other British officers in India. While in the Bombay Army, he kept a large menagerie of tame monkeys in the hopes of learning their language , accumulating sixty "words". He also earned the nickname "Ruffian Dick" for his "demonic ferocity as a fighter and because he had fought in single combat more enemies than perhaps any other man of his time". According to Rice, "Burton now regarded

12654-469: Was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudes named by him the " Sotadic zone ". Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of The Kama Sutra . It is untrue that he was the translator, since the original manuscript was in ancient Sanskrit , which he could not read. However, he collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed

12768-418: Was reorganised. From this time, until 1902, a captain had just two stars. The 1902 change gave captains three stars, which continues to be used. In addition to the shoulder badges, officers' ranks were also reflected in the amount and pattern of gold lace worn on the cuffs of the full-dress tunic. From 1902, a complex system of markings with bars and loops in thin drab braid above the cuff (known irreverently as

12882-673: Was said to enjoy the notoriety and even once laughingly claimed to have done it. A doctor once asked him: "How do you feel when you have killed a man?", Burton retorted: "Quite jolly, what about you?". When asked by a priest about the same incident Burton is said to have replied: "Sir, I'm proud to say I have committed every sin in the Decalogue ." Stanley Lane-Poole , a Burton detractor, reported that Burton "confessed rather shamefacedly that he had never killed anybody at any time." These allegations coupled with Burton's often irascible nature were said to have harmed his career and may explain why he

12996-737: Was transferred to Santos in Brazil. Once there, Burton travelled through Brazil's central highlands, canoeing down the São Francisco River from its source to the falls of Paulo Afonso . He documented his experiences in The Highlands of Brazil (1869). In 1868 and 1869, he made two visits to the war zone of the Paraguayan War , which he described in his Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay (1870). In 1868, he

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