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96-718: World Youth Day ( WYD ) is an event for the youth organized by the Catholic Church that was initiated by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Its concept has been influenced by the Light-Life Movement that has existed in Poland since the 1960s, where during summer camps Catholic young adults over 13 days of camp celebrated a "day of community". For the first celebration of WYD in 1986, bishops were invited to schedule an annual youth event to be held every Palm Sunday in their dioceses. Nicknamed "The Catholic Woodstock", it

192-501: A New Age style of music with liner notes promoting the instrument's spirituality which misleads consumers about the didgeridoo's secular role in traditional Aboriginal culture. The taboo is particularly strong among many Aboriginal groups in the South East of Australia, where it is forbidden and considered "cultural theft" for non-Aboriginal women, and especially performers of New Age music regardless of sex, to play or even touch

288-546: A "Doctor of the Church", a designation granted to only 34 saints throughout the twenty centuries of church history. An estimated 2,000,000 people attended an all-night vigil to complete the week, more than expected. Since 2002, World Youth Day has been held every three years. After the 2011 event the next World Youth Day was scheduled a year earlier than usual, in 2013 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , in order to avoid any conflict with

384-546: A 1914 edition of The Northern Territory Times and Gazette , and a 1919 issue of Smith's Weekly , in which it was referred to as a "didjerry" and was said to produce the sound "didjerry, didjerry, didjerry and so on ad infinitum". A rival explanation, that didgeridoo is a corruption of the Irish phrase dúdaire dubh or Scottish Gaelic dùdaire dúth , is controversial. Irish dúdaire or dúidire , and Scottish Gaelic dùdaire , are nouns that, depending on

480-701: A Catholic social online network and news site, was launched as the Official Catholic Social Network of WYD. It was considered to be a direct fruit of WYD08, just as Salt + Light Television was a direct fruit of World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto. The name was an abbreviation for "Christ in the Third Millennium" and is operated by the Archdiocese of Sydney , with the support of Archbishop Cardinal George Pell . The site

576-523: A bell end of anywhere between 5 and 20 centimetres (2 and 8 in) and have a length corresponding to the desired key. The end of the pipe can be shaped and smoothed to create a comfortable mouthpiece or an added mouthpiece can be made of any shaped and smoothed material such as rubber, a rubber stopper with a hole or beeswax. Modern didgeridoo designs are distinct from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo, and are innovations recognised by musicologists . Didgeridoo design innovation started in

672-795: A cornerstone in reducing adolescent sexual risk behaviours and promoting sexual health. In addition to providing accurate information about consequences of Sexually transmitted disease or STIs and early pregnancy , such programmes build life skills for interpersonal communication and decision making. Such programmes are most commonly implemented in schools, which reach large numbers of teenagers in areas where school enrollment rates are high. However, since not all young people are in school, sex education programmes have also been implemented in clinics, juvenile detention centers and youth-oriented community agencies. Notably, some programmes have been found to reduce risky sexual behaviours when implemented in both school and community settings with only minor modifications to

768-531: A didgeridoo. A 2006 study reported in the British Medical Journal found that learning and practising the didgeridoo helped reduce snoring and obstructive sleep apnea by strengthening muscles in the upper airway, thus reducing their tendency to collapse during sleep. In the study, intervention subjects were trained in and practised didgeridoo playing, including circular breathing and other techniques. Control subjects were asked not to play

864-517: A figure projected to grow 89.5 per cent by 2025. Moreover, this majority are extremely diverse: some live in rural areas but many inhabit the overcrowded metropolises of India , Mongolia and other parts of Asia and in South America, some live traditional lives in tribal societies , while others participate in global youth culture in ghetto contexts. Many young lives in developing countries are defined by poverty, some suffer from famine and

960-675: A higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length. There are no reliable sources of the exact age of the didgeridoo. Archaeological studies suggest that people of the Kakadu region in Northern Australia have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1,000 years, based on the dating of rock art paintings. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, from

1056-435: A lack of clean water, while involvement in armed conflict is all common. Health problems are rife, especially due to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in certain regions. The United Nations estimates that 200 million young people live in poverty, 130 million are illiterate and 10 million live with HIV/AIDS. Didgeridoo The didgeridoo ( / ˌ d ɪ dʒ ər i ˈ d uː / ), also spelt didjeridu , among other variants,

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1152-497: A large percentage of T1D youth population is not meeting this guideline. Common barriers include fear of hypoglycemia , loss of glucose stability, low fitness levels, insufficient or inadequate knowledge of strategies to prevent hypoglycemia, lack of time, and lack of confidence in the topic of exercise management in type 1 diabetes. Many Health and Care Professions Council members who work with children aren't educated enough about diabetes in children and exercise recommendations. It

1248-641: A local team usually appointed by the ordinary . From 1986 to 2020, these celebrations usually occurred during Palm Sunday . They almost always included the Mass of Passion Sunday – when Jesus' entry to Jerusalem in his final days is commemorated. However, on 22 November 2020, Pope Francis has moved the Diocesan Celebration of World Youth Day from Palm Sunday to the Sunday of the Solemnity of Christ

1344-450: A national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. Universal school-based interventions such as formal classroom curricula, behavioural management practices, role‐play, and goal‐setting may be effective in preventing tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, antisocial behaviour, and improving physical activity of young people. Type 1 diabetes (T1D)

1440-654: A note for as long as desired. Recordings exist of modern didgeridoo players playing continuously for more than 40 minutes; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto (1994) plays for over 50 minutes continuously. Although circular breathing does eliminate the need to stop playing to take a breath, discomfort might still develop during a period of extended play due to chapped lips or other oral discomfort. The didgeridoo functions "...as an aural kaleidoscope of timbres" and "the extremely difficult virtuoso techniques developed by expert performers find no parallel elsewhere." The didgeridoo virtuoso and composer William Barton has expanded

1536-457: A person's life, unlike youth, which is a socially constructed category. The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of roughly 12 and 24, with all UN statistics based on this range, the UN states education as a source for these statistics. The UN also recognizes that this varies without prejudice to other age groups listed by member states such as 18–30. A useful distinction within

1632-496: A possible type 2 diabetes, children are encouraged to keep their BMI and adipose tissue percentage at normal levels. Exercising regularly improves insulin resistance, reduces blood glucose levels, and keep an individual at a healthy weight to stay away from a possible T2D diagnosis. Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States, and is the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in

1728-512: A potentially more serious threat to healthy youth development. The definition of bullying is widely agreed on in literature on bullying. The majority of research on bullying has been conducted in Europe and Australia. Considerable variability among countries in the prevalence of bullying has been reported. In an international survey of adolescent health-related behaviors, the percentage of students who reported being bullied at least once during

1824-792: A variety of youth festivities including visits to St Mary's Cathedral , daily catechesis and Mass led by bishops from around the world, concerts, visits to the tomb of Saint Mary MacKillop , the Vocations Expo at Darling Harbour, reception of the Sacrament of Reconciliation , and praying before the Blessed Sacrament during Adoration. The Mass and concert at Barangaroo saw an estimated crowd of 150,000. The event attracted 250,000 foreign visiting pilgrims to Sydney, with an estimated 400,000 pilgrims attending Mass celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 20 July. On 12 June 2008, Xt3.com,

1920-442: A vibrating sound of the lips to produce the basic drone. More advanced playing involves the technique known as circular breathing . The circular breathing technique requires breathing in through the nose whilst simultaneously using the muscles of the cheeks to compress the cheeks and release the stored air out of the mouth. By using this technique, a skilled player can replenish the air in their lungs, and with practice they can sustain

2016-449: A wide range of issues and behaviors, addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed. The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries. These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances. Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places, with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated (an exception being

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2112-487: Is a wind instrument , played with vibrating lips to produce a continuous drone while using a special breathing technique called circular breathing . The didgeridoo was developed by Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia at least 1,000 years ago, and is now in use around the world, though still most strongly associated with Indigenous Australian music . In the Yolŋu languages of the indigenous people of northeast Arnhem Land

2208-545: Is also common, with all cultures coming together to appreciate one another. Other widely recognized traditions include the Pope's public appearance, commencing with his arrival around the city in the " Popemobile " and then with his final Mass held at the event. A festival in Sydney (2008) recorded an estimated distance of a 10-kilometre walk as roads and other public transport systems were closed off. Pope Benedict XVI criticized

2304-471: Is also defined as a social position that reflects the meanings different cultures and societies give to individuals between childhood and adulthood. The term in itself when referred to in a manner of social position can be ambiguous when applied to someone of an older age with very low social position; potentially when still dependent on their guardians. Scholars argue that age-based definitions have not been consistent across cultures or times and that thus it

2400-464: Is an autoimmune disease that occurs when pancreatic cells, also called beta cells , are destroyed by the immune system . Beta cells are responsible to produce insulin , which is required by the body to convert blood sugar into energy. Symptoms associated with T1D include frequent urination, increased hunger and thirst, weight loss, blurry vision, and tiredness. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by high blood sugar and insulin resistance. This

2496-535: Is associated with young men from 12 to 30 or 35 years of age. Youth in Nigeria includes all members of the Federal Republic of Nigeria aged 18–35. Many African girls experience youth as a brief interlude between the onset of puberty and marriage and motherhood . But in urban settings, poor women are often considered youth much longer, even if they bear children outside of marriage. Varying culturally,

2592-527: Is celebrated at the diocesan level annually—in most places on Palm Sunday from 1986 to 2020, and from 2021 on Christ the King Sunday —and at the international level every two to three years at different locations. The 1995 World Youth Day closing Mass in the Philippines set a world record for the largest number of people gathered for a single religious event with 5 million attendees. This record

2688-440: Is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality. Bullying among school-aged youth is increasingly being recognized as an important problem affecting well-being and social functioning. While a certain amount of conflict and harassment is typical of youth peer relations, bullying presents

2784-473: Is important for parents to educate themselves to support their children throughout this chapter of their lives. Structured exercises lasting longer than 60 minutes can reduce HbA1c levels and insulin dose per day. Moderate activities can increase cardiorespiratory fitness in children which is crucial for their future health. Cardiorespiratory fitness reduces the risk of other diseases, such as microvascular complications and cardiovascular diseases . To avoid

2880-590: Is known as a mako , a name popularised by virtuoso player David Blanasi , a Bininj man, whose language was Kunwinjku , and who brought the didgeridoo to world prominence. However the mako is slightly different from the Yiḏaki: usually shorter, and sounding somewhat different – a slightly fuller and richer sound, but without the "overtone" note. There are at least 45 names for the didgeridoo, several of which suggest its original construction of bamboo , such as bambu , bombo , kambu , and pampu , which are still used in

2976-417: Is legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex partner as the offender. The defense of infancy is a form of defense known as an excuse so that defendants falling within the definition of an " infant " are excluded from criminal liability for their actions , if at

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3072-462: Is marked by an individual's cultural norms or traditions , while a youth's level of dependency means the extent to which they still rely on their family emotionally and economically . Around the world, the English terms youth , adolescent , teenager , kid , youngster and young person often mean the same thing, but they are occasionally differentiated. Youth can be referred to as

3168-407: Is more accurate to focus on social processes in the transition to adult independence for defining youth. Youth is the stage of constructing the self-concept . The self-concept of youth is influenced by variables such as peers, lifestyle, gender, and culture. It is a time of a person's life when their choices are most likely to affect their future. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the term "youth"

3264-607: Is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law . For example, in 1966, ethnomusicologist Alice Marshall Moyle made a recording in Borroloola of Jemima Wimalu, a Mara woman from the Roper River, proficiently playing the didgeridoo. In 1995, musicologist Steve Knopoff observed Yirrkala women performing djatpangarri songs that are traditionally performed by men and in 1996, ethnomusicologist Elizabeth MacKinley reported women of

3360-561: Is not an autoimmune disease and is mostly a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Exercise is a crucial addition to a child's everyday routine. It can increase the overall psychosocial well-being, metabolic health and cardiovascular benefits. American College of Sports Medicine recommends at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity each day. Recommended activities include running, bicycle riding and team sports. Furthermore, at least 3 days of bone and muscle strengthening activities should be incorporated. Unfortunately, in reality

3456-512: Is somewhat in the manner of a trombone . The didgeridoo has been used by a number of modern bands in various types of music. It was featured on the British children's TV series Blue Peter . Industrial music bands like Test Dept use the didgeridoo. Early songs by the acid jazz band Jamiroquai featured didgeridoo player Wallis Buchanan, including the band's first single " When You Gonna Learn ", which features prominent didgeridoo in

3552-450: Is the minimum age established by law that a person must attain to be eligible to vote in a public election . Typically, the age is set at 18 years; however, ages as low as 16 and as high as 21 exist (see list below). Studies show that 21% of all 18-year-olds have experience with voting. This is an important right since, by voting, they can support politics selected by themselves and not only by people of older generations. Age of candidacy

3648-414: Is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access . The age of consent is the age at which a person is considered legally competent to consent to sexual acts , and is thus the minimum age of a person with whom another person

3744-417: The lingua franca by some Aboriginal people. The following are some of the more common regional names. A didgeridoo is usually cylindrical or conical , and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. However, flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of

3840-508: The 2014 FIFA World Cup being held in 12 host cities throughout Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics being held in Rio de Janeiro. More than 3 Million catholic youth had gathered for the event from across the world. Pope Francis announced at the end of closing Mass for World Youth Day 2013 that Kraków , Poland , would be the venue for World Youth Day 2016 . An estimated three million people attended. Young people from many countries took part in

3936-1162: The World Health Organization (WHO). It is also shaped by the notion of adolescence that has entered everyday life in Brazil through a discourse on children's rights. The OECD defines youth as "those between 15 and 29 years of age". August 12 was declared International Youth Day by the United Nations. Children's rights cover all the rights that belong to children. When they grow up, they are granted new rights (like voting, consent, driving, etc.) and duties (criminal response, etc.). There are different minimum limits of age at which youth are not free, independent or legally competent to take some decisions or actions. Some of these limits are: voting age , age of candidacy , age of consent , age of majority , age of criminal responsibility , drinking age , driving age , etc. After youth reach these limits, they are free to vote, have sexual intercourse, buy or consume alcoholic beverages or drive cars , etc. Voting age

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4032-413: The harmonic spacing of the resonances in a cylindrical plastic pipe, whose resonant frequencies fall in the ratio 1:3:5 etc. The second resonance of a didgeridoo (the note sounded by overblowing) is usually around an 11th higher than the fundamental frequency (a frequency ratio of 8:3). The vibration produced by the player's lips has harmonics in the ratio 1:2:3 etc. However, the non-harmonic spacing of

4128-781: The 1979 Convention on the Rights of the Child , those under the age of 18 are regarded as children. The UN also states they are aware that several definitions exist for youth within UN entities such as Youth Habitat 15–32 , NCSL 12-24 , and African Youth Charter 15–35. On November 11, 2020, the State Duma of the Russian Federation approved a project to raise the cap on the age of young people from 30 to 35 years (the range now extending from 14 to 35 years). Although linked to biological processes of development and aging, youth

4224-717: The Days in the Diocese program hosted by Catholic dioceses throughout Australia and New Zealand. Pope Benedict XVI arrived in Sydney on 13 July 2008 at Richmond Air Force Base . Cardinal Pell celebrated the Opening Mass at Barangaroo (East Darling Harbour ) with other activities including the re-enactment of Christ's passion during the Stations of the Cross and the Pope's boat cruise through Sydney Harbour . Pilgrims participated in

4320-680: The King starting in 2021. Since then, they almost always includes the Mass of the Solemnity of Christ the King of the Universe - the day of the eschatological importance of Jesus. Music, prayer, reconciliation opportunities, as well as adoration of the Blessed Sacrament may also be part of the celebrations. Youth Youth is an experience that may shape an individual's level of dependency , which can be marked in various ways according to different cultural perspectives. Personal experience

4416-764: The Philippines, Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , the United Kingdom (Mainland) and the United States. The Canadian province of Alberta and several U.S. states permit youth driving as low as 14. Niger has the highest minimum driving age in the world at 23. In India, driving is legal after getting a license at the age of 18. The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work in each country or jurisdiction . The threshold of adulthood, or "the age of majority " as recognized or declared in law in most countries, has been set at age 18. Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above

4512-472: The UK, which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places). Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks. Driving age is the age at which a person can apply for a driver's license . Countries with the lowest driving ages (below 17) are Argentina , Australia , Canada, El Salvador , Iceland, Israel , Macedonia , Malaysia , New Zealand ,

4608-422: The UN itself can be made between teenagers (i.e. those between the ages of 13 and 19) and young adults (those between the ages of 20 and 24). While seeking to impose some uniformity on statistical approaches, the UN is aware of contradictions between approaches in its own statutes. Hence, under the 15–24 definition (introduced in 1981) children are defined as those under the age of (someone 12 and younger) while under

4704-550: The United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Obese children may be taller than their non-overweight peers, in which case they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of

4800-584: The Yanyuwa group giving public performances. Although there is no prohibition in the area of the didgeridoo's origin, such restrictions have been applied by other Indigenous communities. The didgeridoo was introduced to the Kimberleys in the early 20th century but it was only much later, such as in Rose's 2008 criticism of The Daring Book for Girls , that Aboriginal men showed adverse reactions to women playing

4896-639: The beat for the songs during ceremonies. The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks are precise, and these patterns have been handed down for many generations. In the Wangga genre, the song-man starts with vocals and then introduces bilma to the accompaniment of didgeridoo. Traditionally, only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonial occasions; playing by women is sometimes discouraged by Aboriginal communities and elders. In 2008, publisher HarperCollins apologised for its book The Daring Book for Girls , which openly encouraged girls to play

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4992-513: The cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia , hypertension , and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea , pseudotumor cerebri , and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction

5088-579: The characteristics of youth who both bully and are bullied found that these individuals exhibit the poorest psychosocial functioning overall. Globalization and transnational flows have had tangible effects on sexual relations, identities, and subjectivities. In the wake of an increasingly globalized world order under waning Western dominance, within ideologies of modernity, civilization, and programs for social improvement, discourses on population control , ' safe sex ', and ' sexual rights '. Sex education programmes grounded in evidence-based approaches are

5184-483: The context, may mean "trumpeter", " hummer ", " crooner " or " puffer ", while Irish dubh means "black", and Scottish Gaelic dúth means " native ". There are numerous names for the instrument among the Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia , none of which closely resemble the word "didgeridoo" (see below). Some didgeridoo enthusiasts, scholars and Aboriginal people advocate using local language names for

5280-954: The current term ranged from a low of 15% to 20% in some countries to a high of 70% in others. Of particular concern is frequent bullying, typically defined as bullying that occurs once a week or more. The prevalence of frequent bullying reported internationally ranges from a low of 1.9% among one Irish sample to a high of 19% in a Malta study. Research examining characteristics of youth involved in bullying has consistently found that both bullies and those bullied demonstrate poorer psychosocial functioning than their non-involved peers. Youth who bully others tend to demonstrate higher levels of conduct problems and dislike of school, whereas youth who are bullied generally show higher levels of insecurity , anxiety , depression , loneliness , unhappiness , physical and mental symptoms, and low self-esteem . Males who are bullied also tend to be physically weaker than males in general. The few studies that have examined

5376-420: The curricula. The Sangguniang Kabataan ("Youth Council" in English ), commonly known as SK, was a youth council in each barangay (village or district) in the Philippines , before being put "on hold", but not quite abolished, prior to the 2013 barangay elections . The council represented teenagers from 15 to 17 years old who have resided in their barangay for at least six months and registered to vote. It

5472-417: The dead heartwood of the tree, as the living sapwood contains a chemical that repels the insects. Various techniques are employed to find trees with a suitable hollow, including knowledge of landscape and termite activity patterns, and a kind of tap or knock test, in which the bark of the tree is peeled back, and a fingernail or the blunt end of a tool, such as an axe, is knocked against the wood to determine if

5568-616: The didgeridoo in some songs, including "Love the Way You Hate Me" from their album Chaos Theory: Part 1 (2012). Kate Bush made extensive use of the didgeridoo, played by Australian musician Rolf Harris , on her album The Dreaming (1982), which was written and recorded after a holiday in Australia. Traditionally, the didgeridoo was played as an accompaniment to ceremonial dancing and singing and for solo or recreational purposes. For Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia,

5664-442: The didgeridoo's sound can be made by adding vocalisations to the drone. Most of the vocalisations are related to sounds emitted by Australian animals, such as the dingo or the kookaburra . To produce these sounds, the players use their vocal folds to produce the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument. The results range from very high-pitched sounds to much lower sounds involving interference between

5760-447: The events and proclaim their own themes of Catholicism . Such is usually done through chants and singing of other national songs involving a Catholic theme. Over the course of the major events taking place, national objects are traded between pilgrims. Flags, shirts, crosses, and other Catholic icons are carried amongst pilgrims which are later traded as souvenirs to other people from different countries. A unity of acceptance among people

5856-457: The final Mass on 21 August 2005 the Missa mundi (Mass of the world), representing five continents in style and instrumentation, in a European Kyrie influenced by the style of Bach, a South American Gloria with guitars and pan flutes , an Asian Credo with sitar , an African Sanctus with drums, and an Australian Agnus Dei with didgeridoos . Sydney, Australia ,

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5952-577: The freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two song-men participating in an Ubarr ceremony. It is thus thought that it was developed by Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, possibly in Arnhem Land . T. B. Wilson's Narrative of a Voyage Round the World (1835) includes a drawing of an Aboriginal man from Raffles Bay on the Cobourg Peninsula (about 350 kilometres (220 mi) east of Darwin ) playing

6048-474: The gender constructions of youth in Latin America and Southeast Asia differ from those of sub-Saharan Africa. In Vietnam, widespread notions of youth are sociopolitical constructions for both sexes between the ages of 15 and 35. In Brazil , the term youth refers to people of both sexes from 15 to 29 years old. This age bracket reflects the influence on Brazilian law of international organizations like

6144-572: The hollow produces the right resonance. Once a suitably hollow tree is found, it is cut down and cleaned out, the bark is taken off, the ends trimmed, and the exterior is shaped; this results in a finished instrument. A rim of beeswax may be applied to the mouthpiece end. Non-traditional didgeridoos can be made from native or non-native hard woods (typically split, hollowed and rejoined), glass, fibreglass , metal, agave , clay, resin , PVC piping and carbon fibre. These typically have an upper inside diameter of around 3 centimetres (1.2 in) down to

6240-399: The instrument after Aboriginal academic Mark Rose described such encouragement as "extreme cultural insensitivity" and "an extreme faux pas   ... part of a general ignorance that mainstream Australia has about Aboriginal culture." However, Linda Barwick , an ethnomusicologist , said that though traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony, in informal situations there

6336-623: The instrument and prohibitions are especially evident in the South East of Australia. The belief that women are prohibited from playing is widespread among non-Aboriginal people and is also common among Aboriginal communities in Southern Australia; some ethnomusicologists believe that the dissemination of the taboo belief and other misconceptions is a result of commercial agendas and marketing. The majority of commercial didgeridoo recordings available are distributed by multinational recording companies and feature non-Aboriginal people playing

6432-618: The instrument was "only known in the eastern Kimberley [region in Western Australia] and the northern third of the Northern Territory ". The name didgeridoo is not of Aboriginal Australian linguistic origin and is considered to be an onomatopoetic word. The earliest occurrences of the word in print include a 1908 edition of the Hamilton Spectator referring to a " 'did-gery-do' (hollow bamboo)",

6528-407: The instrument's resonances means that the harmonics of the fundamental note are not systematically assisted by instrument's resonances, as is usually the case for Western wind instruments (e.g., in the low range of the clarinet , the 1st, 3rd, and 5th harmonics of the reed are assisted by resonances of the bore). Sufficiently strong resonances of the vocal tract can strongly influence the timbre of

6624-564: The instrument. Yiḏaki (transcribed yidaki in English, sometimes spelt yirdaki ) is one of the most commonly used names although, strictly speaking, it refers to a specific type of the instrument made and used by the Yolngu peoples of north-east Arnhem Land . Some Yolngu people began using the word mandapul after 2011, out of respect for the passing of a Manggalili man who had a name sounding similar to yidaki. In west Arnhem Land, it

6720-462: The instrument. At some frequencies, whose values depend on the position of the player's tongue, resonances of the vocal tract inhibit the oscillatory flow of air into the instrument. Bands of frequencies that are not thus inhibited produce formants in the output sound. These formants, and especially their variation during the inhalation and exhalation phases of circular breathing, give the instrument its readily recognisable sound. Other variations in

6816-474: The instrument. Others observed such an instrument in the same area, made of bamboo and about 3 feet (0.9 m) long. In 1893, English palaeontologist Robert Etheridge, Junior observed the use of "three very curious trumpets" made of bamboo in northern Australia. There were then two native species of bamboo growing along the Adelaide River, Northern Territory ". According to A. P. Elkin , in 1938,

6912-572: The introduction and solo sections. Ambient artist Steve Roach uses it in his collaborative work Australia: Sound of the Earth with Australian Aboriginal artist David Hudson and cellist Sarah Hopkins, as well as Dreamtime Return . It is used in the Indian song " Jaane Kyon " from the film Dil Chahta Hai . Chris Brooks, lead singer of the New Zealand hard rock band Like a Storm , uses

7008-463: The largest cause overall. Violence accounted for 12% of male deaths. Suicide was the cause of 6% of all deaths. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed its Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in 2003 to help assess risk behavior. YRBSS monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults. These are behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence ; YRBSS includes

7104-815: The largest crowd ever by the Guinness World Records . In an initial comment immediately following the event, Cardinal Angelo Amato , Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints , stated that over 4 million people had participated. 1997 WYD was held in Paris . 2000 WYD took place in Rome . 2002 WYD was held in Toronto . 2005 WYD was celebrated in Cologne , Germany. Thomas Gabriel composed for

7200-477: The late 20th century, using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes. The practice has sparked, however, a good deal of debate among indigenous practitioners and non-indigenous people about its aesthetic, ethical, and legal issues. Didgeridoos can be painted by their maker or a dedicated artist using traditional or modern paints while others retain the natural wood grain design with minimal or no decoration. A didgeridoo can be played simply by producing

7296-476: The likelihood for the incompletion of high school. These factors also increase the likelihood for the youth to not go to a college or university. In the United States, 12.3 percent of young people ages 16 to 24 are disconnected, meaning they are neither in school nor working. The leading causes of morbidity and mortality among youth and adults are due to certain health-risk behaviors. These behaviors are often established during youth and extend into adulthood. Since

7392-410: The lip and vocal fold vibrations. Adding vocalisations increases the complexity of the playing. Charlie McMahon , who formed the group Gondwanaland , was one of the first non-Aboriginal players to gain fame as a professional didgeridoo player. He has toured internationally with Midnight Oil . He invented the didjeribone, a sliding didgeridoo made from two lengths of plastic tubing; its playing style

7488-483: The name for the instrument is the yiḏaki , or more recently by some, mandapul . In the Bininj Kunwok language of West Arnhem Land it is known as mako . A didgeridoo is usually cylindrical or conical , and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch or key. Flared instruments play

7584-519: The overnight vigil and the concluding mass. The 2027 World Youth Day will be in Seoul, Korea as announced by Pope Francis during the concluding mass at Parque Tejo in Lisbon. This lists languages used in the main international version of the anthem. Local versions of the anthem in other languages (and alternate versions) may have also been produced. At the diocesan level celebrations are decided by

7680-430: The relevant time, they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility. This implies that children lack the judgment that comes with age and experience to be held criminally responsible. After reaching the initial age, there may be levels of responsibility dictated by age and the type of offense committed. The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume or purchase alcoholic beverages . These laws cover

7776-638: The right to free speech and association, to due process, equality, autonomy , safety and privacy, and accountability in contracts and advertising, which regulate the treatment of students by teachers and administrators. The smoking age is the minimum age a person can buy tobacco and/or smoke in public. Most countries regulate this law at the national level while at some point it is done by the state or province. Young people spend much of their lives in educational settings, and their experiences in schools, colleges and universities can shape much of their subsequent lives. Research shows that poverty and income affect

7872-553: The risk behaviors in adulthood and youth are interrelated, problems in adulthood are preventable by influencing youth behavior. A 2004 mortality study of youth (defined in this study as ages 10–24) mortality worldwide found that 97% of deaths occurred in low to middle-income countries, with the majority in southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Maternal conditions accounted for 15% of female deaths, while HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis were responsible for 11% of deaths; 14% of male and 5% of female deaths were attributed to traffic accidents,

7968-440: The role of the instrument in the concert hall both with his own orchestral and chamber music works and with those written or arranged for him by prominent Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe . A termite-bored didgeridoo has an irregular shape that, overall, usually increases in diameter towards the lower end. This shape means that its resonances occur at frequencies that are not harmonically spaced in frequency. This contrasts with

8064-600: The same length. The didgeridoo is classified as a wind instrument and is similar in form to a straight trumpet , but made of wood. It has also been called a dronepipe. Traditional didgeridoos are usually made from hardwoods , especially the various eucalyptus species that are endemic to northern and central Australia. Generally the main trunk of the tree is harvested, though a substantial branch may be used instead. Traditional didgeridoo makers seek suitably hollow live trees in areas with obvious termite activity. Termites attack these living eucalyptus trees, removing only

8160-565: The six days of World Youth Day in July 2008 and also in worldwide television coverage. In November 2008, a 200-page book, Receive the Power , was launched to commemorate World Youth Day 2008. Following the celebration of Holy Mass at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney on 20 July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI announced that the next International World Youth Day 2011 would be held in Madrid, Spain . This event

8256-805: The tendency to view WYD as a kind of rock festival ; he stressed that the event should not be considered a "variant of modern youth culture" but as the fruition of a "long exterior and interior path". 1987 WYD was held in Buenos Aires , Argentina . 1989 WYD took place in Santiago de Compostela , Spain . 1991 WYD was held in Częstochowa , Poland . 1993 WYD was celebrated in Denver , Colorado, United States . At WYD 1995, 5 million youths gathered at Luneta Park in Manila , Philippines , an event recognized as

8352-413: The time of life, when one is young. The meaning may in some instances also include childhood. Youth also identifies a particular mindset of attitude, as in "He is very youth ful". For certain uses, such as employment statistics, the term also sometimes refers to individuals from the ages of up to 21. However, the term adolescence refers to a specific age range during a specific developmental period in

8448-750: The week-long event which began on 25 July 2016, and ended on 31 July 2016 with an open-air mass led by Pope Francis at Campus Misericordiae. The theme for this year's World Youth Day was "Blessed Are The Merciful, For They Shall Obtain Mercy", tying in closely with the Year of Mercy, which was initiated by Pope Francis on 8 December 2015 and concluded 20 November 2016. At the Concluding Mass for World Youth Day 2016 in Kraków, Pope Francis announced that Panama City would host World Youth Day in 2019. The World Youth Day

8544-427: The working age, if they have not reached the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category. Student rights are those rights , such as civil, constitutional, contractual and consumer rights, which regulate student rights and freedoms and allow students to make use of their educational investment. These include such things as

8640-628: The yidaki is still used to accompany singers and dancers in cultural ceremonies . For the Yolngu people, the yidaki is part of their whole physical and cultural landscape and environment, comprising the people and spirit beings which belong to their country, kinship system and the Yolngu Matha language . It is connected to Yolngu Law and underpinned by ceremony, in song, dance, visual art and stories. Pair sticks, sometimes called clapsticks ( bilma or bimla by some traditional groups), establish

8736-572: Was chosen as the host of the 2008 World Youth Day celebrations. At the time it was announced in 2005, WYD 2008 was commended by the then Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd , and the Archbishop of Sydney , Cardinal George Pell . World Youth Day 2008 was held in Sydney, with the Papal Mass held on the Sunday at Randwick Racecourse . The week saw pilgrims from all continents participate in

8832-404: Was closed in 2019. In December 2012, the xt3 team produced a 'Gangnam Style' Advent video. In May 2007, it was reported that Guy Sebastian 's song " Receive the Power " had been chosen as official anthem for World Youth Day (WYD08) to be held in Sydney in 2008. The song was co-written by Guy Sebastian and Gary Pinto, with vocals by Paulini . "Receive the Power" was used extensively throughout

8928-530: Was held from 16 to 21 August 2011. There were nine official patron saints for World Youth Day 2011 in addition to Pope John Paul II: Isidore , John of the Cross , María de la Cabeza , John of Ávila , Teresa of Ávila , Rose of Lima , Ignatius of Loyola , Rafael Arnáiz , and Francis Xavier patron of world missions. During his address to seminarians, Benedict announced that the Spanish mystic and patron of Spanish diocesan clerics St. John of Ávila would become

9024-733: Was held from Tuesday 22 January until Sunday 27 January. At the concluding mass in Panama City, Cardinal Kevin Farrell announced that the next World Youth Day would be in Lisbon , Portugal . Originally scheduled to be held in August 2022, the Holy See announced on 20 April 2020 that it was postponed to August 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . 1.5 million pilgrims attended, in particular,

9120-405: Was surpassed when 6 million attended a Mass celebrated by Pope Francis —again in the Philippines —20 years later in 2015. World Youth Day is commonly celebrated in a way similar to many events. The most emphasized and well known traditional theme is the unity and presence of numerous cultures. Flags and other national declarations are displayed among mainly young people to show their attendance at

9216-724: Was the local youth legislature in the village and therefore led the local youth program and projects of the government. The Sangguniang Kabataan was an offshoot of the KB or the Kabataang Barangay (Village Youth) which was abolished when the Local Government Code of 1991 was enacted. The vast majority of young people live in developing countries : according to the United Nations , globally around 85 per cent of 15- to 25-year-olds live in developing countries,

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