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61-598: The defining characteristic of the figure is its "wildness"; from the 12th century, it was consistently depicted as being covered with hair. Images of wild men appear in the carved and painted roof bosses where intersecting ogee vaults meet in Canterbury Cathedral , in positions where one is also likely to encounter the vegetal Green Man . The image of the wild man survived to appear as supporter for heraldic coats-of-arms , especially in Germany, well into

122-442: A boss is a decorative knob on a ceiling, wall or sculpture. Bosses can often be found in the ceilings of buildings, particularly at the keystones at the intersections of a rib vault . In Gothic architecture , such roof bosses (or ceiling bosses) are often intricately carved with foliage, heraldic devices or other decorations. Many feature animals, birds, or human figures or faces, sometimes realistic, but often Grotesque :

183-757: A great ape . Similarly, the Greek historian Agatharchides describes what may have been chimpanzees as tribes of agile, promiscuous "seed-eaters" and "wood-eaters" living in Ethiopia . One of the historical precedents which could have inspired the wild man representation could be the Grazers ; a group of monks in Eastern Christianity which lived alone, without eating meat, and often completely naked. They were viewed as saints in Byzantine society, and

244-419: A Shield with a Hare and a Shield with a Moor's Head , the wild man holds two parallel shields, which seem to project from the groin of the central figure. The wild man supports the weight of the shields on two cliffs. The hair on the apex of the wild man's head is adorned with twigs which project outward; as if to make a halo. The wild man does not look directly at the viewer; in fact, he looks down somberly toward

305-522: A bird, and spends many years travelling naked through the woods, composing verses among other madmen. In order to be forgiven by God, King Suibhne composes a beautiful poem of praise to God before he dies. There are further poems and stories recounting the life and madness of King Suibhne. The Welsh told a similar story about Myrddin Wyllt , the origin of the Merlin of later romance. In these stories, Myrddin

366-483: A coat of fur, fangs, and no capacity to speak – a description that fits gibbons indigenous to the area. The ancient Carthaginian explorer Hanno the Navigator (fl. 500 BC) reported an encounter with a tribe of savage men and hairy women in what may have been Sierra Leone ; their interpreters called them "Gorillae," a story which much later originated the name of the gorilla species and could indeed have related to

427-539: A continuous scene with a circular die. The wild man was used as a symbol of mining in late medieval and Renaissance Germany. It appears in this context in the coats of arms of Naila and of Wildemann . The town of Wildemann in the Upper Harz was founded during 1529 by miners who, according to legend, met a wild man and wife when they ventured into the wilds of the Harz mountain range. Petrus Gonsalvus (born 1537)

488-491: A covering of frazzled hemp, so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot". In the midst of the festivities, a stray spark from a torch set their flammable costumes ablaze, burning several courtiers to death; the king's own life was saved through quick action by his aunt, Joann , who covered him with her dress. The Burgundian court celebrated a pas d'armes known as the Pas de la Dame Sauvage ("Passage of arms of

549-404: A crown of vines. In Schongauer's third print, Shield with Stag Held by Wild Man , the figure grasps his bludgeon like a walking stick and steps in the same direction as the stag. He too wears a crown of vines, which trail behind into the wind toward a jagged mountaintop. In his fourth print, Wild Woman Holding a Shield with a Lion's Head , Schongauer depicts a different kind of scene. This scene

610-809: A disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology. In both folklore and fiction, giants are often given ogrish traits (such as the giants in " Jack and the Beanstalk " and " Jack the Giant Killer ", the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim's Progress , and the Jötunn of Norse mythology ); while ogres may be given giant-like traits. Famous examples of ogres in folklore include

671-526: A film and a TV series). Ogres make up the army of Duke Igthorn, antagonists in Adventures of the Gummi Bears . In this children's TV series, they are presented as anthropomorphized creatures, emphasized through neomedieval trappings in clothing and equipment. In Smurfs , ogres appear human-like but are stouter than humans. In Disenchantment , Elfo's maternal family are ogres which makes him

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732-575: A tribe of forest people who had no mouths and who sustained themselves with smells. Both Quintus Curtius Rufus and Arrian refer to Alexander himself meeting with a tribe of fish-eating savages while on his Indian campaign. Distorted accounts of apes may have contributed to both the ancient and medieval conception of the wild man. In his Natural History Pliny the Elder describes a race of silvestres, wild creatures in India who had humanoid bodies but

793-410: A word from it or be sure that it understood human speech. It had the human shape, however, in every detail, both as to hands and face and feet; but the entire body was covered with hair as the beasts are, and down the back it had a long coarse mane like that of a horse, which fell to both sides and trailed along the ground when the creature stooped in walking. A "black and hairy" forest-dwelling outcast

854-415: Is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology , folklore , and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature , and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend. In mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large, tall, and having

915-541: Is a warrior in the service of King Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio at the time of the Battle of Arfderydd . When his lord is killed at the battle, Myrddin travels to the Caledonian Forest in a fit of madness which endows him with the ability to compose prophetic poetry; a number of later prophetic poems are attributed to him. The Life of Saint Kentigern includes almost the same story, though here the madman of Arfderydd

976-664: Is also documented in earlier Italian works ( Fazio degli Uberti , 14th century; Luigi Pulci , 15th century; Ludovico Ariosto , 15th–16th centuries) and has even older cognates with the Latin orcus and the Old English orcnēas found in Beowulf lines 112–113, which inspired J.R.R. Tolkien 's Orc . All these words may derive from a shared Indo-European mythological concept (as Tolkien himself speculated, as cited by Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle-earth , 45). The Dictionary of

1037-470: Is identified elsewhere with Fauna and who exerted a wide influence on medieval wild-man lore. Slavic has leshy "forest man". Various languages and traditions include names suggesting affinities with Orcus , a Roman and Italic god of death. For many years people in Tyrol called the wild man Orke , Lorke , or Noerglein , while in parts of Italy he was the orco or huorco . The French ogre has

1098-573: Is instead named Lailoken , which may be the original name. The fragmentary 16th-century Breton text An Dialog Etre Arzur Roe D'an Bretounet Ha Guynglaff ( Dialog Between Arthur and Guynglaff ) tells of a meeting between King Arthur and the wild man Guynglaff, who predicts events which will occur as late as the 16th century. Geoffrey of Monmouth recounts the Myrddin Wyllt legend in his Latin Vita Merlini of about 1150, though here

1159-453: Is less clear. It has been identified as a hypothetical noun *wāsa "being", from the verb wesan , wosan "to be, to be alive". It might alternatively mean a forlorn or abandoned person, cognate with German Waise and Dutch wees which both mean "orphan". Old High German had the terms schrat , scrato or scrazo , which appear in glosses of Latin works as translations for fauni , silvestres , or pilosi , identifying

1220-568: Is mentioned in the tale of Renaud de Montauban , written in the late 12th century. The 9th-century Irish tale Buile Shuibhne ( The Madness of Sweeney ) describes how Suibhne or Sweeney, the pagan king of the Dál nAraidi in Ulster , assaults the Christian bishop Ronan Finn and is cursed with madness as a result. He begins to grow feathers and talons as the curse runs its full course, flies like

1281-437: Is more intimate. The image depicts a wild woman sitting on a stump with her suckling offspring at her breast. While the woman's body is covered in hair her face is left bare. She also wears a crown of vines. Then, compared to the other wild men, the wild woman is noticeably disproportionate. Finally, each print is visually strong enough to stand alone as individual scenes, but when lined up it seems as if they were stamped out of

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1342-651: Is the common term for the creature in most modern languages; it appears in German as wilder Mann , in French as homme sauvage and in Italian as uomo selvatico "forest man". Figures similar to the European wild man occur worldwide from very early times. The earliest recorded example of the type is the character Enkidu of the ancient Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh . The description of Nebuchadnezzar II in

1403-466: Is three carters, three shepherds, three neat-herds, three swine-herds, that have made themselves all men of hair, they call themselves Saltiers, and they have a dance which the wenches say is a gallimaufrey of gambols... The account conflates wild men and satyrs. Shakespeare may have been inspired by the episode of Ben Jonson 's masque Oberon, the Faery Prince (performed 1 January 1611), where

1464-564: Is written that he will come again, to all the realms of Logres , which was formerly land of ogres, and destroy them with that lance." The ogres in this rhyme may refer to the ogres who were, in the pseudohistorical work History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth , the inhabitants of Britain prior to human settlement. The word orco was widely used in Italy at least since 13th century, as attested by Jacomo Tolomei who, in

1525-512: The Book of Daniel (2nd century BC) may have greatly influenced the medieval European concepts. Daniel 4 depicts God humbling the Babylonian king for his boastfulness; stricken mad and ejected from human society, he grows hair on his body and lives like a beast. This image was popular in medieval depictions of Nebuchadnezzar. Late medieval legends of Saint John Chrysostom (died 407) describe

1586-521: The Green Man is a frequent subject. The Romanesque Norwich Cathedral in Norfolk , United Kingdom , has the largest number of painted carved stone bosses in the world; an extensive and varied collection of over one thousand individual pieces. Many of these decorated bosses still bear the original gilt and pigments from the time of their creation. Ogre An ogre ( feminine : ogress )

1647-462: The Grisons tried to capture the wild man by getting him drunk and tying him up in hopes that he would give them his wisdom in exchange for freedom. This suggests an association with an ancient tradition – recorded as early as Xenophon (d. 354 BC) and appearing in the works of Ovid , Pausanias , and Claudius Aelianus – in which shepherds caught a forest being, here termed Silenus or Faunus , in

1708-597: The Indian subcontinent , and the conquests of Alexander the Great , India became the primary home of fantastic creatures in the Western imagination, and wild men were frequently described as living there. Megasthenes , Seleucus I Nicator 's ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya , wrote of two kinds of men to be found in India whom he explicitly describes as wild: first, a creature brought to court whose toes faced backwards; second,

1769-578: The ghouls of pre-Islamic Arabian religion . The word ogre is of French origin, originally derived from the Etruscan god Orcus , who fed on human flesh. Its earliest attestation is in Chrétien de Troyes ' late 12th-century verse romance Perceval, li contes del graal , which contains the lines: Et s'est escrit que il ert ancore que toz li reaumes de Logres, qui jadis fu la terre as ogres, ert destruite par cele lance. "And it

1830-421: The hagiographical accounts about their lives were spread in all of Christianity, possibly influencing later authors. Some of the earliest evidence for the wild-man tradition appears in the above-mentioned 9th- or 10th-century Spanish penitential. This book describes a dance in which participants donned the guise of the figures Orcus, Maia, and Pela, and ascribes a minor penance for those who participate with what

1891-674: The 1380s, in Wycliffe's Bible , translating שעיר ( LXX δαιμόνια , Latin pilosi meaning "hairy") in Isaiah 13:21 The occurrences in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight date to soon after Wycliffe's Bible, to c. 1390. The Old English form of woodwose is unattested, but it would have been either * wudu-wāsa or * wude-wāsa . The first element is usually explained as from wudu "wood, forest". The second element

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1952-571: The 16th century. Renaissance engravers in Germany and Italy were particularly fond of wild men, wild women, and wild families, with examples from Martin Schongauer (died 1491) and Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) among others. The normal Middle English term, also used to the present day, was woodwose or wodewose (also spelled woodehouse , wudwas etc., understood perhaps as variously singular or plural). Wodwos occurs in Sir Gawain and

2013-400: The 20th century included a wild woman known as Fange or Fanke , which derives from the Latin fauna , the feminine form of faun . Medieval German sources give as names for the wild woman lamia and holzmoia (or some variation); the former clearly refers to the Greek wilderness demon Lamia while the latter derives ultimately from Maia , a Greco-Roman earth and fertility goddess who

2074-605: The Academy of France alternatively states that the name is derived from the word Hongrois , which means Hungarian , as of western cultures referred to Hungarians as a kind of monstrosity. Ogre could possibly also derive from the biblical Og , last of the giants (or from the Greek river god Oiagros , father of Orpheus ). The word ogre came into wider usage in the works of Charles Perrault (1628–1703) or Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy (1650–1705), both of whom were French authors. The first appearance of

2135-665: The Belarusians of Sokółka uyezd , the overseas dzikij narod have grown wool, they have a long tail and ears like an ox; they do not speak, but only squeal. King Charles VI of France and five of his courtiers were dressed as wild men and chained together for a masquerade at the tragic Bal des Sauvages which occurred in Paris at the Hôtel Saint-Pol , 28 January 1393. They were "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold

2196-540: The East Slavic reports about wild people and book legends about diviy peoples (unusual people from the medieval novel "Alexandria") and mythical representations of miraculous peoples. For example, Russians from Ural believe that divnye lyudi are short, beautiful, have a pleasant voice, live in caves in the mountains, can predict the future; among the Belarusians of Vawkavysk uyezd , the dzikie lyudzi – one-eyed cannibals living overseas, also drink lamb blood; among

2257-466: The Green Knight (c. 1390). The Middle English word is first attested for the 1340s, in references to the wild man popular at the time in decorative art, as in a Latin description of an tapestry of the Great Wardrobe of Edward III , but as a surname it is found as early as 1251, of one Robert de Wudewuse . In reference to an actual legendary or mythological creature, the term is found during

2318-705: The Wild Lady") in Ghent in 1470. A knight held a series of jousts with an allegoric meaning in which the conquest of the wild lady symbolized the feats the knight must do to merit a lady. Some early sets of playing cards have a suit of Wild Men, including a pack engraved by the Master of the Playing Cards (active in the Rhineland c. 1430–1450), some of the earliest European engravings. A set of four miniatures on

2379-399: The bottom right region of his circular frame. His somber look is reminiscent of that an animal trapped in a zoo as if to suggest that he is upset to have been tamed. There is a stark contrast between the first print and Shield with a Greyhound , held by a Wild Man as this figure stands much more confidently. Holding a bludgeon, he looks past the shield and off into the distance while wearing

2440-400: The boundaries of civilization. The first historian to describe such beings, Herodotus ( c.  484 BC  – c.  425 BC ), places them in western Libya alongside the headless men with eyes in their chest and dog-faced creatures . After the appearance of the former Persian court physician Ctesias 's book Indika (concerning India ), which recorded Persian beliefs about

2501-431: The breasts and chins of the females. In art the hair more often covers the same areas that a chemise or dress would, except for the female's breasts; male knees are also often hairless. As with the feather tights of angels, this is probably influenced by the costumes of popular drama. The female depiction also follows Mary Magdalene's hair suit in art; in medieval legend this miraculously appeared when she retreated to

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2562-750: The creatures as hairy woodland beings. Some of the local names suggest associations with characters from ancient mythology. Common in Lombardy and the Italian-speaking parts of the Alps are the terms salvan and salvang , which derive from the Latin Silvanus , the name of the Roman tutelary god of gardens and the countryside. Similarly, folklore in Tyrol and German-speaking Switzerland into

2623-517: The desert after Christ's death, and her clothes fell apart. A wild man is described in the book Konungs skuggsjá ( Speculum Regale or "the King's Mirror"), written in Norway about 1250: It once happened in that country (and this seems indeed strange) that a living creature was caught in the forest as to which no one could say definitely whether it was a man or some other animal; for no one could get

2684-455: The estates of society by Jean Bourdichon of about 1500 includes a wild family, along with "poor", "artisan" and "rich" ones. Martin Schongauer depicted wild people several times, including on four heraldic shield engravings of the 1480s which depict wild men holding the coat of arms of the print's patrons. Each image is confined within an approximately 78 mm circular composition which is not new to Schongauer's oeuvre. In Wild Man Holding

2745-474: The fictional possibility that his Drúedain were the "actual" origin of the wild men of later traditional folklore. British poet Ted Hughes used the form wodwo as the title of a poem and a 1967 volume of his collected works. The fictional character Tarzan from Edgar Rice Burroughs ' 1912 novel Tarzan of the Apes has been described as a modern version of the wild man archetype. A documented feral child

2806-450: The figure has been renamed "Merlin". According to Geoffrey, after Merlin witnessed the horrors of the battle: ... a strange madness came upon him. He crept away and fled to the woods, unwilling that any should see his going. Into the forest he went, glad to lie hidden beneath the ash trees. He watched the wild creatures grazing on the pasture of the glades. Sometimes he would follow them, sometimes pass them in his course. He made use of

2867-597: The meaning of "wild" and "amazing, strange". In the East Slavic sources referred: Saratov dikar, dikiy, dikoy, dikenkiy muzhichok – leshy ; a short man with a big beard and tail; Ukrainian lisovi lyudi – old men with overgrown hair who give silver to those who rub their nose; Kostroma dikiy chort ; Vyatka dikonkiy unclean spirit, sending paralysis; Ukrainian lihiy div – marsh spirit, sending fever; Ukrainian Carpathian dika baba – an attractive woman in seven-league boots , sacrifices children and drinks their blood, seduces men. There are similarities between

2928-489: The name implies, the main characteristic of the wild man is his wildness . Civilized people regarded wild men as beings of the wilderness, the antithesis of civilization . Other characteristics developed or transmuted in different contexts. From the earliest times, sources associated wild men with hairiness; by the 12th century they were almost invariably described as having a coat of hair covering their entire bodies except for their hands, feet, faces above their long beards, and

2989-572: The ogre "teaches players about fighting big, powerful, stupid monsters, which is an iconic D&D experience". The green-skinned ogre Shrek is a fictional character created by the American author William Steig that since 1990 has appeared in a book , several movies by DreamWorks Animation , a TV series, and a musical. The Ogre Mulgarath is the main antagonist in The Spiderwick Chronicles books series (also adapted into

3050-670: The ogre in " Puss in Boots " and the ogre in " Hop-o'-My-Thumb ". Other characters sometimes described as ogres include the title character from " Bluebeard ", the Beast from Beauty and the Beast , Humbaba from the Epic of Gilgamesh , Grendel from Beowulf , Polyphemus the Cyclops from Homer 's Odyssey , the man-eating giant in " Sinbad the Sailor ", the oni of Japanese folklore and

3111-567: The roots of plants and of grasses, of fruit from trees and of the blackberries in the thicket. He became a Man of the Woods, as if dedicated to the woods. So for a whole summer he stayed hidden in the woods, discovered by none, forgetful of himself and of his own, lurking like a wild thing. Wild (divi) people are the characters of the Slavic folk demonology, mythical forest creatures. Names go back to two related Slavic roots *dik- and *div- , combining

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3172-512: The saint's asceticism as making him so isolated and feral that hunters who capture him cannot tell if he is man or beast. The medieval wild-man concept also drew on lore about similar beings from the Classical world such as the Roman faun and Silvanus , and perhaps even Heracles . Several folk traditions about the wild man correspond with ancient practices and beliefs. Notably, peasants in

3233-521: The same derivation, as do modern literary orcs . Importantly, Orcus is associated with Maia in a dance celebrated late enough to be condemned in a 9th- or 10th-century Spanish penitential . The term was usually replaced in literature of the Early Modern English period by classically derived equivalents, or "wild man", but it survives in the form of the surname Wodehouse or Woodhouse (see Wodehouse family ). "Wild man" and its cognates

3294-411: The same manner and for the same purpose. Besides mythological influences, medieval wild man lore also drew on the learned writings of ancient historians, though likely to a lesser degree. These ancient wild men are naked and sometimes covered with hair, though importantly the texts generally localize them in some faraway land, distinguishing them from the medieval wild man who was thought to exist just at

3355-618: The satyrs have "tawnie wrists" and "shaggy thighs"; they "run leaping and making antique action." The term wood-woses or simply Woses is used by J. R. R. Tolkien to describe a fictional race of wild men, the Drúedain , in his books on Middle-earth . According to Tolkien's legendarium , other men, including the Rohirrim , mistook the Drúedain for goblins or other wood-creatures and referred to them as Púkel-men (Goblin-men). He allows

3416-585: The sonnet " Le favole, compar, ch'om dice tante " ("The many fables, my friend, people tell" – before 1290), compares popular characters of fairy tales, like ogres (whose specific characteristic was to eat people), giants, witches and talking animals, to real people he could see in his city of Siena . The Italian author Giambattista Basile (1575–1632) used the related Neapolitan word uerco , or in standard Italian , orco in some of his tales, and first talks of female orcs (IE in Petrosinella ). This word

3477-575: The word ogre in Perrault's work occurred in his Histoires ou Contes du temps Passé (1696). It later appeared in several of his other fairy tales, many of which were based on the Neapolitan tales of Basile. The first example of a female ogre being referred to as an ogress is found in his version of Sleeping Beauty , where it is spelled ogresse. Madame d'Aulnoy first employed the word ogre in her story L'Orangier et l'Abeille (1698), and

3538-479: Was Ng Chhaidy living naked in the jungle of India ; her hair and fingernails grew for 38 years until she had become a "wild woman". The Wild Man has been discussed in Freudian terms as representative of the "potentialities lurking in the heart of every individual, whether primitive or civilized, as his possible incapacity to come to terms with his socially provided world." Roof boss In architecture ,

3599-502: Was apparently a resurgence of an older pagan custom. The identity of Pela is unknown, but the earth goddess Maia appears as the wild woman ( Holz-maia in the later German glossaries), and names related to Orcus were associated with the wild man through the Middle Ages, indicating that this dance was an early version of the wild-man festivities celebrated through the Middle Ages and surviving in parts of Europe through modern times. As

3660-417: Was referred to by Ulisse Aldrovandi as "the man of the woods" due to his condition, hypertrichosis . Some of his children were also afflicted. It is believed that his marriage to the lady Catherine inspired the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast . In Shakespeare 's The Winter's Tale (1611), the dance of twelve "Satyrs" at the rustic sheep-shearing (IV.iv), prepared by a servant's account: Masters, there

3721-516: Was the first to use the word ogree to refer to the creature's offspring. In modern times, ogres have appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as large, powerful humanoid creatures, with slightly below average intelligence, throughout its editions as adversaries but also playable characters. The ogre was counted among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies . They posit that

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