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58-443: A web application (or web app ) is application software that is created with web technologies and runs via a web browser . Web applications emerged during the late 1990s and allowed for the server to dynamically build a response to the request, in contrast to static web pages . Web applications are commonly distributed via a web server . There are several different tier systems that web applications use to communicate between

116-427: A command-line interface or graphical user interface . This does not include application software bundled within operating systems such as a software calculator or text editor . ColdFusion Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web-application development computing platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995. (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called ColdFusion, though

174-404: A geography application for Microsoft Windows , or an Android application for education , or a Linux game . Sometimes a new and popular application arises that only runs on one platform , increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called a killer application or killer app , coined in the late 1980s. For example, VisiCalc was the first modern spreadsheet software for

232-778: A website to seem more like a native app. The concept of a "web application" was first introduced in the Java language in the Servlet Specification version 2.2, which was released in 1999. At that time, both JavaScript and XML had already been developed, but the XMLHttpRequest object had only been recently introduced on Internet Explorer 5 as an ActiveX object. Beginning around the early 2000s, applications such as " Myspace (2003), Gmail (2004), Digg (2004), [and] Google Maps (2005)," started to make their client sides more and more interactive. A web page script

290-554: A ColdFusion tag begins with the letters "CF" followed by a name that is indicative of what the tag is interpreted to, in HTML. E.g. <cfoutput> to begin the output of variables or other content. In addition to CFScript and plugins (as described), CFStudio provided a design platform with a WYSIWYG display. In addition to ColdFusion, CFStudio also supports syntax in other languages popular for backend programming, such as Perl. In addition to making backend functionality easily available to

348-408: A combination of the commercial JPedal Java PDF library and the free and open source Java library iText , and cfhtmltopdf uses an embedded WebKit implementation. ColdFusion was originally not an object-oriented programming language like PHP versions 3 and below. ColdFusion falls into the category of OO languages that do not support multiple inheritance (along with Java, Smalltalk, etc.). With

406-642: A commercial product). More than 14,000 developers worldwide were active in the beta process - many more testers than the 5,000 Adobe Systems originally expected. The ColdFusion development team consisted of developers based in Newton/Boston, Massachusetts and offshore in Bangalore, India. Some of the new features are the CFPDFFORM tag, which enables integration with Adobe Acrobat forms, some image manipulation functions, Microsoft .NET integration, and

464-684: A contentious debate in the computing community regarding web applications replacing native applications for many purposes, especially on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore, the two can be complementary, and even integrated. Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical . Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, for example word processors or databases. Vertical applications are niche products , designed for

522-418: A database that stores data and determines the structure of a user interface. Essentially, when using the three-tiered system, the web browser sends requests to the engine, which then services them by making queries and updates against the database and generates a user interface. The 3-tier solution may fall short when dealing with more complex applications, and may need to be replaced with the n-tiered approach;

580-486: A kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser

638-598: A layer of security on the server, because it ran inside a Java Runtime Environment. In June 2002 Macromedia released the version 6.0 product under a slightly different name, ColdFusion MX, allowing the product to be associated with both the Macromedia brand and its original branding. ColdFusion MX was completely rebuilt from the ground up and was based on the Java EE platform. ColdFusion MX was also designed to integrate well with Macromedia Flash using Flash Remoting. With

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696-467: A lifetime, or forever). Since the development and near-universal adoption of the web , an important distinction that has emerged, has been between web applications — written with HTML , JavaScript and other web-native technologies and typically requiring one to be online and running a web browser — and the more traditional native applications written in whatever languages are available for one's particular type of computer . There has been

754-570: A master blueprint for the next feature set. In September 2010, he presented the plans to Adobe where they were given full support and approval by upper management. The first public beta of ColdFusion 10 was released via Adobe Labs on 17 February 2012. ColdFusion 11 (Codenamed: Splendor) was released on April 29, 2014. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: ColdFusion 11 also removed many features previously identified simply as "deprecated" or no longer supported in earlier releases. For example,

812-455: A more ECMAScript compliant CFSCRIPT. For development of ColdFusion applications, several tools are available: primarily Adobe Dreamweaver CS4, Macromedia HomeSite 5.x, CFEclipse, Eclipse and others. "Tag updaters" are available for these applications to update their support for the new ColdFusion 8 features. ColdFusion 9 (Codenamed: Centaur ) was released on October 5, 2009. New features for CF9 include: ColdFusion 10 (Codenamed: Zeus)

870-414: A number of additional features out of the box. Main features include: Other implementations of CFML offer similar or enhanced functionality, such as running in a .NET environment or image manipulation. The engine was written in C and featured, among other things, a built-in scripting language (CFScript), plugin modules written in Java, and a syntax very similar to HTML. The equivalent to an HTML element,

928-747: A particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every specific aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking worker, accounting, or customer service. There are many types of application software: Applications can also be classified by computing platforms such as a desktop application for a particular operating system , delivery network such as in cloud computing and Web 2.0 applications, or delivery devices such as mobile apps for mobile devices . The operating system itself can be considered application software when performing simple calculating, measuring, rendering, and word processing tasks not used to control hardware via

986-504: Is able to contact the server for storing/retrieving data without downloading an entire web page. The practice became known as Ajax in 2005. In earlier computing models like client-server, the processing load for the application was shared between code on the server and code installed on each client locally. In other words, an application had its own pre-compiled client program which served as its user interface and had to be separately installed on each user's personal computer . An upgrade to

1044-487: Is also available as a wrapper to any HTML page, converting that page to a quality printable document. The enterprise edition also added Gateways . These provide interaction with non-HTTP request services such as IM Services, SMS, Directory Watchers, and an asynchronous execution. XML support was boosted in this version to include native schema checking. ColdFusion MX 7.0.1 (codename "Merrimack") added support for Mac OS X , improvements to Flash forms, RTF support for CFReport,

1102-413: Is an important part of any web application, and there are some key operational areas that must be included in the development process. This includes processes for authentication, authorization, asset handling, input, and logging and auditing. Building security into the applications from the beginning is sometimes more effective and less disruptive in the long run. Writing web applications is simplified with

1160-584: Is more accurately known as CFML .) ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database . By version 2 (1996) it had become a full platform that included an IDE in addition to a full scripting language . One of the distinguishing features of ColdFusion is its associated scripting language, ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). CFML compares to the scripting components of ASP , JSP , and PHP in purpose and features, but its tag syntax more closely resembles HTML , while its script syntax resembles JavaScript . ColdFusion

1218-467: Is often used synonymously with CFML , but there are additional CFML application servers besides ColdFusion, and ColdFusion supports programming languages other than CFML, such as server-side Actionscript and embedded scripts that can be written in a JavaScript -like language known as CFScript . Originally a product of Allaire and released on July 2, 1995, ColdFusion was developed by brothers Joseph J. Allaire and Jeremy Allaire . In 2001 Allaire

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1276-489: Is royalty-free and - openly or reservedly- can be run, distributed, modified, reversed, republished, or created in derivative works without any copyright attribution and therefore revocation . It can even be sold, but without transferring the public domain property to other single subjects. Public-domain SW can be released under a (un)licensing legal statement, which enforces those terms and conditions for an indefinite duration (for

1334-513: The Windows Store , the term was extended in popular use to include desktop applications. There are many different and alternative ways to classify application software. From the legal point of view, application software is mainly classified with a black-box approach , about the rights of its end-users or subscribers (with eventual intermediate and tiered subscription levels). Software applications are also classified with respect to

1392-419: The computer and its system software or published separately and may be coded as proprietary , open-source , or projects. When referring to applications for mobile devices such as phones, the term "app" is more commonly used. In information technology, an application ( app ), an application program , or application software is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. Depending on

1450-661: The API Manager. ColdFusion can generate PDF documents using standard HTML (i.e. no additional coding is needed to generate documents for print). CFML authors place HTML and CSS within a pair of cfdocument tags (or new in ColdFusion 11, cfhtmltopdf tags). The generated document can then either be saved to disk or sent to the client's browser. ColdFusion 8 introduced also the cfpdf tag to allow for control over PDF documents including PDF forms, and merging of PDFs. These tags however do not use Adobe's PDF engine but cfdocument uses

1508-532: The Apple II and helped sell the then-new personal computers into offices. For Blackberry it was their email software. The shortened term "app" (coined in 1981 or earlier ) became popular, with the 2008 introduction of the iOS App Store , to refer to applications for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Later, with the 2010 introduction of the Mac App Store and the 2011 introduction of

1566-551: The CFLOG tag long offered date and time attributes which were deprecated (and redundant, as the date and time is always logged). As of CF11, their use would not cause the CFLOG tag to fail. Adobe ColdFusion (2016 release), Codenamed: Raijin (and also known generically as ColdFusion 2016) was released on February 16, 2016. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe ColdFusion (2018 release), known generically as ColdFusion 2018,

1624-1279: The CFPRESENTATION tag, which allows the creation of dynamic presentations using Adobe Acrobat Connect , the Web-based collaboration solution formerly known as Macromedia Breeze . In addition, the ColdFusion Administrator for the Enterprise version ships with built-in server monitoring. ColdFusion 8 is available on several operating systems including Linux , Mac OS X and Windows Server 2003 . Other additions to ColdFusion 8 are built-in Ajax widgets, file archive manipulation (CFZIP), Microsoft Exchange server integration (CFEXCHANGE), image manipulation including automatic CAPTCHA generation (CFIMAGE), multi-threading, per-application settings, Atom and RSS feeds, reporting enhancements, stronger encryption libraries, array and structure improvements, improved database interaction, extensive performance improvements, PDF manipulation and merging capabilities (CFPDF), interactive debugging, embedded database support with Apache Derby , and

1682-506: The MX release (6+), ColdFusion introduced basic OO functionality with the component language construct which resembles classes in OO languages. Each component may contain any number of properties and methods. One component may also extend another ( Inheritance ). Components only support single inheritance. Object handling feature set and performance enhancing has occurred with subsequent releases. With

1740-666: The Verity search engine, the server scope, and template encoding (called then "encryption"). Version 3.1, released in Jan 1998, added RDS support as well as a port to the Sun Solaris operating system, while ColdFusion studio gained a live page preview and HTML syntax checker. Released in Nov 1998, version 4 is when the name was changed from "Cold Fusion" to "ColdFusion" - possibly to distinguish it from Cold fusion theory. The release also added

1798-523: The activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, audio, graphics, and a combination of these elements. Some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing; others called integrated software include several applications. User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, audio, graphics, and animation scripts. Even email filters are

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1856-561: The client machine. In contrast, web applications inherently facilitate a multi-tiered architecture. Though many variations are possible, the most common structure is the three-tiered application. In its most common form, the three tiers are called presentation , application and storage . The first tier, presentation, refers to a web browser itself. The second tier refers to any engine using dynamic web content technology (such as ASP , CGI , ColdFusion , Dart , JSP/Java , Node.js , PHP , Python or Ruby on Rails ). The third tier refers to

1914-408: The client table on the database. This allows the underlying database to be replaced without making any change to the other tiers. There are some who view a web application as a two-tier architecture. This can be a "smart" client that performs all the work and queries a "dumb" server, or a "dumb" client that relies on a "smart" server. The client would handle the presentation tier, the server would have

1972-515: The component in this manner: http://path/to/components/Component.cfc?wsdl. Aside from SOAP, the services are offered in Flash Remoting binary format. Methods which are declared remote may also be invoked via an HTTP GET or POST request. Consider the GET request as shown. This will invoke the component's search function, passing "your query" and "strict" as arguments. This type of invocation

2030-485: The database (storage tier), and the business logic (application tier) would be on one of them or on both. While this increases the scalability of the applications and separates the display and the database, it still does not allow for true specialization of layers, so most applications will outgrow this model. Security breaches on these kinds of applications are a major concern because it can involve both enterprise information and private customer data. Protecting these assets

2088-529: The first release from Macromedia after their acquisition of Allaire Corporation , which had been announced January 16, 2001. Prior to 2000, Edwin Smith, an Allaire architect on JRun and later the Flash Player , Tom Harwood and Clement Wong initiated a project codenamed "Neo". This project was later revealed as a ColdFusion Server re-written completely using Java . This made portability easier and provided

2146-467: The getmetricdata function (to access performance information), additional performance information in page debugging output, enhanced string conversion functions, and optional whitespace removal. Version 5 was released in June 2001, adding enhanced query support, new reporting and charting features, user-defined functions, and improved admin tools. It was the last to be legacy coded for a specific platform, and

2204-417: The greatest benefit of which is how business logic (which resides on the application tier) is broken down into a more fine-grained model. Another benefit would be to add an integration tier, which separates the data tier and provides an easy-to-use interface to access the data. For example, the client data would be accessed by calling a "list_clients()" function instead of making an SQL query directly against

2262-493: The initial implementation of cfscript, support for locking (cflock), transactions (cftransaction), hierarchical exception handling (cftry/cfcatch), sandbox security, as well as many new tags and functions, including cfstoredproc, cfcache, cfswitch, and more. Version 4.5, released in Nov 1999, expanded the ability to access external system resources, including COM and CORBA, and added initial support for Java integration (including EJB's, Pojo's, servlets, and Java CFX's). IT also added

2320-442: The largest applications. Later, in 1995, Netscape introduced the client-side scripting language called JavaScript , which allowed programmers to add dynamic elements to the user interface that ran on the client side. Essentially, instead of sending data to the server in order to generate an entire web page, the embedded scripts of the downloaded page can perform various tasks such as input validation or showing/hiding parts of

2378-498: The new CFCPRoxy feature for Java/CFC integration, and more. ColdFusion MX 7.0.2 (codenamed "Mystic") included advanced features for working with Adobe Flex 2 as well as more improvements for the CF Report Builder. On July 30, 2007, Adobe Systems released ColdFusion 8 , dropping "MX" from its name. During beta testing the codename used was "Scorpio" (the eighth sign of the zodiac and the eighth iteration of ColdFusion as

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2436-502: The non-programmer, (version 4.0 and forward in particular) integrated easily with the Apache Web Server and with Internet Information Services . All versions of ColdFusion prior to 6.0 were written using Microsoft Visual C++ . This meant that ColdFusion was largely limited to running on Microsoft Windows , although Allaire did successfully port ColdFusion to Sun Solaris starting with version 3.1. The Allaire company

2494-436: The page. " Progressive web apps ", the term coined by designer Frances Berriman and Google Chrome engineer Alex Russell in 2015, refers to apps taking advantage of new features supported by modern browsers, which initially run inside a web browser tab but later can run completely offline and can be launched without entering the app URL in the browser. Traditional PC applications are typically single-tiered, residing solely on

2552-734: The programming language in which the source code is written or executed, and concerning their purpose and outputs. Application software is usually distinguished into two main classes: closed source vs open source software applications, and free or proprietary software applications. Proprietary software is placed under the exclusive copyright, and a software license grants limited usage rights. The open-closed principle states that software may be "open only for extension, but not for modification". Such applications can only get add-ons from third parties. Free and open-source software (FOSS) shall be run, distributed, sold, or extended for any purpose, and -being open- shall be modified or reversed in

2610-456: The release of ColdFusion 8, Java-style interfaces are supported. ColdFusion components use the file extension cfc to differentiate them from ColdFusion templates (.cfm). Component methods may be made available as web services with no additional coding and configuration. All that is required is for a method's access to be declared 'remote'. ColdFusion automatically generates a WSDL at the URL for

2668-556: The release of ColdFusion MX, the CFML language API was released with an OOP interface. With the release of ColdFusion 7.0 on February 7, 2005, the naming convention was amended, rendering the product name "Macromedia ColdFusion MX 7" (the codename for CFMX7 was "Blackstone"). CFMX 7 added Flash-based and XForms -based web forms, and a report builder that output in Adobe PDF as well as FlashPaper , RTF and Excel . The Adobe PDF output

2726-504: The roadmap anticipating releases in 2018 and 2020. Among the key features anticipated for the 2016 release were a new performance monitor, enhancements to asynchronous programming, revamped REST support, and enhancements to the API Manager, as well as support for CF2016 projected into 2024. As for the 2020 release, the features anticipated at that time (in 2017) were configurability (modularity) of CF application services, revamped scripting and object-oriented support, and further enhancements to

2784-409: The same way. FOSS software applications released under a free license may be perpetual and also royalty-free . Perhaps, the owner , the holder or third-party enforcer of any right ( copyright , trademark , patent , or ius in re aliena ) are entitled to add exceptions, limitations, time decays or expiring dates to the license terms of use. Public-domain software is a type of FOSS which

2842-432: The server-side code of the application would typically also require an upgrade to the client-side code installed on each user workstation, adding to the support cost and decreasing productivity . Additionally, both the client and server components of the application were bound tightly to a particular computer architecture and operating system , which made porting them to other systems prohibitively expensive for all but

2900-528: The use of web application frameworks . These frameworks facilitate rapid application development by allowing a development team to focus on the parts of their application which are unique to their goals without having to resolve common development issues such as user management. In addition, there is potential for the development of applications on Internet operating systems , although currently there are not many viable platforms that fit this model. Application software Applications may be bundled with

2958-795: The user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR , DVD player, or microwave oven . The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app: see Application Portfolio Management . The word "application" used as an adjective is not restricted to the "of or on application software" meaning. For example, concepts such as application programming interface (API), application server , application virtualization , application lifecycle management and portable application apply to all computer programs alike, not just application software. Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others only work on one and are thus called, for example,

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3016-405: The web browsers, the client interface, and server data. Each system has their own uses as they function in different ways. However, there are many security risks that developers must be aware of during development; proper measures to protect user data is vital. Web applications are often constructed with the use of a web application framework . Single-page and progressive are two approaches for

3074-628: Was acquired by Macromedia , which in turn was acquired by Adobe Systems Inc in 2005. ColdFusion is most often used for data-driven websites or intranets , but can also be used to generate remote services such as REST services, WebSockets , SOAP web services or Flash remoting. It is especially well-suited as the server-side technology to the client-side ajax . ColdFusion can also handle asynchronous events such as SMS and instant messaging via its gateway interface, available in ColdFusion MX 7 Enterprise Edition. ColdFusion provides

3132-525: Was originally referred to by the codename Zeus, after first being confirmed as coming by Adobe at Adobe MAX 2010, and during much of its prerelease period. It was also commonly referred to as "ColdFusion next" and "ColdFusion X" in blogs, on Twitter, etc., before Adobe finally confirmed it would be "ColdFusion 10". For much of 2010, ColdFusion Product Manager Adam Lehman toured the US setting up countless meetings with customers, developers, and user groups to formulate

3190-511: Was part of its Windows operating system or a separate piece of application software. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel . In some types of embedded systems , the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable from

3248-618: Was released on July 12, 2018. ColdFusion 2018 was codenamed Aether during prerelease. As of March 2023, Adobe had released 16 updates for ColdFusion 2018. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe ColdFusion (2021 Release) was released on Nov 11th, 2020. ColdFusion 2021 was code named Project Stratus during pre-release. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include: Adobe released ColdFusion 2023 on May 17, 2023. New features available are as follows: In Sep 2017, Adobe announced

3306-544: Was released on May 15, 2012. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include (but are not limited to): Additional new or improved features in ColdFusion Enterprise or Developer editions include (but are not limited to): The lists above were obtained from the Adobe web site pages describing "new features", as listed first in the links in the following list. CF10

3364-592: Was sold to Macromedia , then Macromedia was sold to Adobe . Earlier versions were not as robust as the versions available from version 4.0 forward. With the release of ColdFusion MX 6.0, the engine had been re-written in Java and supported its own runtime environment, which was easily replaced through its configuration options with the runtime environment from Sun. Version 6.1 included the ability to code and debug Macromedia Flash . Version 3, released in June 1997, brought custom tags, cfsearch/cfindex/cfcollection based on

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