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40-500: Originally part of the March of Western Liguria ( Marca Liguriae Occidentalis ) established by King Berengar II about 950, the area of Montferrat was constituted as the marca Aleramica ("Aleramic march") for his son-in-law Aleramo . The earliest secure documentation of Aleramo and his immediate family is derived from the founding charter of the Abbey of Grazzano in 961, occasioned by

80-654: A Ghibelline precedent for his successors, and with his sons became involved in the Crusades . Marquess Boniface I was the leader of the Fourth Crusade and established the Kingdom of Thessalonica in the Latin Empire of Greece . Reuniting Thessalonica, inherited by Boniface's Greek son Demetrius , with Montferrat became a goal of Boniface's Italian heirs, though nothing ever came of their endeavours. In

120-694: A number of independent duchies and kingdoms in the region. This title is present in Italian laws proclaimed by Napoleon I: [Name], by the Grace of God and the Constitutions, Emperor of the French and King of Italy. During and after the Revolutions of 1848 , sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified Italian kingdom. Southern Italy had not been united with northern Italy since

160-776: Is considered to be the founding emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , and the Kingdom of Italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the Empire. Beginning in the 12th century, states such as the Republic of Venice and the Papal States captured more and more territory from the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire's territory on the Peninsula shrunk over time. After Charles V , the emperors stopped being crowned with

200-854: The foederati in control of the Italian peninsula. He was deposed by the Ostrogoths, who established their own kingdom. Theodoric the Great was invited by the emperor Zeno to take Italy from Odoacer and rule it in Zeno's name. He defeated Odoacer in 493, establishing a new kingdom in place of Odoacer's. Officially, the Ostrogothic kings ruled the Roman citizens in Italy as a viceroy of the Roman emperors, and their own Gothic people as their king, though functionally they ran their kingdom entirely independently from

240-456: The Bosonid margrave Boso of Tuscany and niece of King Hugh of Italy . The chronicler Liutprand of Cremona , raised at Berengar's court at Pavia , gives several particularly vivid accounts of her character. About 940 Berengar led a revolt of Italian nobles against the rule of his uncle. To evade an assault by Hugh's liensmen, he, forewarned by the king's young son Lothair , had to flee to

280-759: The Frankish conquest of Italy in the 8th century, the Carolingians assumed the title, which was maintained by subsequent Holy Roman Emperors throughout the Middle Ages. The last Emperor to claim the title was Charles V in the 16th century. During this period, the holders of the title were crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy . A Kingdom of Italy was restored from 1805 to 1814 with Napoleon as its only king, centred in Northern Italy . It

320-732: The Franks under Charlemagne , who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of Charles the Fat in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title Rex Italicorum ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics")

360-699: The House of Savoy to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the people voted in a plebiscite to join Sardinia to form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861; the Papal States and the city of Rome were annexed to the Kingdom in 1870, completing the Unification of Italy . This kingdom lasted until the aftermath of World War II , when the 1946 Italian institutional referendum ended the monarchy. Up until

400-633: The Lombards entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchies of Rome , Venetia , Naples and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by

440-501: The Lombards , invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568. The Lombards under Alboin established their kingdom in the extreme north of Italy in 568, gradually pushing the Byzantine Romans back from the peninsula until only the Exarchate of Ravenna remained under Roman control. This finally fell in the 750s, with the Lombards gaining control of most of the peninsula. The last Lombard King of Italy, Desiderius,

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480-609: The Milan Cathedral . The next year, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the Italian Unification (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established the House of Savoy dynasty over the whole peninsula and, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies , it formed

520-655: The 11th century. Central Italy, along the Rome-Ravenna axis, was part of the Papal States , under the direct personal rule of the pope. The Duke of Savoy was de jure a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor, with the Duke being Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V was the last emperor to be crowned king of Italy or to officially use the title. The Habsburg emperors claimed

560-1131: The Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola , Montmélian with Arbin and Francin , Prince bailiff of the Duchy of Aosta , Prince of Chieri , Dronero , Crescentino , Riva di Chieri and Banna , Busca , Bene , Bra , Duke of Genoa , Monferrat , Aosta , Duke of Chablais , Genevois , Duke of Piacenza , Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea , Susa , of Maro , Oristano , Cesana , Savona , Tarantasia , Borgomanero and Cureggio , Caselle , Rivoli , Pianezza , Govone , Salussola , Racconigi over Tegerone , Migliabruna and Motturone , Cavallermaggiore , Marene , Modane and Lanslebourg , Livorno Ferraris , Santhià , Agliè , Centallo and Demonte , Desana , Ghemme , Vigone , Count of Barge , Villafranca , Ginevra , Nizza , Tenda , Romont , Asti , Alessandria , of Goceano , Novara , Tortona , Bobbio , Soissons , Sant'Antioco , Pollenzo , Roccabruna , Tricerro , Bairo , Ozegna , delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud and of Faucigni , Lord of Vercelli , Pinerolo , of Lomellina , of Valle Sesia , of

600-665: The Imperial March of Verona . When Otto had to deal with the revolt of his son, Duke Liudolf of Swabia in 953, Berengar attacked the Veronese march and also laid siege to Count Adalbert Atto's Canossa Castle . In 960, Berengar invaded the Papal States under Pope John XII , on whose appeal finally King Otto, aiming at his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor , again marched against Italy. Berengar's troops deserted him and Otto by Christmas 961 had taken Pavia by default and declared Berengar deposed. He proceeded to Rome , where he

640-521: The Iron Crown of Lombardy and the Italian title fell into disuse. Imperial control in Italy receded to Trent and South Tyrol until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806. Southern Italy had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire; it remained initially under the control of various Byzantine fiefs until the Norman Kingdom of Sicily (later the Kingdom of Naples ) took control of the area in

680-542: The Italian crown until 1801. The empire continued to include Italian territories until its dissolution in 1806. In 1805, Napoleon established a client state in northern Italy, named the Kingdom of Italy. He established himself as King of Italy, in personal union with his role as Emperor of the French . This client state did not survive the end of the Napoleonic era; in its place, the Congress of Vienna established

720-590: The Roman authority in Constantinople. Their greatest extent was during Theodoric's reign; as Roman Emperors from the east began to exert more power and retake control of Roman territory, the last Ostrogothic king fell to the Emperor Justinian in 553. Roman authority in Italy was briefly re-established under Justinian, though his gains were lost under his successor Justin II, after a new Germanic tribe,

760-651: The constituent kingdoms of the Empire. Beginning with Louis the Pious in 818, the Kingdom was ruled directly by the Carolingian Emperor himself. After 887, Italy fell into instability, with many rulers claiming the kingship simultaneously: In 896, Arnulf and Ratold lost control of Italy, which was divided between Berengar and Lambert: In 951 Otto I invaded Italy and was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy . In 952, Berengar and Adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by Otto. Otto

800-535: The court of King Otto I of Germany. Otto avoided taking sides; nevertheless, in 945 Berengar was able to return to Italy with hired troops, welcomed by the local nobility. Hugh was defeated and retired to Arles , and he was nominally succeeded by Lothair. From the time of Berengar's successful uprising, all real power and patronage in the Kingdom of Italy was concentrated in his hands, with Hugh's son Lothair as titular king. Lothair's brief reign ended upon his early death in 950, presumably poisoned. Berengar then assumed

840-529: The dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full titles of the Kings of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) were: [Name], by the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, King of Italy, King of Sardinia , Cyprus , Jerusalem , Armenia , Duke of Savoy , count of Maurienne , Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire ) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont , Carignano , Oneglia , Poirino , Trino ; Prince and Perpetual Vicar of

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880-507: The early medieval period, being mostly under the rule of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Northern Italy, in the early 19th century, came under the domination of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which besides its namesake island, also ruled the expansive Piedmont and Savoy regions along the French-Italian borderlands. The formerly republican leader in southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi , made common cause with

920-429: The help of Count Adalbert Atto of Canossa she managed to flee and entreated the protection of King Otto of Germany. Otto, himself a widower since 946, took the occasion to gain the Iron Crown of Lombardy : Adelaide's requests for intervention resulted in his 951 invasion of Italy. Berengar had to entrench himself at San Marino , while Otto received the homage of the Italian nobility, married Adelaide himself, and assumed

960-575: The margrave of the newly created March of Genoa . In the Turin territory known as the marca Arduinica , Otto returned management to Arduin Glaber and then in 964 Otto appointed Arduin margrave of the newly created March of Turin . And finally in the Western Liguria territory known as marca Aleramica , Otto confirmed Aleramo's titles and position and then in 967 Otto appointed Aleramo margrave of

1000-531: The modern Kingdom of Italy . The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic , after a constitutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946, after World War II . The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year and Umberto II left the country. Initially named Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by Zeno, the Roman Emperor in Constantinople, he later was recognized as King of Italy by

1040-506: The newly created March of Montferrat. Aleramo's descendants were relatively obscure until the time of Marquess Rainier in the early twelfth century. About 1133 Rainier's son Marquess William V married Judith of Babenberg , a half-sister of King Conrad III of Germany , and so greatly increased his family's prestige. He entered into the Italian policies of Conrad and the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos , setting

1080-495: The recent death of Aleramo's son Gugliemo. After King Otto I of Germany invaded Italy in 961 and displaced Berengar II, he continued, in a manner much like his predecessors to redefine the great fiefs of Italy. He continued the work that had been done to organize the northwest into three great marches. In the Eastern Liguria territory known as marca Obertenga , Otto returned Oberto Obizzo to his lands and appointed him

1120-775: The reigning Byzantine Emperor Zeno . Later, the Germanic foederati , the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer Rex Italiae ('King of Italy). In 493, the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer, and set up a new dynasty of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when Italy was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 552. In 568,

1160-471: The rest of her life in a German nunnery. King of Italy King of Italy (Italian: Re d'Italia ; Latin: Rex Italiae ) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The first to take the title was Odoacer , a barbarian warlord, in the late 5th century, followed by the Ostrogothic kings up to the mid-6th century. With

1200-576: The royal title with his son Adalbert as co-ruler and were crowned in Pavia , in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore . He attempted to legitimize his kingship by forcing Lothair's widow Adelaide , the respective daughter, daughter-in-law, and widow of the last three Italian kings, into marriage with Adalbert. However, the young woman fiercely refused, whereafter Berengar had her imprisoned at Garda Castle, allegedly mistreated by Berengar's wife Willa. With

1240-610: The suzerainty of Otto I of Germany, but he later joined a revolt against him. In 960 he invaded the Papal States , and the next year his kingdom was conquered by Otto. Berengar remained at large until his surrender in 964. He died imprisoned in Germany two years later. Berengar was a son of Margrave Adalbert I of Ivrea and his wife Gisela of Friuli , daughter of the Unruoching king Berengar I of Italy . He succeeded his father as margrave about 923 and married Willa , daughter of

March of Montferrat - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-488: The thirteenth century, Montferrat became embroiled in the conflict between the Guelph and Ghibelline parties under Boniface II and William VII . It had to wage several long wars against the independence-minded communes of Asti and Alessandria and it became the standard-bearer of a renewed Lombard League which was forged to fight the spread of Angevin influence into northern Italy. The capital of Montferrat at this time

1320-576: The title of a King of the Lombards . He afterwards returned to Germany , appointing his son-in-law Conrad Italian regent at Pavia. Berengar by Conrad's agency appeared at the 952 Reichstag in Augsburg and paid homage to Otto. He and his son Adalbert remained Italian kings as Otto's vassals , though they had to cede the territory of the former March of Friuli to him, which the German king enfeoffed to his younger brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria as

1360-553: Was Chivasso , the centre of the margraves' power. In 1305, the last Aleramici margrave died and Montferrat was inherited by the Greek imperial Palaiologos dynasty, who held it until 1533, during a period of diminishing territoriality. In that year, Montferrat was seized by the Spanish under Emperor Charles V of Habsburg , who restored it to Federico II, Duke of Mantua from the House of Gonzaga in 1536. His son Margrave William X

1400-466: Was a scion of the Anscarid and Unruoching dynasties, and was named after his maternal grandfather, Berengar I . He succeeded his father as Margrave of Ivrea around 923 (whence he is often known as Berengar of Ivrea ), and after 940 led the aristocratic opposition to kings Hugh and Lothair II . In 950 he succeeded the latter and had his son, Adalbert crowned as his co-ruler. In 952 he recognised

1440-507: Was crowned emperor on 2 February 962. He then once more turned against Berengar, who was besieged at San Leo . Meanwhile, Pope John had entered into negotiations with Berengar's son Adalbert, which in 963 caused Otto to move into Rome, where he deposed the pope and had Pope Leo VIII elected. The next year, Berengar finally surrendered to Otto's forces; he was imprisoned at Bamberg in Germany, where he died in August 966. His wife Willa spent

1480-406: Was deposed by his son-in-law Charlemagne, who folded it into the larger Carolingian Empire , which evolved over time into the Holy Roman Empire . Charlemagne ruled over northern Italy as King of the Lombards . In 781, he named his son Pepin as King of Italy, though he still maintained suzerainty over the land. Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor in 800, while the Kingdom of Italy became one of

1520-475: Was elevated to a Duke of Montferrat in 1574 and the "march" ceased to exist as an entity, though it had already undergone the significant change from a feudal collection of frontier counties to one of the petty states of Renaissance Italy, divided into two separated territories. Berengar II of Italy Berengar II ( c. 900 – 4 August 966) was the King of Italy from 950 until his deposition in 961. He

1560-474: Was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish Empire, Otto I added Italy to the Holy Roman Empire and continued the use of the title Rex Italicorum . The last to use this title was Henry II (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "King of Italy" until Charles V . They were crowned in Pavia , Milan and Bologna . In 1805, Napoleon I was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at

1600-480: Was not until the Italian unification in the 1860s that an independent Kingdom of Italy covering the entire Italian Peninsula was restored. From 1861 the House of Savoy held the title of King of Italy until the last king, Umberto II , was exiled in 1946 when Italy became a republic. After the deposition of the last Western Emperor in 476, Heruli leader Odoacer was appointed Dux Italiae (Duke of Italy) by

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