Longhouses were a style of residential dwelling built by Native American and First Nations peoples in various parts of North America. Sometimes separate longhouses were built for community meetings.
78-478: Whitchurch-Stouffville / ˈ w ɪ tʃ ər tʃ ˈ s t oʊ v ɪ l / ( 2021 population 49,864) is a town in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario , Canada, approximately 50 km (31 mi) north of downtown Toronto , and 55 km (34 mi) north-east of Toronto Pearson International Airport . It is 206.22 km (79.62 sq mi) in area, and located in the mid-eastern area of
156-522: A 5.2% increase from 2016. It will be succeeded by Canada's 2026 census . Consultation on census program content was from September 11 to December 8, 2017. The census was conducted by Statistics Canada , and was contactless as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada . The agency had considered delaying the census until 2022. About 900 supervisors and 31,000 field enumerators were hired to conduct
234-560: A European forged-iron axehead, believed to be Basque , was discovered at the site--"the earliest European piece of iron ever found in the North American interior." Other significant late precontact Huron village sites have been located to the south-east (the earlier Draper Site on the Pickering Airport lands) and to the north-west of urban Stouffville (the later Ratcliff or Baker Hill Site on Ontario Highway 48 , and
312-476: A French Catholic School Board trustees are also elected on the same ballot as the mayor and town councillors. As of the election in 2022, the elected trustees are: English Public School Board : Melanie Wright English Separate School Board : Elizabeth Crowe Conseil Scolaire Viamonde : Stephania Sigurdson Forbes Conseil Scolaire Catholique MonAvenir : Donald Blais In 2008, 94.4% of Whitchurch–Stouffville residents were either satisfied or very satisfied with
390-458: A diversity of Mennonite, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist and Congregational places of worship. In 1869 Ballantrae had a population of 75, Bloomington 50, Gormley 80, Lemonville 75, and Ringwood 100. In 1876, there was a regular stage coach connection from the hamlet of Stouffville to Ringwood , Ballantrae , Lemonville , Glasgow , Altona and Claremont . In 1877, Stouffville became an incorporated village. Stouffville's growth
468-506: A land area of 206.42 km (79.70 sq mi), it had a population density of 241.6/km (625.7/sq mi) in 2021. In 2021 with a population of 49,864, 35% of residents were immigrants. The number of visible minorities grew from 4.53% in 2001, to 24.5% in 2011 and 45.8% in 2021 (the trend is expected to continue through 2031). In 2018–19, 43% of the Grade 3 children in one of the community's newer schools were effectively bi-lingual (i.e.,
546-541: A large music hall, roller-skating rink, and curling rink. In 1911 Stouffville had a public library, two banks, two newspapers, as well as telephone and telegraph connections. Intensive forestry in Whitchurch Township led to large-scale deforestation , eroding the thinner soils of northern Whitchurch into sand deserts ; by 1850 Whitchurch Township was only 35 per cent wooded, and that was reduced to 7 per cent by 1910. The Lake Simcoe Junction Railway Line
624-533: A major self-transformation. Not unlike the late 19th century, responsible land and water stewardship, as well as the positive integration of many new residents annually into the community, define the challenges and opportunities for Whitchurch–Stouffville in the years to come. The most significant challenge facing Whitchurch–Stouffville in coming years, however, is the federal government's potential development of an international airport immediately south-east of Whitchurch–Stouffville (the Pickering Airport lands). Under
702-556: A meeting of village leaders in a "Kind of State-House of about 90 Feet [27 m] long, with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils." The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest of North America also built a form of longhouse. Theirs were built with logs or split-log frame, and covered with split log planks, and sometimes an additional bark cover. Cedar is the preferred lumber. The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses. Old Man House , built by
780-567: A network of regional roads that form a grid pattern across the town. In 1994, a plan to connect urban Stouffville directly to Highway 401 via the proposed East Metro Freeway was cancelled in large part due to the concerns of residents and the work of the Rouge River activist groups. Ninth Line has since been widened to handle traffic load south to Highway 407 in Markham and onto Highway 404 to connect with Highway 401. Whitchurch–Stouffville
858-463: A population of 35,151,728. Three provinces' and one territory's population grew faster than Canada's overall population increase: Yukon – a 12.1 per cent increase, Prince Edward Island – an 8 per cent increase, British Columbia – a 7.6 per cent increase, and Ontario – a 5.8 per cent increase. The rapid growth in Yukon is largely credited to immigration and migration from within Canada. At the other end of
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#1732781127367936-531: A system of land concessions. This allowed for the organized distribution of land to settlers, with each concession containing five, 200-acre (0.81 km) lots. This layout remains visible today, as the road network in the area reflects the locations of the boundaries between concession blocks. Early settlers of this period included Quakers and Mennonites —two pacifist groups from the nearby American states of Pennsylvania , Vermont and New York . Both groups were seeking religious freedom, and were identified by
1014-452: A typical longhouse was about 24.4 by 5.5 by 5.5 m (80 by 18 by 18 ft) and was meant to house up to twenty or more families, most of whom were matrilineally related. The people had a matrilineal kinship system, with property and inheritance passed through the maternal line. Children were born into the mother's clan. Protective palisades were built around the dwellings; these stood 4.3 to 4.9 m (14 to 16 ft) high, keeping
1092-862: A watershed divide. Streams and rivers at the top of the Oak Ridges Moraine flow northward into the Lake Simcoe basin, part of the Lake Huron watershed. The southern sections (south of Bloomington Road ) make up the headwaters of the Rouge River and Duffins Creek, both of which flow into the Lake Ontario basin. These headwaters include many smaller streams and creeks throughout southern Whitchurch–Stouffville. Their identification and protection, plus reforestation in these area, has been identified as urgent for rebuilding water-capacity in
1170-551: A whale. Benches and looms were inlaid with shell, and there were other indications of wealth. A single house had five separate living areas centered on cooking hearths; each had artifacts that revealed aspects of the former occupants' lives. More bows and arrows were found at one living area than any of the others, an indication that hunters lived there. Another had more fishing gear than other subsistence equipment, and at another, more harpoon equipment. Some had everyday work gear, and few elaborately ornamented things. The whaler's corner
1248-629: Is governed provincially by the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act (2001), the Greenbelt Protection Act (2005) and the Places to Grow Act (2005). The intent of these statutes is to prevent urban sprawl on environmentally sensitive land and to protect the ecological integrity of the moraine and its hydrological features. The Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville consists of several distinct communities and
1326-559: Is irregular due to the annexation of lands formerly part of Markham Township in 1971. Between 2011 and 2021, the town grew 32.8%. The number of private dwellings jumped from 7,642 in 2001 to 16,705 in 2021, with an average of 3.0 people per private dwelling. The town projects a total population of 72,109 by 2031, and 91,654 in 2041, with most of the growth within the urban boundaries of the Community of Stouffville plus lands adjacent to Highway 48 and south of Stouffville Road. Future growth
1404-690: Is today Markham , first called Reesorville. Fifty-five more families from Pennsylvania, mostly Mennonite , arrived in Stoufferville in the next few years. Stouffer's sawmill was in operation by 1817 on Duffin's Creek on the Whitchurch side of Main Street. By 1825 he had a gristmill across the street on the Markham Township side of Main St. as well. In the early 1830s, the old Stouffville Road
1482-642: Is traversed by two railway lines: One is Canadian National Railway 's primary freight corridor connecting Greater Toronto to Northern Ontario and Western Canada, which is being considered for future GO Transit train service with stations in the communities of Vandorf and Gormley (West). The other railway line, formerly the Toronto and Nipissing Railway , is now owned by GO Transit and hosts Stouffville line passenger service to and from Toronto . This line includes two stations in Whitchurch–Stouffville:
1560-1069: The Algonquian peoples , such as the Lenni Lenape , who lived from western New England in Connecticut , along the lower Hudson River , and along the Delaware River and both sides of the Delaware Bay . The Pamunkey of the Algonquian-speaking Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia also built longhouses. Although the Shawnee were not known to build longhouses, colonist Christopher Gist describes how, during his visit to Lower Shawneetown in January 1751, he and Andrew Montour addressed
1638-458: The Haida , Tsimshian , Tlingit Makah , Clatsop , Coast Salish and Multnomah . From beneath mudflows dating back to about 1700, archaeologists have recovered timbers and planks. In the part of one house where a woodworker lived, tools were found and also tools in all stages of manufacture. There were even wood chips. Where a whaler lived, there lay harpoons and also a wall screen carved with
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#17327811273671716-561: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario by Paul Calandra , a member of the governing Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . At the federal level Whitchurch–Stouffville is in the riding of Markham—Stouffville . Since the federal election of October 2019 , the riding has been represented by Helena Jaczek , former Minister of Community and Social Services in Ontario. The greatest portion of Whitchurch–Stouffville lies on
1794-654: The Oak Ridges Moraine . The moraine consists of knobby hills between 290 and 373 meters above sea level of irregularly bedded layers of unconsolidated sand and gravel (built-up glacial debris) deposited by the meltwater of the Wisconsin glacier some twenty-five thousand to ten thousand years ago. In a few cases the retreating glacier left behind and buried huge blocks of ice which, when melted, created deep, water-filled depressions known as kettle lakes . Preston Lake , Van Nostrand Lake and Musselman Lake are three such examples. The boundaries of Whitchurch–Stouffville contain
1872-831: The Old Fort or Aurora Site on Kennedy Road). The western end of Whitchurch and Markham townships was purchased by the British crown from the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation in 1787 as part of the Toronto Purchase . Whitchurch Township was created in 1792 as one of ten townships in York County . It was named in honour of the village of Whitchurch, Herefordshire in England , where
1950-512: The Regional Municipality of York on the ecologically-sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine . Its motto since 1993 is "country close to the city". The town is bounded by Davis Drive (York Regional Road 31) in the north, York-Durham Line ( York Regional Road 30 ) in the east, and Highway 404 in the west. The southern boundary conforms with a position approximately 200 m (660 ft) north of 19th Avenue ( York Regional Road 29 ), and
2028-590: The Stouffville GO Station in urban Stouffville, and the line's terminus, Old Elm GO Station , located to Stouffville's northeast. The York-Durham Heritage Railway also runs historical trains between the station and Uxbridge on summer weekends. Until 2012, York Region Transit (YRT) operated two routes (9 and 15) within urban Stouffville, with connection to the Markham-Stouffville Hospital and other Markham routes. With
2106-651: The Suquamish , at what became the Port Madison Squamish Reservation , was 152 by 12–18 m (500 by 40–60 ft), c. 1850. Usually one doorway faces the shore. Each longhouse contains a number of booths along both sides of the central hallway, separated by wooden containers (akin to modern drawers). Each booth has its own individual hearth and fire. Usually an extended family occupied one longhouse, and cooperated in obtaining food, building canoes, and other daily tasks. The gambrel roof
2184-701: The Upper Canadian government as people with necessary skills and abilities for establishing viable communities that could, in turn, attract others to settle in the region. The Crown also granted land in Upper Canada to mercenary German Hessian soldiers , such as Stegman, in exchange for their service against the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution . Many of the first settlements in Whitchurch Township were developed at
2262-450: The door-to-door survey of individuals and households who had not completed the census questionnaire by late May or early June. Canvassing agents wore masks and maintained a physical distance to comply with COVID-19 safety regulations. In early May 2021, Statistics Canada began sending mailings to households throughout Canada containing instructions for completing the census questionnaire. The questionnaires could be completed by returning
2340-642: The 2010 municipal elections and again in 2021 for the 2022 municipal elections. As of the 2022 election, the elected council members are: Mayor : Iain Lovatt Councillors : Hugo T. Kroon, Maurice Smith, Keith Acton, Rick Upton, Richard Bartley, Sue Sherban One York Region District School Board trustee is elected to represent Whitchurch–Stouffville and Aurora, as well as one trustee for the York Catholic District School Board . A French Public School Board trustee and
2418-625: The 2012 York Region Transit Service Plan, the two routes were merged, and the frequency of direct buses to the hospital YRT transit hub was reduced. In February 2014, a new Route 15 was introduced, connecting Stouffville to Yonge Street in Richmond Hill and to a future GO-Station in Gormley . GO Transit operates bus services in Stouffville, with buses traveling south into Markham and to Union Station , Toronto, as well as services north to
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2496-483: The 2021 census are: Statistics Canada links income and related information obtained from the Canada Revenue Agency , and immigration status obtained from Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada , to the census responses. The 2021 Canadian census included new questions "critical to measuring equity, diversity and inclusivity". For the first time, questions were asked about commuting methods and
2574-571: The Longhouses"), who reside in the Northeastern United States as well as Central Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ), built and inhabited longhouses. These were sometimes more than 75 m (246 ft) in length but generally around 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) wide. Scholars believe walls were made of sharpened and fire-hardened poles (up to 1,000 saplings for a 50 m (160 ft) house) driven close together into
2652-551: The Ministry of the Environment when smog conditions are expected to reach the poor category in Ontario. The Greater Toronto Area had 13 smog days in 2008, 29 in 2007, 11 in 2006, 48 in 2005. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Whitchurch-Stouffville had a population of 49,864 living in 16,707 of its 17,154 total private dwellings, a change of 8.8% from its 2016 population of 45,837 . With
2730-460: The Rouge River watershed which can off-set the worst environmental impacts (e.g., flash flooding, erosion and ground water contamination) of rapid urbanization. The heavily wooded Vivian Infiltration Area is an environmentally significant hydrological infiltration area that contributes groundwater to the Oak Ridges aquifer complex. The northwestern corner of Whitchurch–Stouffville is outside
2808-627: The Town decided to drop the word Whitchurch from signs, for "branding" reasons. While signs would indicate Town of Stouffville , the official name remained Whitchurch-Stouffville. Whitchurch–Stouffville is governed by a mayor and six councillors, with one councillor representing each of the six municipal wards. The Mayor of Whitchurch–Stouffville represents the town on the York Regional Council . The original ward boundaries were created with amalgamation in 1971, and were amended in 2009 for
2886-461: The Town of Uxbridge . 2021 Canadian census The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It follows the 2016 Canadian census , which recorded a population of 35,151,728. The overall response rate was 98%, which is slightly lower than the response rate for the 2016 census. It recorded a population of 36,991,981,
2964-595: The United Empire Loyalists. The white church symbolizes Whitchurch, and the star and chalice come from the Stouffer family (Swiss) coat of arms. The growth of Toronto brought serious ecological problems to Whitchurch–Stouffville. Between 1962 and 1969, hundreds of thousands of litres per month of sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, and oil waste were poured into unlined Whitchurch–Stouffville dumps never designed as landfill sites and situated directly above
3042-660: The Walmart and Smart Centre). A "Needs Assessment Study" was completed by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority for the federal government in May 2010. After a "due diligence review," Transport Canada released the report in July 2011, which identified the most likely time range for the need of the airport to be 2027–2029, and confirmed the site layout proposed in the 2004 Draft Plan Report. In late 2019,
3120-495: The Whitchurch Historical Committee warned a new generation of "Whitchurch-Stouffville residents" to be "vigilant to treat trees and forests with respect ... In the 1990s care must be taken so that urbanization and concrete road-building do not repeat the destruction to our forest heritage." Though growth in the hamlets of Whitchurch–Stouffville was stagnant after the demise of the forest industry,
3198-423: The census counted transgender people and people of non-binary gender . Canada has been noted in this instance to be the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people. The 2021 census recorded a total federal population of 36,991,981, living in 14,978,941 of its 16,284,235 private dwellings. With a land area of 8,788,702.80 km (3,393,337.12 sq mi), its population density
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3276-472: The current draft plan, approaches for two of the three landing strips would be directly above Whitchurch–Stouffville communities: the first over Ballantrae , Musselman's Lake and the north-east corner of urban Stouffville, with planes descending (or ascending) from 535 to 365 metres (with an allowable building height in Stouffville of 43 metres); the second over Gormley and the Dickson Hill area (near
3354-537: The elevated ground surface of the moraine, they rise causing precipitation. Under the Köppen climate classification , Stouffville has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with warm, humid summers and cold winters. Because of increasing greenhouse gas emissions , the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources estimates a 1 degree increase in summer and 2 degree increase in winter average temperatures in
3432-493: The environmental health of the lake and the surrounding community. In August 2011, the municipal offices were moved into a business park area at 111 Sandiford Drive in Stouffville. The municipal offices were previously at 37 Sandiford Drive (2008) and Civic Avenue (1959). At the provincial level Whitchurch–Stouffville is in the Markham-Stouffville electoral district. Since 2018 this riding has been represented at
3510-493: The family of Elizabeth Simcoe lived (she was the wife of the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada Sir John Graves Simcoe ). The first European settlements in Whitchurch Township were established in the 1790s. The south-Central Ontario Mississaugas did not formally cede these areas of Whitchurch and southern Ontario until 1923. Between 1800 and 1802, John Stegman completed a survey of the township, which created
3588-665: The first language learned at home was other than English). According to the 2021 Census, English is the mother tongue for 61.4% of Whitchurch–Stouffville residents. Immigrant languages with the most native speakers are Cantonese (8.2%), Mandarin (4.5%) and Tamil (3.8%). The most common non-European ethnic origins represented in Whitchurch-Stoufville as per the 2021 census are Chinese (17%), Indian (India) (5.2%), Sri Lankan (3.2%), Filipino (3%), and Tamil (2.8%). Primarily roadways include Highway 48 , Highway 407 , and Highway 404 , which are in turn complemented by
3666-567: The ground. Strips of bark were woven horizontally through the lines of poles to form more or less weatherproof walls. Poles were set in the ground and braced by horizontal poles along the walls. The roof is made by bending a series of poles, resulting in an arc-shaped roof. This was covered with leaves and grasses. The frame is covered by bark that is sewn in place and layered as shingles, and reinforced by light swag. Doors were constructed at both ends and were covered with an animal hide to preserve interior warmth. Especially long longhouses had doors in
3744-524: The hamlet of Ringwood (now part of urban Stouffville). Prior to the arrival of Europeans, two Native trails crossed through what is today Whitchurch–Stouffville. The Vandorf Trail ran from the source waters of the Rouge River to Newmarket , across the heights of the hamlet of Vandorf . The Rouge Trail ran along the Rouge River and northwest from Musselman Lake ; both were part of the aboriginal and Coureur des bois trail system leading through dense forests from Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe . The territory
3822-476: The intermediary countryside. The largest urban area is the community of Stouffville proper (2021 pop. 36,753), while other communities in the larger town include Ballantrae , Bethesda , Bloomington , Cedar Valley, Gormley , Lemonville , Lincolnville , Musselman's Lake , Pine Orchard , Pleasantville , Preston Lake , Ringwood , Vandorf , Vivian , and Wesley Corners . The oldest human artifacts found in Whitchurch Township date to 1500 BC and were found in
3900-459: The intersections of main roads throughout the township and /or near streams where mills could be built to process the timber cleared from the land. Stoufferville was one such hamlet , developing around the saw and grist mills of Abraham Stouffer , a Mennonite who with his wife Elizabeth Reesor Stouffer immigrated from Chambersburg , Pennsylvania in 1804. He acquired 600 acres (2.4 km) of land. Elizabeth's brother Peter Reesor established what
3978-542: The longhouse village safe. Tribes or ethnic groups in northeast North America, south and east of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie , which had traditions of building longhouses include the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee): Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida and Mohawk . The Wyandot (also called Huron) and Erie people , both Iroquoian peoples , also built longhouses, as did
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#17327811273674056-935: The moraine and is part of the Schomberg Lake plain, an ancient lake-bed overlain by silts and fine sands. The soil formed over the former lake-bed is well-drained, arable farmland. The southernmost portion of Whitchurch–Stouffville west of Highway 48 lies below the moraine and is a clay-loam till plain. Tree species native to Whitchurch–Stouffville include: American Mountain Ash , Balsam Fir , Bitternut Hickory , Black Cherry , Black Spruce , Bur Oak , Eastern Hemlock , Eastern White Cedar , Peachleaf Willow , Pin Cherry , Red Oak , Red Maple , Red Pine , Shagbark Hickory , Silver Maple , Sugar Maple , Tamarack , Trembling Aspen , White Birch , White Oak , White Pine and White Spruce . In 2012, Whitchurch–Stouffville's forest cover
4134-401: The overall quality of life in the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville. In a major community survey, close to 30% of the respondents described the town as fine, good, nice, great, or pleasant; more than half of the respondents like the community or small-town feel, while 46.3% enjoyed the friendly neighbourhoods. The most important municipal issues indicated by residents in 2008 were the need to improve
4212-705: The paper questionnaire, or by phone or online by using an access code provided in the mailing. Statistics Canada expected about 80% of households to complete the questionnaire online. It was also available in large-print , braille , audio, and video formats. The questionnaire questions were available in a number of languages ( Arabic , simplified and traditional Chinese, Italian , Korean , Persian , Portuguese , Punjabi , Russian , Spanish , Urdu , and Vietnamese ) and indigenous languages ( Atikamekw , Denesuline , Nunavik and Nunavut Inuktitut , Mohawk , Montagnais , Naskapi , Northern Quebec Cree , Ojibwe , Oji-Cree , Plains Cree , Swampy Cree , and Tłı̨chǫ ), but
4290-550: The population began to grow again in the 1970s, with development in Metropolitan Toronto and the consequent arrival of new commuters. These developments led to a reexamination at the provincial level of municipal governance. On January 1, 1971, Whitchurch Township and the Village of Stouffville were merged to create the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville; the combined population was 11,487. The town's southern boundary
4368-432: The questionnaire had to be completed in either English or French. The standard short-form questionnaire was to be completed by 75% of households. The other 25% completed a long-form questionnaire to collect data about the household's economic and social state, information about the occupied dwelling, and other data in addition to age, languages spoken, marital status, religious affiliation, and other basic data collected in
4446-653: The region between 2011 and 2040, and a 0% to 10% decrease in precipitation (compared to averages between 1970 and 2000). Smog producing ground-level ozone is a problem affecting the entire Greater Toronto Area . A major pathway for airborne pollutants flows from the upper Midwest United States and the Ohio River Valley and across southern Ontario and Toronto; key sources are coal-burning power-plants and vehicle engines. On episode days (O3 > 82 ppb), Whitchurch–Stouffville reaches its peak about one to two hours later than Toronto. Smog Advisory Alerts are issued by
4524-469: The road system; traffic issues; increasing urbanization and overcrowding; land use development and sprawl; and the cost of living (including taxes and user fees) in the town. Environmental protection, including environmental assessments for new development and natural preservation measures, was identified as matter of high importance by residents, but low on a scale of satisfaction. In the hamlet of Musselman's Lake , 72% of residents in 2009 were concerned about
4602-574: The schoolhouse." Stouffville was considered a centre "of Radical opinion," one of the "hotbeds of revolution," and it was here that William Lyon Mackenzie set forth his plan for the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837–38. The hamlet of Stouffville grew rapidly in the 1840s, and by 1849, it had "one physician and surgeon, two stores, two taverns, one blacksmith, one waggon maker, one oatmeal mill, one tailor, one shoemaker." The population reached 350 in 1851, 600 in 1866, and 866 in 1881, with
4680-485: The settlement area of Stouffville (Main Street, east of 10th Line); consequently 239 "significant drinking water threats" have been identified. Whitchurch–Stouffville has a continental climate moderated by the Great Lakes and influenced by warm, moist air masses from the south, and cold, dry air from the north. The Oak Ridges Moraine affects levels of precipitation: as air masses arrive from Lake Ontario and reach
4758-469: The short-form questionnaire. Those who completed the census questionnaire online could listen to a number of soundtracks on Spotify and YouTube prepared by Statistics Canada. Completing the questionnaire is a legal requirement, and those who refuse to do so may be fined up to $ 500. It must be completed by citizens of Canada, permanent residents, refugee claimants, and those with a study or work permit. The release dates for data by release topic from
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#17327811273674836-435: The sidewalls as well. Longhouses featured fireplaces in the center for warmth. Holes were made above the hearth to let out smoke, but such smoke holes also let in rain and snow. Ventilation openings, later singly dubbed as a smoke pipe , were positioned at intervals, possibly totalling five to six along the roofing of the longhouse. Missionaries who visited these longhouses often wrote about their dark interiors. On average
4914-560: The site, threatening ground water quality. With new commuter rail service on the Stouffville Line in the 1990s, the drilling of two deep aquifer wells to secure safer water for a large, new development in the hamlet of Ballantrae in 1996, and the controversial expansion of the York-Durham Sewage System Big Pipe with additional water capacity from Lake Ontario, Whitchurch–Stouffville began
4992-638: The spectrum, only one province and one territory saw a decrease in population since 2016: Newfoundland and Labrador – a 1.8 per cent decrease, and the Northwest Territories — a 1.7 per cent decrease. The majority of Canadians identified as female at 50.73%, while 49.27% of the population identified as male. The median age overall was 41.6 years – 40.4 years for males and 42.8 years for females. 59,460 Canadians identify as transgender and 41,355 identify as non-binary. Native American long house The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee or "People of
5070-580: The town had more than 62²km of protected forest; the forest is considered one of the most successful restorations of a degraded landscape in North America. Yet similar environmental consequences due to increased urbanization were projected in 2007 by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority as probable for southern Whitchurch–Stouffville (headwaters of the Rouge River watershed) if targeted plantings in this area did not begin quickly. Already in 1993,
5148-464: The town's main aquifer. This was followed by years of solid waste from Toronto (1,100 tons per day in 1982). In the early 1980s, a group initially named "Concerned Mothers" found that the miscarriage rate in Whitchurch–Stouffville was 26% compared to the provincial average of 15%, and that the town had a high rate of cancer and birth defects. Though the Ministry of Environment was satisfied that
5226-406: The walls. Cuts and puncture marks indicated they served as work platforms; mats rolled out onto them tie with elders' memories of such benches used as beds. Storage was concentrated behind the benches, along the walls and in corners between benches. These locations within the houses have yielded the most artifacts. The rafters must have also provided storage, but the mudflow carried away this part of
5304-518: The wells tested in 1974 and 1981 had negligible levels of cancer causing agents ( mutagens ), the town opposed the expansion of the "York Sanitation Site #4". Only after much grass-roots advocacy at the provincial level was the site ordered to close on June 30, 1983. In 1984 it was reported in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario that PCBs were found in well-water, and that 27,000 gallons of contaminated leachate per day were leaking from
5382-418: The years the houses were occupied. Walls met at the corners by simply butting together. They stayed structurally independent, allowing for easy dismantling. There were no windows. Light and ventilation came by shifting the position of roof planks, which were simply weighted with rocks, not fastened in position. Benches raised above the floor on stakes provided the main furniture of the houses. They were set near
5460-430: Was 4.21/km (10.90/sq mi). Canada's most- and least-populated provinces were Ontario and Prince Edward Island , respectively. Amongst the three territories, the Northwest Territories was the largest in terms of population, while Nunavut once again became the smallest territory after briefly overtaking Yukon in 2016. The population of Canada rose by 5.2 per cent federally since the 2016 census, which recorded
5538-539: Was 28.9%. Whitchurch–Stouffville's water supply system is both groundwater-based with five municipal wells and since 2009 lake-based ( Lake Ontario ) as well. 5,500 cubic metres of water are withdrawn from the Oak Ridges Aquifer and the Thorncliffe Aquifer daily. Stouffville's well-water is chlorinated for disinfection, and sodium silicate is added to keep iron from staining plumbing fixtures and laundry. Two wells receive additional disinfection through an ultraviolet (UV) system. Three groundwater wells are in close proximity to
5616-505: Was aided by the establishment of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway , built in 1871, which connected Stouffville and Uxbridge with Toronto . In 1877, a second track was built north to Jackson's Point on Lake Simcoe . These connections were created in large part to provide a reliable and efficient means of transporting timber harvested and milled in these regions. Soon Stouffville Junction serviced thirty trains per day. During this time of prosperity, Stouffville businessman R.J. Daley built
5694-472: Was also moved four farm lots south of the original southern boundary of Main Street. This land was formerly a part of Markham Township . Whitchurch–Stouffville adopted its coat of arms in 1973 (see information box right). The dove of peace, the original seal of Whitchurch Township, is at the crest, recalling the pacifist Quaker and Mennonite settlers who founded many of the town's communities, including Stouffville. The British Union banner of 1707 pays tribute to
5772-498: Was carved through largely virgin forest to connect York ( Toronto ) with Brock Township; a post office was opened in 1832 and the name Stouffville was standardized. In 1839, a new resident from England noted that Stouffville still had "no church (other than the Mennonite Meeting House in neighbouring Altona ), baker, or butcher," though "saddlebag [Methodist circuit] preachers sometimes arrived and held meetings at
5850-520: Was consequently abandoned in 1927. Reforestation efforts were begun locally, and with the passage of the Reforestation Act (1911), the process of reclaiming these areas began. Vivian Forest, a large conservation area in northern Whitchurch–Stouffville, was established in 1924 for this purpose. This development has helped to restore the water-holding capacity of the soil and to reduce the cycles of flash spring floods and summer drought. In 2008,
5928-427: Was just the opposite. The houses were built so that planks on the walls and roofs could be taken off and used at other places, as the people moved seasonally. Paired uprights supported rafters, which, in turn, held roof planks that overlapped like tiles. Wall planks were lashed between sets of poles. The position of these poles depended on the lengths of the boards they held, and they were evidently set and reset through
6006-483: Was the site of several Native villages, including Iroquoian peoples' settlements around Preston Lake , Vandorf , and Musselman Lake . In 2003, a large 16th-century ancestral Huron village was discovered in Stouffville during land development; approximately 2000 people once inhabited the site ( Mantle Site ), from 1578 to 1623. A palisade protected more than 70 longhouses , and tens of thousands of artifacts were excavated here. In 2012, archaeologists revealed that
6084-593: Was unique to the Coast Salish of Puget Sound . The front is often very elaborately decorated with an integrated mural of numerous drawings of faces and heraldic crest icons of raven, bear, whale, etc. A totem pole often was erected outside the longhouse. The style varies greatly, and sometimes it became part of the entrance way. Tribes or ethnic groups along the North American Pacific coast with some sort of longhouse building traditions include
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