The Wilhelm Foerster Observatory in Berlin is a large public observatory which allows visitors to observe the sky through several telescopes . The facility is named after the German astronomer Wilhelm Foerster .
96-724: The listed building is located on the Insulaner hill, a mountain of post- World War II rubble in the Berlin quarter of Schöneberg in the district of Tempelhof-Schöneberg . Slightly west at the foot of the Insulaner at Munsterdamm there are the Planetarium am Insulaner with a dome projection and an astronomical library. All facilities are managed by the Stiftung Planetarium Berlin , and such combination
192-646: A heritage asset legally protected) is called 'designation'. Several different terms are used because the processes use separate legislation: buildings are 'listed'; ancient monuments are 'scheduled', wrecks are 'protected', and battlefields, gardens and parks are 'registered'. A heritage asset is a part of the historic environment that is valued because of its historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have extra legal protection through designation. Buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest can still be regarded as
288-436: A material consideration in the planning process. As a very rough guide, listed buildings are structures considered of special architectural and historical importance. Ancient monuments are of 'national importance' containing evidential values, and can on many occasions also relate to below ground or unoccupied sites and buildings. Almost anything can be listed. Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in
384-583: A base movement of the Omega 3220, a Dubois Depraz chronograph module is mounted on top. The Speedmaster has also seen iterations within motor racing, in particular the Automatic 'Racing' models. Originally this differ from the Professional models having a slightly smaller 38mm and 40mm cases and an automatic movement, as opposed to the professionals 42mm case and manual wound movement. Michael Schumacher
480-473: A board member of the association. He was one of its founding members and participated in the US Moonwatch program in a leading position in the observations of satellite orbits . The Berlin astronomer and university lecturer Fritz Hinderer held numerous practical courses for his students in the 1980s with the help of the association's technical facilities. Starting in 1982, a special solar telescope
576-661: A building. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to a listed structure. There are about 8,500 listed buildings in Northern Ireland, divided into four grades, defined as follows: In Scotland, listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947, and the current legislative basis for listing is the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 . As with other matters regarding planning, conservation
672-488: A caliber 861-based movement has been continuously produced since. The tritium -powered phosphorescent lume on the hands and index markers of the original watches were replaced at the end of the 1990s with non-radioactive pigments, but the fundamental design, dimensions, and mechanism of these watches have remained unchanged. In this form, the basic Speedmaster line has remained flight-qualified for NASA space missions and EVAs, after re-evaluation by NASA in 1972 and for use in
768-463: A commitment to sharing the understanding of the historic environment and more openness in the process of designation. In 2008, a draft Heritage Protection Bill was subject to pre-legislative scrutiny before its passage through UK Parliament. The legislation was abandoned despite strong cross-party support, to make room in the parliamentary legislative programme for measures to deal with the credit crunch, though it may be revived in future. The proposal
864-483: A designated workshop. Most recently, in January 2021, Omega announced it would update the standard-production Speedmaster Professional with a new movement and a subtle design refresh, including a step dial and dot-over-90 bezel. Calibre 1861 has been officially discontinued, replaced with calibre 3861, featuring a co-axial escapement and Master Chronometer certification. Omega Speedmaster Automatic (informally known as
960-405: A gold Omega Speedmaster ref. BA 145.022 as gift. These were the first ever gold Omega Speedmasters, and only 1,014 of these Omega Speedmasters were ever made. Nixon's was engraved: “RICHARD M. NIXON”, “to mark man’s conquest of space with time, through time, on time”, and “PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES”. He famously refused the gift citing its high value. In 1970, after Apollo 13 was crippled by
1056-404: A group that is—for example, all the buildings in a square. This is called 'group value'. Sometimes large areas comprising many buildings may not justify listing but receive the looser protection of designation as a conservation area . The specific criteria include: The state of repair of a building is not generally deemed to be a relevant consideration for listing. Additionally: Although
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#17327794627391152-451: A list of locally listed buildings as separate to the statutory list (and in addition to it). There is no statutory protection of a building or object on the local list but many receive a degree of protection from loss through being in a Conservation Area or through planning policy. Councils hope that owners will recognise the merits of their properties and keep them unaltered if at all possible. Listing began later in Northern Ireland than in
1248-403: A listed building is a criminal offence and owners can be prosecuted. A planning authority can also insist that all work undertaken without consent be reversed at the owner's expense. See also Category:Grade II* listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. See also Category:Grade II listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. It
1344-558: A listed building which involves any element of demolition. Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship, but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure. Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained,
1440-687: A listed structure. Applications for consent are made on a form obtained from Historic Environment Scotland. After consulting the local planning authority, the owner, where possible, and an independent third party, Historic Environment Scotland makes a recommendation on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. The scheme for classifying buildings is: There are about 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, around 8 percent (some 3,800) are Category A, 50 percent are Category B, and 42 percent are listed at Category C. Although
1536-558: A non-statutory basis. Although a limited number of 'ancient monuments' were given protection under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 , there was reluctance to restrict the owners of occupied buildings in their actions related to their property. The extensive damage to buildings caused by German bombing during World War II prompted efforts to list and protect buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. Three hundred members of
1632-496: A pocket watch and was disqualified from consideration, leaving three contenders: Rolex , Longines - Wittnauer , and Omega. These watches were all subjected to tests under extreme conditions: All chronographs tested were mechanical hand-wound models. Neither the first automatic chronograph nor the first quartz watch would be available until 1969, well after the space program was underway. The evaluation concluded in March 1965 with
1728-532: A process of reform, including a review of the criteria used for listing buildings. A Review of Heritage Policy in 2006 was criticised, and the Government began a process of consultation on changes to Planning Policy Guidance 15 , relating to the principles of selection for listing buildings in England. The government's White Paper "Heritage Protection for the 21st Century", published on 8 March 2007, offered
1824-519: A provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 covering England and Wales, and the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947 covering Scotland. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972. The listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. The process of protecting the built historic environment (i.e. getting
1920-554: A removable anodized aluminum housing to shield the watch from a wider range of temperatures. In 1971 and 1973, Omega turned to automatic mechanisms on the Speedmaster Automatic MkIII and MkIV models alongside Speedsonic Electronic Chronometer Chronograph (marketing as a Speedmaster) other non-Speedmaster Chronographs such as the Omega Bullhead . However, none of these proved as popular or long-lasting as
2016-557: A single document, the National Planning Policy Framework . A consultation draft of this was published on 25 July 2011 and the final version on 27 March 2012. This became a material consideration in planning matters on publication. It has since been revised in 2018, 2019 and 2021. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission in England and Cadw in Wales list buildings under three grades, with Grade I being
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#17327794627392112-599: A watch guy, I decided to strap the Speedmaster onto my right wrist around the outside of my bulky spacesuit. Aldrin's Speedmaster was lost during shipping when he sent it to the Smithsonian Institution , its reference number being ST105.012, although it is sometimes erroneously reported as a 145.012. To commemorate the success of the Apollo 11 mission, then-president Richard Nixon was presented with
2208-623: A weight of 4.5 tons. After World War II , the instrument was first placed in General-Pape-Straße, before it was placed in the 11-meter dome of the observatory on the Insulaner in 1963. It was also used to obtain the images for the "Berlin Lunar Atlas." The 6-inch double refractor is located in the five-meter dome. The main tubes have a three-lens, apochromates Zeiss B objective, and a three-lens HAB objective (half apochromat by Wolfgang Busch). The focal length in each case
2304-554: A weight of only 360 kg and is transportable. Among other things, it was used on a solar eclipse excursion to Mauritania on June 30 1973. Beginning in August 1972, construction of a separate building with a seven-meter dome began on the Insulaner. On November 9, 1973, the 75-cm mirror was unveiled on the occasion of a visit by Federal President Gustav Heinemann was officially inaugurated. From 1973 to 1986, broadcast journalist and space expert Harro Zimmer served as
2400-618: A wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and structures. These include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. However, in 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Dill v Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government and another that buildings in
2496-634: A workshop, a photo laboratory and two observing platforms. Soon, the first school classes were given lectures and guided tours. Observations were made with home-made 7- and 8-inch telescopes. In October 1949, the astronomical working group of the Archenhold Observatory and the astronomy courses of the Volkshochschule Tempelhof were moved to the Wilhelm Foerster Institute. In January 1951,
2592-531: Is 2250 mm. A 5-inch refractor is mounted parallel to the 6-inch double refractor. This is equipped with a Lyot filter (switchable between 0.5 and 0.7 Å bandwidth, manufactured by the company B. Halle Nachfolger in Berlin-Steglitz) for solar observation in the light of the hydrogen spectral line. The Ritchey–Chrétien telescope has a free aperture of 700 mm and a variable focal length of 5,600 to 10,500 mm. This Zeiss instrument
2688-455: Is a line of chronograph wristwatches produced by Omega SA . While chronographs have existed since the late 1800s, Omega first introduced this line of chronographs in 1957. Since then, many different chronograph movements have been marketed under the Speedmaster name. Astronaut Walter Schirra was the first person to wear one in space in 1962 during his Mercury-Atlas 8 mission. The manual winding Speedmaster Professional or "Moonwatch"
2784-802: Is a power devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government . The authority for listing rests with Historic Environment Scotland (formerly Historic Scotland ), an executive agency of the Scottish Government, which inherited this role from the Scottish Development Department in 1991. The listing system is administered by Historic Environment Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to
2880-460: Is also evidence that Rolex GMTs were used as personal backup watches on the Apollo 13 & 14 missions. In addition to issued crew watches, Apollo 17 carried an additional Speedmaster to lunar orbit as part of the heat flow and convection experiment conducted by Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans . This watch was sold for $ 23,000 at a Heritage auction in 2009. In 1968, American insurance salesman Ralph Plaisted and three companions were
2976-414: Is computer-controlled and is the fastest telescope in Berlin. The association "Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte" is to maintain and promote astronomy in Berlin. It is its task to impart astronomical knowledge to interested people. The association is publishing the magazine "Dem Himmel nahe" (translated "Close to Heaven") several times a year since 2018. For the public, events for all age groups are offered in
Wilhelm Foerster Observatory - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-441: Is not unusual for historic sites, particularly large sites, to contain buildings with multiple, sometimes varying, designations. For example, Derwent Valley Mills , a World Heritage Site contains 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 listed at Grade I, 42 at Grade II* and 780 at Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled monuments . Many councils, for example, Birmingham City Council and Crawley Borough Council , maintain
3168-552: Is possible but is rare. One example is Anmer Hall in Norfolk, which was listed in 1984 and de-listed in 1988. In an emergency, the local planning authority can serve a temporary " Building Preservation Notice " (BPN), if a building is in danger of demolition or alteration in such a way that might affect its historic character. This remains in force for six months until the Secretary of State decides whether or not to formally list
3264-612: Is the best-known and longest-produced; it was worn during the first American spacewalk as part of NASA 's Gemini 4 mission, and was the first watch worn by an astronaut walking on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission. The Speedmaster Professional remains one of several watches qualified by NASA for spaceflight, and is still the only one so qualified for EVA . The Speedmaster line also includes other models, including analog - digital and automatic mechanical watches. The Speedmaster
3360-613: Is unique in Europe. The history of the observatory can be read in an exhibition in the planetarium at the Insulaner. On October 15, 1947, Hans Mühle and Hans Rechlin founded the Wilhelm Foerster Institute (Berlin South Observatory). The official founding is considered to be the granting of the trade license by the Allied Commandant's Office. The naming Wilhelm-Foerster-Institut goes back to Richard Sommer. He
3456-540: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) to deliver the government policy on the protection to historic buildings and other heritage assets. The decision about whether or not to list a building is made by the Secretary of State, although the process is administered in England by Historic England . The listed building system in Wales formerly also operated under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, as in England, until this
3552-558: The Republic of Ireland , where buildings are protected under the Planning and Development Act 2000, although the statutory term in Ireland is " protected structure ". A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency. In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to be done on
3648-701: The Royal Institute of British Architects and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings were dispatched to prepare the list under the supervision of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, with funding from the Treasury. The listings were used as a means to determine whether a particular building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing, with varying degrees of success. In Scotland,
3744-932: The United Kingdom , a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities in Northern Ireland . The classification schemes differ between England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (see sections below). The term has also been used in
3840-535: The lunar module as a backup, because the LM's electronic timer had malfunctioned. Buzz Aldrin elected to wear his, and so his Speedmaster became the first watch to be worn on the Moon. Later, he wrote of his decision: It was optional to wear while we were walking on the surface of the Moon ... few things are less necessary when walking around on the Moon than knowing what time it is in Houston, Texas. Nonetheless, being
3936-424: The "Moon watch". The watches used for Apollo 11's mission were the 1967 "pre-Moon" 321 versions. Chronographs were first developed for use in artillery for battle, but soon came to be indispensable for use in high performance machinery, specifically by pilots, but later also by race car drivers. Submariners, who also relied heavily on split second timing for what was essentially blind travel, were known for
Wilhelm Foerster Observatory - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-558: The 2008 draft legislation was abandoned, Historic England (then part of English Heritage) published a single list of all designated heritage assets within England in 2011. The National Heritage List for England is an online searchable database which includes 400,000 English Listings, this includes individual listed buildings, groups of multiple listed buildings which share the same listing, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, protected historic wrecks and registered battlefields and World Heritage Sites in one place. The 400,000 in
4128-540: The 321, but replaced its column wheel switching mechanism with a cam and increased the beat rate from 18,000 to 21,600 vibrations per hour. Most Speedmaster Professional watches from 1968 to the present have used variants of this movement, including the modern rhodium-plated caliber 1861 and decorated exhibition calibers 863 and 1863. A standard Speedmaster Professional model with Plexiglas crystal, solid caseback with anti-vibration and anti-magnetic dust cover, tachymeter scale, without date or day complications, and powered by
4224-675: The 4H-Jena engineering company. The rededication of the restored refractor took place on August 30, 1997. A cable fire destroyed the image processing equipment in the mirror dome of the observatory on August 18, 1996. On October 22, 1997 the WFS celebrated its 50th anniversary. Since July 1, 2016 the observatory belongs to the Stiftung Planetarium Berlin. Many of the technical achievements could also be purchased or repaired thanks to support from Deutsche Klassenlotterie Berlin, which, in addition to funding from
4320-655: The Berlin government and income from membership fees and visitor fees, makes up an important part of the financing. The Bamberg refractor was built in 1889 by the Carl Bamberg company in Berlin-Friedenau for the Berlin Urania . With its aperture of 320 mm and a focal length of 5000 mm, it was the largest telescope in Kingdom of Prussia at that time. The complete telescope with its mount has
4416-763: The DCLG published Planning Policy Statement 5 , "Planning for the Historic Environment". This replaced PPG15 and set out the government's national policies on the conservation of the historic environment in England. PPS5 was supported by a Practice Guide, endorsed by the DCLG, the DCMS, and English Heritage, which explained how to apply the policies stated in PPS5. In December 2010, the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that in England all PPSs and Planning Policy Guidance Notes would be replaced by
4512-628: The Federal Republic of Germany. After the laying of the cornerstone of the Zeiss Planetarium on November 15, 1963, the opening of the observatory took place on June 16, 1965. In 1966, the Bamberg refractor got a mobile observation staircase. Between 1967 and 1968, the 6-inch double refractor with Zeiss B objective was completely rebuilt (frequency-controlled drive, later conversion to stepper motors). Since 1969,
4608-665: The Firestone demolition, the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Heseltine , also initiated a complete re-survey of buildings to ensure that everything that merited preservation was on the lists. In England, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) works with Historic England (an agency of the DCMS), and other government departments, e.g. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) and
4704-525: The Gemini and Apollo Programs. James Ragan, a former NASA engineer responsible for Apollo flight hardware testing, contradicted this story, calling it a "complete invention". Instead, bids were officially solicited of several brands already familiar to the pilots who were joining the growing astronaut corps. Brands under official consideration included Breitling , Rolex , and Omega, as well as others that produced mechanical chronographs. Hamilton submitted
4800-519: The Government's Heritage Protection Reform (HPR) report in July 2003 by the DCMS, entitled "Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better", asked questions about how the current designation systems could be improved. The HPR decision report "Review of Heritage Protection: The Way Forward", a green paper published in June 2004 by the DCMS, committed the UK government and English Heritage to
4896-585: The Space Shuttle program in 1978. The current such model is reference 311.30.42.30.01.005 (since 2014). Omega has produced a large number of commemorative and limited edition variants of the basic "Moon watch" design, celebrating important anniversaries and events, emblazoned with the different patches for the space missions it was issued for, or evoking its motor sport roots with various racing patterns. It has also released many models made with various precious metals, jewels, and alternative dial colors for
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#17327794627394992-663: The Speedmaster Reduced) is a line of chronograph wristwatches based on the Omega Speedmaster and produced by Omega SA . The Speedmaster Reduced was first introduced in 1988 as a smaller, cheaper version of the Omega Speedmaster. With a case that measures 39mm in diameter it is smaller than its big brother the Speedmaster Professional which has a case size of 42mm. The Speedmaster Reduced went out of production in 2009. Starting with
5088-412: The Speedmaster's official qualification for space flight, astronaut Wally Schirra took his personal CK 2998 aboard Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7) on October 3, 1962. That same year, according to an apocryphal anecdote repeated by Omega press materials and trade publications, a number of commercial chronograph wristwatches were furtively purchased from Corrigan's, a Houston jeweler, to evaluate their use for
5184-696: The UK's architectural heritage; England alone has 14,500 listed places of worship (4,000 Grade I, 4,500 Grade II* and 6,000 Grade II) and 45% of all Grade I listed buildings are places of worship. Some of the listed churches are no longer in use; between 1969 and 2010, some 1,795 churches were closed by the Church of England , equalling roughly 11% of the stock, with about a third listed as Grade I or Grade II. The criteria for listing include architectural interest, historic interest and close historical associations with significant people or events. Buildings not individually noteworthy may still be listed if they form part of
5280-462: The alpha hands and then less than one year later ST 105.003 with straight baton hands and ST 105.012, the first Speedmaster with the "Professional" appellation on the dial, with an asymmetrical case to protect the chronograph pushers and crown. All of the early Speedmasters used the same Calibre 321 movement, which was only replaced in 1968/1969 with the introduction of the Calibre 861 movement, used in
5376-549: The architectural and historic interest. The Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether to list or delist the building. In England, the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 . Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England 'Heritage at Risk' Register . In 1980, there
5472-537: The basic Speedmaster Professional "Moon watch". A variety of other types of watches have used the Speedmaster brand, including many different automatic day and day-date models, the tuning fork movement Speedsonic line, and the digital LCD Speedmaster Quartz (the Speedsonic and LCD Speedmaster where also prototyped in ten examples each under the Alaska project but not taken up by NASA). The digital-analog Speedmaster X-33
5568-557: The building. Until the passing of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 an application for a Certificate of Immunity from Listing (CoI) could only be made if planning permission was being sought or had been obtained in England. However, the changes brought about by the Act means that now anyone can ask the Secretary of State to issue a Certificate of Immunity in respect of a particular building at any time. In England and Wales,
5664-571: The damaged Bamberg-Refraktor in the destroyed Urania building in Invalidenstraße could be dismantled and moved to General-Pape-Straße. On June 8, 1953 the present association Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte was founded. The institute was thereby transferred to the association. In 1955 the Bamberg refractor was installed there, a general overhaul by the company Askania in Berlin-Mariendorf , took place in 1962. In November 1961
5760-407: The decision to list a building may be made on the basis of the architectural or historic interest of one small part of the building, the listing protection nevertheless applies to the whole building. Listing applies not just to the exterior fabric of the building itself, but also to the interior, fixtures, fittings, and objects within the curtilage of the building even if they are not fixed. De-listing
5856-413: The early crewed Apollo program, and reached the Moon with Apollo 11 . Ironically, these and prior models are informally known as "pre-Moon" Speedmasters, since their manufacture predate the Moon landings and lack the inscription subsequent models carry: "The First Watch Worn on the Moon". Although Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong was first to set foot on the Moon, he left his 105.012 Speedmaster inside
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#17327794627395952-423: The final lunar surface EVA, he wore a Bulova Chronograph (model number 88510/01 with velcro-strap part number SEB12100030-202 ) that was not part of the normal mission equipment and that he had agreed to evaluate for the company at the request of a friend. Because of the commercial interests involved and the revelation of the Apollo 15 postage stamp incident , NASA withheld Bulova's name for years afterward. There
6048-473: The first confirmed expedition to reach the North Pole on snowmobiles . The team successfully used the same reference 145.012 Omega Speedmasters as the Apollo program along with sextants for navigation. Also in 1968, Omega transitioned the caliber 321 movement to the new caliber 861, also designed by Albert Piguet, with the introduction of the reference 145.022 Speedmaster. The 861 was very similar to
6144-602: The highest grade, as follows: There was formerly a non-statutory Grade III , which was abolished in 1970. Additionally, Grades A, B and C were used mainly for Anglican churches in active use, loosely corresponding to Grades I, II and III. These grades were used mainly before 1977, although a few buildings are still listed using these grades. In 2010, listed buildings accounted for about 2% of English building stock. In March 2010, there were about 374,000 list entries, of which 92% were Grade II, 5.5% were Grade II* and 2.5% were Grade I. Places of worship are an important part of
6240-415: The laying of the cornerstone of the new observatory on the Insulaner took place. On January 30, 1963 the opening of the observatory in the new building took place. The 12-inch Bamberg refractor stands in the eleven-meter dome, the 6-inch double refractor (Zeiss-B Apochromat + Busch) in the five-meter dome, and a 7-inch telescope on the platform. This made the observatory the largest public observatory in
6336-410: The listing should not be confused with the actual number of listed buildings, which will be much larger than the listing, because a listing can include more than one building that share the same listing number. The legislative frameworks for each type of historic asset remains unchanged. A photographic library of English listed buildings was started in 1999 as a snapshot of buildings listed at the turn of
6432-565: The luxury market. Over the years, Omega has also sought to improve functional aspects of the basic Speedmaster Professional. In 1969, it produced the Speedmaster Professional Mk II, with shrouded lugs and a flat, anti-reflective mineral glass crystal. In 1970, Omega launched the Alaska Project under Pierre Chopard, which changed the dial of the original Speedmaster Professional from black to white and created
6528-480: The management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (i.e., not DCMS, which originally listed the building). There is a general principle that listed buildings are put to 'appropriate and viable use' and recognition that this may involve the re-use and modification of the building. However, listed buildings cannot be modified without first obtaining Listed Building Consent through
6624-433: The millennium. This is not an up-to-date record of all listed buildings in England – the listing status and descriptions are only correct as at February 2001. The photographs were taken between 1999 and 2008. It is maintained by the Historic England archive at the Images of England project website. The National Heritage List for England contains the up-to-date list of listed buildings. Moonwatch Omega Speedmaster
6720-443: The observatory was home to the satellite observatory of Technische Universität Berlin , from which, among other things, radio communication could be established with TUBSAT-A, which was launched on July 17, 1991. In 1971, a 75-cm aluminum mirror with 5780 mm focal length was taken on loan from the Milan Observatory. In 1973, the dismountable 75-cm reflecting telescope was built entirely of aluminum . The entire instrument has
6816-436: The observatory. For example, in 2004 the transit of Venus could be observed, and a year earlier the transit of Mercury could be seen. Courses are also offered in the seminar room for beginners, advanced students, and those interested in special areas of astronomy such as the theory of relativity are offered. The activities within the different working groups cover wide parts of astronomy. Listed building In
6912-671: The owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques. Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings, other structures such as bridges, monuments, sculptures, war memorials, milestones and mileposts , and the Abbey Road zebra crossing made famous by the Beatles , are also listed. Ancient, military, and uninhabited structures, such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and are protected by separate legislation. Cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently "listed" on
7008-419: The popular connection between the Speedmaster and space exploration. Speedmasters were issued to all subsequent Gemini crews until the end of the program in 1966. In 1966, Speedmaster reference 105.012 was updated to reference 145.012. These two models would be the two Speedmaster references known to have been worn on the Moon by Apollo astronauts, the original "Moon watches." Speedmasters were used throughout
7104-577: The process slightly predated the war with the Marquess of Bute (in his connections to the National Trust for Scotland ) commissioning the architect Ian Lindsay in September 1936 to survey 103 towns and villages based on an Amsterdam model using three categories (A, B and C). The basis of the current more comprehensive listing process was developed from the wartime system. It was enacted by
7200-433: The regular guided tour program. From guided tours for kindergartens and schools to observations of the sun and bright objects during the day and presentations of the current night sky to special thematic tours following the planetarium programs, the visitor is offered a wide range of instruments used and objects observed. On special astronomical events such as eclipses or planetary transits, there are also opportunities to use
7296-539: The relevant local planning authority. In Wales, applications are made using a form obtained from the relevant local authority. There is no provision for consent to be granted in outline. When a local authority is disposed to grant listed building consent, it must first notify the Welsh Parliament ( i.e. Cadw ) of the application. If the planning authority decides to refuse consent, it may do so without any reference to Cadw. Carrying out unauthorised works to
7392-571: The responsibility for the listing process rests with the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities , which took over the built heritage functions of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (formerly the Environment and Heritage Service) following the break up of the Department of the Environment. Following the introduction of listing, an initial survey of Northern Ireland's building stock
7488-579: The rest of the UK: the first provision for listing was contained in the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and the current legislative basis for listing is the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991. Under Article 42 of the Order, the relevant Department of the Northern Ireland Executive is required to compile lists of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest". Since 2016,
7584-617: The rupture of a service module oxygen tank, Jack Swigert 's Speedmaster was used to time the critical 14-second burn using the lunar module's descent propulsion system , which allowed for the crew's safe return. In recognition of this, Omega was awarded the Snoopy Award by the Apollo 13 astronauts for "dedication, professionalism, and outstanding contributions in support of the first United States Manned Lunar Landing Project." In 1971, Apollo 15 commander Dave Scott 's Speedmaster lost its Plexiglas crystal during EVA-2. For EVA-3,
7680-456: The scheme must meet certain criteria – "a three-fold test which involved considering size, permanence and degree of physical attachment" – referred to as the Skerritts test in reference to a previous legal case in England. Both Historic Environment Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners. In England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to
7776-413: The secretary of state; this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England . The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed. Full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on
7872-442: The selection of the Speedmaster, which survived the tests while remaining largely within 5 seconds per day rate. Gus Grissom and John Young wore the first officially qualified Speedmasters on Gemini 3 on 23 March 1965. In June of that year, Ed White made the first American space walk during Gemini 4 with a Speedmaster 105.003 strapped to the outside of the left-side sleeve of his G4C space suit . In order to accommodate
7968-453: The series's hallmark 12-hour, triple-register chronograph layout, domed Plexiglas crystal (named Hésalite), and simple, high-contrast index markers; but, unlike most subsequent Speedmaster models, it used Omega's broad arrow hand set. In 1959, a second version, CK 2998, was released with a black aluminum base 1000 bezel and later in 2998-2, tachymeter 500 bezel and alpha hands. This was again updated in 1963 by references ST 105.002, which kept
8064-663: The space suit, the watch was attached via a long nylon strap secured with Velcro . When worn on the wrist, the strap could be wound around several times to shorten its length. According to Omega, the company was surprised to learn of the Speedmaster’s role upon seeing a photograph of the EVA; however, ordering forms sent by NASA's Gemini 4 Flight Support Procurement Office to Omega's American agents in 1964 suggest that this anecdote may be exaggerated. These images would be widely used in Omega marketing materials from 1965 to 1967, establishing
8160-508: The technical facilities of the planetarium and observatory. A fire on May 10, 1988 destroyed the copper roof and seating of the planetarium dome. The technical equipment was saved to safety. In November 1988, repair work of the fire damage was completed. On December 15, 1990, the handover of the Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope (RCT) took place. In September 1996, a general overhaul of the Bamberg refractor began by
8256-411: The use of chronographs. The ability to time, and therefore calibrate, fuel consumption, trajectory and other variables allowed for both more efficient travel as well as better pilots and race car drivers. When President Eisenhower decreed that test pilots would be the only permissible option for Project Mercury , the inclusion of a chronograph of some sort was virtually assured. Three years before
8352-717: Was a student of Wilhelm Foerster and long-time director of the planetarium at Berlin Zoologischer Garten station and at the Archenhold Observatory in Berlin-Treptow . The first location of the observatory was the casino of the former general command in the ruins of General-Pape-Strasse 2 in Schöneberg. After the rubble had been removed, the half-ruin could be equipped with a lecture room for about 40 people, an office with library,
8448-564: Was begun in 1974. By the time of the completion of this First Survey in 1994, the listing process had developed considerably, and it was therefore decided to embark upon a Second Survey, which is still ongoing, to update and cross-check the original information. Information gathered during this survey, relating to both listed and unlisted buildings, is entered into the publicly accessible Northern Ireland Buildings Database. A range of listing criteria, which aim to define architectural and historic interest, are used to determine whether or not to list
8544-568: Was built. This is located on the roof of the planetarium annex. It is used for projection of the solar image onto the planetarium dome. The instrument was put into operation in 1988. The astrophysicist Erwin Sedlmayr was a member of the advisory board of the board of directors of the Wilhelm Foerster Observatory, of which he was later appointed honorary member. Since the 1980s, many of his students have been trained at
8640-523: Was not originally designed for space exploration. Instead, it was introduced in 1957 as a sport and racing chronograph following on from the early chronographs of the 1920s and 1930s, including the Omega 28.9 chronograph , which was Omega's first small wrist chronograph, complementing Omega's position as the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games . The first Speedmaster model, the reference CK 2915,
8736-501: Was powered by the Omega Calibre 321 movement. This movement was developed in 1946 by Albert Piguet of Lemania , which had been acquired in 1932 by Omega's parent company, Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère , (SSIH). The "Speedmaster" name was coined from the model's novel tachymeter scale bezel (in brushed stainless steel ) and by the convention set by prior Omega brands Seamaster and Railmaster. The model established
8832-465: Was produced in 1998; it was qualified for space missions by NASA and flown on the Mir space station and Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-90 later that year. In September 2019, Omega introduced a reissue of the calibre 321. The new calibre 321 was designed to replicate the same mechanism and design as the original 321. The new calibre was manufactured with modern metals and computer-aided manufacturing in
8928-437: Was public outcry at the sudden destruction of the art deco Firestone Tyre Factory ( Wallis, Gilbert and Partners , 1928–29). It was demolished over the August bank holiday weekend by its owners Trafalgar House , who had been told that it was likely to be 'spot-listed' a few days later. In response, the government undertook to review arrangements for listing buildings in order to protect worthy ones from such demolition. After
9024-507: Was replaced in 2024 with Wales-specific heritage legislation. In Wales, the authority for listing is granted to the Welsh Ministers by section 76 of the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2023, although the listing system is in practice administered by Cadw . There have been several attempts to simplify the heritage planning process for listed buildings in England. As of 2021, few changes had been implemented. The review process
9120-572: Was started in February 2000 by Alan Howarth , then minister at the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The outcome was the paper "Power of Place" in December 2000, followed by the subsequent policy document "The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future", published by the DCMS and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DTLR) in December 2001. The launch of
9216-644: Was that the existing registers of buildings, parks and gardens, archaeology and battlefields, maritime wrecks, and World Heritage Sites be merged into a single online register that will "explain what is special and why". English Heritage would become directly responsible for identifying historic assets in England and there would be wider consultation with the public and asset owners, and new rights of appeal. There would have been streamlined systems for granting consent for work on historic assets. After several years of consultation with heritage groups, charities, local planning authorities, and English Heritage, in March 2010,
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