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72-597: The Russell Sage Foundation is an American non-profit organisation established by Margaret Olivia Sage in 1907 for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States.” It was named after her recently deceased husband, railroad executive Russell Sage . The foundation dedicates itself to strengthening the methods, data, and theoretical core of the social sciences in order to better understand societal problems and develop informed responses. It supports visiting scholars in residence and publishes books and

144-629: A federation of unions in New York City, formally linked itself to the ALP. The GNYIUC Executive Board "adopted a resolution directing GNYIUC Community Councils, which had been organizing around community issues in neighborhoods throughout the city, to merge into the local ALP clubs," and the "GNYIUC diverted some of its PAC monies directly to the ALP." With this move, the CIO's largest labor federation, consisting of approximately 200 locals and 600,000 members,

216-617: A fortune estimated at more than $ 63,000,000, to be used at her discretion. A former teacher, Sage strongly supported education, both with program and building grants to Syracuse and other universities. She established the Russell Sage Foundation in 1907 and founded Russell Sage College in 1916, as well as endowing programs for women. Margaret Olivia Slocum, called Olivia, was born in Syracuse , New York , to Margaret Pierson ( née Jermain) and Joseph Slocum. After

288-425: A journal under its own imprint. It also funds researchers at other institutions and supports programs intended to develop new generations of social scientists. The foundation focuses on labor markets , immigration and ethnicity , and social inequality in the United States, as well as behavioral economics . The Russell Sage Foundation was established in 1907 for "the improvement of social and living conditions in

360-672: A new board of trustees. Her greatest single gift was $ 10,000,000 in 1907 to establish and endow the Russell Sage Foundation . It commissions studies of social issues and recommends solutions. In 1908 Slocum Sage donated $ 650,000 to Yale University , enabling the purchase of the Hillhouse property for what was developed as the university's Science Hill . In 1909, Sage donated Holder Hall to Princeton University , named after her Quaker ancestor Christopher Holder . He had been persecuted in colonial Massachusetts for his religion. Two years later, Sage gave $ 300,000 to Cornell University for

432-722: A political party from the Labor’s Non-Partisan League of the Congress of Industrial Organizations to David Dubinsky and Sidney Hillman . Zaritsky, Hillman, Dubinsky, Luigi Antonini and Isidore Nagler of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union , Louis Hollander of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America , Baruch Charney Vladeck and Alexander Kahn of The Forward , and Louis Waldman of

504-459: A proposal to increase union control over the party. The right-wing rejected it. Adolf A. Berle and Eleanor Roosevelt supported the party's right-wing while Franklin Roosevelt wanted to avoid conflict between the factions. La Guardia proposed a compromise in which the state executive committee would be divided between the factions and no communist would be on the election slate. Hillman accepted

576-521: A stranglehold by the Communist party upon the ALP which has in consequence become a mere envelope for Communist policies and candidates." The ALP endorsed Henry A. Wallace 's position on the Soviet Union after he was dismissed from President Harry S. Truman 's cabinet. Vito Marcantonio supported giving the party's presidential ballot line to Wallace while Jacob Potofsky opposed it and left

648-446: A teachers' college. This independent project demonstrated her attachment to Syracuse, her identification as a teacher, and her commitment to women's education. In 1909, she donated $ 50,000 to Syracuse on her birthday. Sage became a patron of E. Lilian Todd (the first woman in the world to design airplanes) after seeing Todd's first airplane design at an exhibition at Madison Square Gardens in 1906. In 1915, Mrs. Russell Sage (as she

720-654: A variety of subjects, with particular emphasis on work related to its programs. Notable recent publications include Homeward: Life in the Year After Prison by Bruce Western , winner of the 2019 Outstanding Book Award from the Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association and winner of the 2018 Choice Outstanding Academic Title; The Long Shadow: Family Background, Disadvantaged Urban Youth, and

792-556: Is referred to in records) purchased the National Training School in Durham, North Carolina from Thomas A. Gorman. Gorman had previously acquired the school for $ 25,100. The institution, which is now known as North Carolina Central University, had originally belonged to Dr. James E. Shepard, who lost ownership due to debt. After buying the school from Gorman, Mrs. Sage returned control of the institution to Dr. Shepard and

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864-517: The 1940 presidential election and the party's leadership started an attempt to remove them from the party. The party condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . Fights broke out at the party's convention on September 14, 1940, where Roosevelt was given the nomination despite an attempted resolution condemning Roosevelt. Vito Marcantonio was a supporter of the Soviet Union. Labor activists Victor Alter and Henryk Ehrlich were executed by

936-932: The American Sociological Association ; and the Government-Citizen Disconnect by Suzanne Mettler, winner of the Alexander L. George Award from the International Society of Political Psychology. The Foundation also publishes RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences , a peer-reviewed , open-access journal of social science research. The Foundation publishes the American Sociological Association ’s distinguished Rose Series in Sociology. Its publications are distributed by

1008-582: The Asia Society and Japan Society . The building is in the Upper East Side Historic District . Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage , known as Olivia Sage (September 8, 1828 – November 4, 1918), was an American philanthropist known for her contributions to education and progressive causes. In 1869 she became the second wife of industrialist Russell Sage . At his death in 1906, she inherited

1080-998: The Carnegie Corporation ; the William T. Grant Foundation ; the W.K. Kellogg Foundation ; the MacArthur Foundation ; the Spencer Foundation ; and the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. In 2015 the Foundation partnered with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation on an initiative exploring the social, economic and political effects of the Affordable Care Act . Also in 2015, the Foundation launched RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of

1152-576: The Chicago Distribution Center . The Russell Sage Foundation has established a center where Visiting Scholars can pursue their writing and research. Each year, the Foundation invites a number of scholars to its New York City headquarters to investigate topics in social and behavioral sciences. The Foundation particularly welcomes groups of scholars who wish to collaborate on a specific project during their residence at Russell Sage. Typically Visiting Scholars work on projects related to

1224-678: The Civil War , Olivia Slocum moved to Philadelphia, where she worked as a governess for a wealthy family. She also volunteered in a military hospital . In 1869, at age 41, Olivia Slocum married 53-year old Russell Sage , a widower, financier and railroad executive. He was a cousin of Colonel Ira Yale Sage of the Yale family . They had no children. She became involved in activities defined by her role as his wife. In 1906, Sage died and left his entire fortune of about $ 70 million to Olivia, with no stipulations on how she may use it. Her philosophy

1296-661: The Ford Foundation to conduct a Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality. In 2000, the Foundation partnered with the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) to produce The American People: Census 2000 , edited by Reynolds Farley of the University of Michigan and John Haaga of PRB. From 2014 to 2016, the Foundation entered into research collaborations with a number of other foundations on a variety of topics related to its core interests. Co-funders include

1368-618: The Forest Hills Gardens model housing project for the Foundation in 1908, to design the building, and purchased property at 120 East 22nd Street at the corner of Lexington Avenue , just down the street from both United Charities Building and the Church Missions House of the Episcopal Church , and a short block from Gramercy Park . The building, which was originally nine stories before a penthouse

1440-521: The International Industrial Relations Institute . Van Kleeck headed up the Foundation's Department of Industrial Studies for four decades, becoming a passionate socialist as a result of her work and research. Since World War II , the Foundation has devoted its efforts to strengthening the social sciences as a means of achieving more informed and rational social policy. It launched a variety of programs to draw

1512-802: The Liberal Party of New York (LPNY) and the Progressive Party . The Socialist Party of America suffered an internal struggle between the right-wing Old Guard and left-wing. In May 1936, the Old Guard broke from the party and formed the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), taking The Forward with them. The SDF formed the People's Party in New York. In his 1944 memoir, Waldman wrote: Back from Detroit, I

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1584-689: The Transport Workers Union of America , broke away from the party stating that "the screwballs and crackpots who will continue to carry on as if the Communist Party and the American Labor Party were the same house with two doors". In 1948, Tammany Hall formed the United Laborite Party, a paper party , meant to draw votes away from the ALP, but the courts ruled in favor of the ALP and stated that

1656-606: The United Charities Building on Park Avenue South and East 22nd Street in Manhattan , but was unable to do so as the building was fully rented; instead, the new foundation spread out to a number of locations in the area. In 1912, Margaret Sage and Robert W. DeForest decided to construct a headquarters building for the Foundation which would also serve as a memorial to her late husband. They engaged Beaux-Arts architect Grosvenor Atterbury , who had designed

1728-452: The "practical utilization of the behavioral sciences". In the 1960s and 1970s, the Foundation turned to exploring issues in medical ethics , including patients' rights , the rationale of extreme measures to sustain life that were possible with new technology, and the use of human subjects in research. Foundation-supported books from this period include Bernard Barber's Drugs and Society (1967) and The Dying Patient (1970). The Foundation

1800-522: The 1948 election, but Marcantonio was able to win reelection solely on the American Labor ballot line. In 1941, American Laborite Joseph V. O'Leary was appointed New York State Comptroller by Governor Herbert H. Lehman both to recognize the ALP's previous and to maintain the party's future support. In 1944 the Congress of Industrial Organization's Greater New York Industrial Union Council,

1872-573: The 1950s, the Foundation supported research on the practice and aims of philanthropy . It established the Foundation Center , a non-profit that maintains data on organized philanthropy. It was also the first to publish The Foundation Directory , a comprehensive listing of the nation's several thousand largest foundations. During this decade, the foundation also received money from the Ford Foundation ($ 554,000) to support research in

1944-544: The ALP. On the same day, George Salvatore, vice chairman of the ALP's Bronx executive committee and former ALP candidate for District Attorney and Supreme Court Justice, left the ALP for the Democratic Party, citing "we are tending to become apologists for Russia's point of view." The next day, October 10, 1947, Eugene Huber resigned as executive secretary of the ALP's Bayside area to join the Liberal Party of New York State because, Huber said, he had found "affixed

2016-759: The Family Welfare Association of America, the American Association of Social Workers and the Library of Social Work, which took up the top two floors of the main building. Space in the 22nd Street extension was rented out, and the New York School of Social Work was the primary tenant. The Foundation sold the building in 1949 to the Archdiocese of New York which used it as the headquarters of Catholic Charities , and it

2088-422: The Foundation played a pioneering role in dealing with problems of the poor and the elderly, in efforts to improve hospital and prison conditions, and in the development of social work as a new profession in the early 20th century. The Foundation was also responsible for early reforms in health care , city planning , consumer credit , labor law , the training of nurses, and social security programs. In 1907,

2160-454: The Foundation spent nearly a sixth of its capital to build Forest Hills Gardens , a model suburban community for working families designed by architect Frederick Law Olmsted in Queens, New York. The aim was to demonstrate the economic and social viability of an intelligently planned suburban community. The first lots sold for $ 800, and a new suburb began thriving by 1917. But with the growth of

2232-491: The Foundation's current programs. In 2015, the Foundation established a Visiting Journalists program to support journalists undertaking original research on social, political, and economic conditions in the United States. The Foundation also established the Margaret Olivia Sage Scholars program, which provides the opportunity for distinguished social scientists to spend brief periods in residence at

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2304-609: The New York metro area, housing prices in the new development soon soared beyond the reach of the families they were intended for. In 1922, the Foundation helped launch the Regional Plan Association to research, write and publish a plan to guide the future development of the New York metropolitan region. In its first 40 years, the Foundation spent more than $ 1 million on the Regional Survey and Plan. Researchers completed 12 massive volumes as part of

2376-987: The Panic of 1837 and the decline of canal traffic following construction of railroads across the state, her father's businesses and warehouses began to fail. Despite her father's financial struggles, Olivia was educated in private schools and graduated in 1847 from the Troy Female Seminary (later called the Emma Willard School , a preparatory school). Olivia Slocum supported herself by teaching for 20 years in Syracuse, New York , where she lived with her parents, and in Philadelphia . Her father continued to struggle and in 1857, fatally ill with tuberculosis , sold their family home in Syracuse. Olivia and her mother had to move in with relatives. During

2448-648: The Russell Sage Foundation, in 2015. On an occasional basis, the Foundation considers applications for short-term fellowships by scholars who are conducting research relevant to the Foundation's priority areas through its Visiting Researchers program. The Foundation's archives are located in the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York . When the Foundation was formed, it attempted to locate its offices in

2520-698: The SDF met at the Brevoort Hotel to discuss the plan. The party's name, American Labor Party, was suggested by Nagler. The SDF agreed to join the initiative. Vladeck was the first chair of the party. James Farley , chair of the New York State Democratic Committee , and Edward J. Flynn did not support the party, but Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the Democrats to aid the ALP collect enough signatures for party status. During

2592-687: The Social Sciences , a peer-reviewed , open-access journal of social science research. The Foundation supports four principal research programs: In addition the Foundation also supports special initiatives on the social, economic and political effects of the Affordable Care Act, Computational Social Science, Decision Making and Human Behavior in Context, Immigration and Immigrant Integration, Integrating Biology and Social Science Knowledge, Non-Standard Work, and an Early Career Behavioral Economics Conference. The Foundation publishes books on

2664-575: The Soviets. Anti-communists in the ALP condemned their deaths while communists defended the Soviet Union. This debate was one of the major issues in the party's county committee elections in 1943, and the left-wing gained control over the Bronx affiliate. Hillman, a member of the left-wing, threatened to have the ACWA become involved in the 1944 state committee elections if the party's leadership voted against

2736-756: The Transition to Adulthood , for which authors Karl Alexander, Doris Entwisle , and Linda Olson won the 2016 Grawemeyer Award in Education; The Asian American Achievement Paradox by Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou, winner of three awards from the American Sociological Association and winner of the 2017 Association for Asian American Studies Award for Best Book in the Social Sciences; Unequal Time: Gender, Class, and Family in Employment Schedules , by Dan Clawson and Naomi Gerstel, winner of three awards from

2808-506: The United States" by a gift of $ 10 million from Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage (1828–1918), widow of railroad magnate and financier Russell Sage . Mrs. Sage directed the foundation to pursue its mission through a broad set of activities, including "research, publication, education, the establishment and maintenance of charitable or benevolent activities, agencies and institutions, and the aid of any such activities, agencies, or institutions already in existence." Soon after its establishment,

2880-464: The building was more opulently constructed than would generally be the case for a charity. Atterbury utilized expensive materials in the interior, such as rare Kingwood sandstone in the elevators. The 1922-1923 alteration added second floor sculptural panels by Rene Paul Chambellan illustrating the foundation's ideals, goals and deeds. The Foundation made available space in the main building, at no charge, to other social-service organizations, such as

2952-522: The construction of a women's dormitory, Risley Hall , named after her mother-in-law. Her promotion of women's education also included funding the construction of the Olivia Josselyn House in 1912, named for her grandmother, at Vassar College , a women's college. In 1912, Sage acquired Marsh Island in the Gulf of Mexico , dedicating it as a refuge for birds and other wildlife. She gifted

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3024-781: The development of Russell Sage Laboratory. This was the base of Rensselaer's Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Sage also contributed to the National Training School in Durham, North Carolina (now North Carolina Central University), founded by James E. Shepard for black teachers and affiliated with the Chautauqua movement. Up to 1915, the sum total of Sage's gifts surpassed $ 23,000,000. de Forest, Robert W. "Margaret Olivia Sage, Philanthropist." The Survey 41, 1918, 151. American Labor Party Before and after its demise, many ALP members joined

3096-797: The development of the Russell Sage Foundation Homes in 1919, a suburban community at Forest Hills Gardens , Queens . In addition she gave extensively to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and the Emma Willard School , both in Troy. These contributions included funds donated by Sage that supported major improvements on Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's campus: construction of the Russell Sage Dining Hall in 1916, named after Sage's nephew who graduated in 1859; and $ 1,000,000 for

3168-417: The effort, with the first being published in 1928–29. The RPA was not opposed to the growth of the area and its population, but believed that for the development to be efficient and orderly, it had to be properly managed; only in this way could businesses continue to grow and the city maintain its global influence. The Foundation also provided support for social feminists such as Mary van Kleeck , founder of

3240-415: The following of $ 1.6 million each: the Emma Willard School, the Woman's Hospital, the Children's Aid Society, the Charity Organization Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the American Museum of Natural History , and Syracuse University. She also provided large donations in her will to a variety of churches, missions, and other religious causes. By her bequest, Sage donated $ 2,750,000 posthumously for

3312-447: The foundation funded the Pittsburgh Survey , the first systematic effort to survey working-class conditions in a large U.S. city. Considered a major Progressive Era achievement, the findings inspired labor reforms and helped end twelve-hour days and seven-day weeks for steel workers. During this period, the foundation supported a number of prominent female researchers, such as Mary van Kleeck and Lilian Brandt . Between 1909 and 1922,

3384-417: The funds. She named the library in honor of her grandfather Major John Jermain , who fought in the American Revolution . The library was designed by Augustus N. Allen ; she presented it in 1910 as a gift to the people of the village. The land cost $ 10,000, and was directly across from Sage's summer home on Main Street. Olivia Sage's summer residence for many years in the village was later adapted for use as

3456-522: The hands of the militants.... All during 1935 and the early part of 1936 my office was converted into a meeting place for the various committees and members of the organizations threatened by the militants. Constitutions and bylaws were modified in such a way as to prevent control falling into the hands of Norman Thomas' super-revolutionists. -- Louis Waldman, Labor Lawyer. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1944; pp. 272-273.</ref> On April 1, 1936, Sidney Hillman , John L. Lewis , and other officials of

3528-486: The island to the state of Louisiana in 1920, which continued the preservation of habitats and wildlife. In 1916, Sage founded Russell Sage College in Troy , New York as a comprehensive college for women. The college is located within what has since been designated as the historic district of Troy, an area that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . RSC offers liberal arts and professional degree programs. Financing to build Pierson Middle-High School

3600-446: The party in protest. Wallace previously rejected third-party politics at a speech before the ALP on May 25, 1946, when he stated that "because of the election laws in any states, it would give a reactionary victory by dividing the votes of the progressives". The CIO called for all of its ALP-affiliated unions to disaffiliate and ACWA withdrew its support of the ALP after the party endorsed Wallace for president. Mike Quill , president of

3672-456: The party violated laws prohibiting similarly named parties. Marcantonio won a seat again to the United States House of Representatives , representing East Harlem for the ALP, as he had done in 1938, 1940, 1942, 1944, and 1946 (but lost in 1950). Marcantonio had been the target of the New York Wilson Pakula Act in 1947 aimed at restricting candidates from one party running in another party's primary election ( electoral fusion ). Leo Isacson

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3744-448: The political capacity of the ALP and would ultimately lead to conflicts with the national CIO during the 1948 presidential election. In 1947, several ALP leaders defected. On October 9, 1947, Charles Rubinstein, president of the United Civic Associations of the Bronx, member of the ALP's State executive committee, and former ALP candidate for the City Council left the ALP for no other party, due to "misguided Communist sympathizers" within

3816-401: The popular vote, on their ballot line. They were the second-largest party in the city and largest in some districts in the Bronx and Brooklyn. Members of the Communist Party USA started joining the party and Israel Amter , chair of the Communist Party, called for the "building of the American Labor Party". Although its constitution specifically barred Communists from the organization, there

3888-408: The previous presidential election. Over 200 unions were affiliated with the ALP by 1937. Party decision-making in the first year was handled by ILGWU executive secretary Fred Umhey, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union 's Jacob Potofsky , and Alex Rose of the Milliners'. The party supported Fiorello La Guardia during the 1937 New York City mayoral election and he received 482,790, 21.6% of

3960-423: The program and charged to design initiatives to advance the field. Three charter members of the Roundtable subsequently received the Nobel Prize in economics: George Akerlof , Daniel Kahneman , and Thomas Schelling . The Foundation launched new programs to study immigration, the rise of economic inequality, and contact among cultures within the American population. Between 1992 and 2000, the Foundation worked with

4032-452: The proposal, but Dubinsky rejected it. The left-wing won 620 of the 750 committee seats. The Liberal Party of New York was formed in opposition to the ALP by Paul Blanshard , August Claessens , Harry W. Laidler , and others. The passage of the Wilson Pakula prevented candidates from the ALP from being able to run for the nominations of other parties without the approval of the party's committee. The party lost two state legislators in

4104-415: The social sciences closer to decision-makers in other professions, from policymakers to health care providers. This initiative included funds for research on "social indicators", a collection of data that measure the quality of life. Mary Van Kleeck, who headed the foundation in the late 1940s, was also a member of the American Labor Party . She served on a committee for the Progressive Party in 1948. In

4176-444: The summer of 1936, the New York state organization of LNPL was transformed into an independent political party in an effort to bolster Roosevelt's electoral chances in the state by gaining him a place on a second candidate ballot line. 274,924 voted for Roosevelt using the ALP's ballot line in the 1936 presidential election , with 238,845 coming from New York City. The largest amount of support came from Jewish areas. The organization

4248-589: The town's Sag Harbor Whaling Museum . In 2017, in honor of the 100th anniversary of women receiving the right to vote in New York State, the William G. Pomeroy Foundation gained approval for installation of a historic roadside marker outside Sage's former Sag Harbor home to acknowledge her contributions to the suffragist movement. The historian Ruth Crocker has studied how Sage provided in her will for distribution of more wealth: her legacy had fifty-two equal parts. Nineteen named educational institutions received one part, or about $ 800,000 each. She made larger bequests to

4320-411: The unions of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations established Labor's Non-Partisan League (LNPL), an organization akin to the modern political action committee , designed to channel money and manpower to the campaigns of Roosevelt and others standing strongly for the declared interests of organized labor. Max Zaritsky , a union president, suggested forming

4392-419: Was added in the 1920s, was constructed between 1912 and 1913 and altered in 1922–1923. A fifteen-story extension on East 22nd, which Atterbury also designed, connected to the original building with a five-story "hyphen", was added between 1930 and 1931. Atterbury's design took the form of a Renaissance Florentine palazzo . Because it was both headquarters for the Foundation and a physical memorial for Sage,

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4464-433: Was an early force in the development of behavioral economics , launching the Behavioral Economics program in 1986 with the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation . Books on behavioral economics published by Russell Sage include Quasi Rational Economics (1991) and Advances in Behavioral Finance (1993). In 1993, the Foundation also established the Behavioral Economics Roundtable, a group of behavioral economists elected by grantees in

4536-475: Was elected in early 1948 to fill a vacancy in a Bronx district but lost in the general election in November. The Communist Party USA openly endorsed the Progressive Party; some ALP candidates that year were known or alleged communists, e.g., Lee Pressman . Candidates included (winners bolded): The party lost its ballot access after John T. McManus , their 1954 gubernatorial candidate, received less than 50,000 votes. Marcantonio criticized communists for being

4608-491: Was encapsulated in her article, "Opportunities and Responsibilities of Leisured Women", including "helping the unfortunate by providing them with a good environment, opportunity for self-support and individual responsibility, and protection from the unscrupulous." Mrs. Sage donated Constitution Island to the federal government as an addition to West Point . In 1905, Olivia Sage told Syracuse University that she would purchase Yates Castle and its surrounding property to house

4680-424: Was formally connected to the ALP. Over the ensuing years, the council would call for local unions to ‘‘Build the American Labor Party, the strongest voice for labor in city and state affairs,’’ and would direct Political Action Stewards in workplaces across the city to ‘‘recruit shop members for active participation in the community activities of the American Labor Party.’’ This support would be instrumental in building

4752-417: Was gifted by Sage. It was named for her maternal ancestor Abraham Pierson , one of the early European settlers of Long Island. The school was completed in 1908 at the cost of $ 102,000. Olivia Slocum Sage regularly spent her summers at a house in Sag Harbor, New York , a former whaling and fishing village on eastern Long Island. She organized the effort to build a library in the village, and donated most of

4824-438: Was immediately confronted with a problem which involved millions of dollars of property controlled by subsidiaries of the Socialist Party. In New York alone there were such institutions as the Jewish Daily Forward , the leading Jewish newspaper in the world with a circulation running into hundreds of thousands and with reserve funds amounting to millions. There was The New Leader , a weekly newspaper published in English; there

4896-424: Was largely funded by the needle trade unions of the state. The ALP found itself $ 50,000 in debt at the end of the 1936 campaign, but substantial contributions from labor groups erased the red ink. The ILGWU itself contributed nearly $ 142,000 to the 1936 campaign, a relatively huge sum for a third party campaign, given that only $ 26,000 from all sources had been raised and spent by Norman Thomas' Socialist campaign in

4968-427: Was no enforcement for this provision and large numbers flocked to registration as ALP members from the Communist-led United Electrical Workers , Transport Workers , and State, County, and Municipal Workers . Norman Thomas and the Socialists attempted to enter the party in 1937, but faced opposition. Algernon Lee opposed their entrance due to Thomas' pacifism. Communists in the ALP opposed reelecting Roosevelt in

5040-497: Was obvious that the militant Socialists controlled the Socialist Party. I saw that all they had to do in order to gain control of the valuable property in New York was to revoke the New York State charter and expel all state organizations controlled by the Social Democrats or the Old Guard. Since there was always a minority of militant Socialists in each of these corporate institutions, these properties involving millions of dollars in property value and cash reserves would quickly fall into

5112-444: Was sold again in 1975, after which it was converted to apartments; it is now called Sage House . The building was designated a New York City landmark in 2000, and is part of a proposed extension to the Gramercy Park Historic District . Since 1981, the Foundation has been headquartered in a Philip Johnson -designed International Style building at 112 East 64th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues , built in 1958-1960 for

5184-604: Was the Rand School of Social Science , which, together with Camp Tamiment , had enormous property value, not to speak of their importance as propaganda and educational instruments. Control of the Forward alone also meant probable control of fraternal and labor organizations such as the Workmen's Circle , with its millions of dollars in property and tens of thousands of members throughout the United States.... After Detroit it

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