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128-413: The T-3000's sole mission is to protect and ensure the ultimate survival of Skynet, which seeks to eliminate the human race with its global machine network. The T-3000 describes itself as neither machine nor human; rather, it is a hybrid nanotechnological cyborg . Producer David Ellison explains that the title Terminator Genisys "[is] in reference to genesis, which is in reference to the singularity and

256-533: A TED talk at the TED Global conference; and via the crowdsourcing website Kickstarter in 2013, the kit allows students to use microstimulation to momentarily control the movements of a walking cockroach (left and right) using a Bluetooth -enabled smartphone as the controller. Other groups have developed cyborg insects, including researchers at North Carolina State University , UC Berkeley , and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore , but

384-475: A Vietnam War veteran who suffered a stroke. Ray's body, as doctors called it, was " locked in ". Ray wanted his old life back so he agreed to Kennedy's experiment. Kennedy embedded an implant he designed (and named a " neurotrophic electrode ") near the injured part of Ray's brain so that Ray would be able to have some movement back in his body. The surgery went successfully, but in 2002, Ray died. In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann , also blinded in adulthood, became

512-415: A laser -like LED light in one version of the prototype. Furthermore, many people with multifunctional radio frequency identification (RFID) microchips injected into a hand are known to exist. With the chips they are able to swipe cards , open or unlock doors , operate devices such as printers or, with some using cryptocurrency , buy products, such as drinks, with a wave of the hand. bodyNET

640-473: A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle (or class of particles) that physically has only one magnetic pole (either a north pole or a south pole). In other words, it would possess a "magnetic charge" analogous to an electric charge. Magnetic field lines would start or end on magnetic monopoles, so if they exist, they would give exceptions to the rule that magnetic field lines neither start nor end. Some theories (such as Grand Unified Theories ) have predicted

768-459: A magnetometer . Important classes of magnetometers include using induction magnetometers (or search-coil magnetometers) which measure only varying magnetic fields, rotating coil magnetometers , Hall effect magnetometers, NMR magnetometers , SQUID magnetometers , and fluxgate magnetometers . The magnetic fields of distant astronomical objects are measured through their effects on local charged particles. For instance, electrons spiraling around

896-802: A physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges , electric currents , and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A permanent magnet 's magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials such as iron , and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a nonuniform magnetic field exerts minuscule forces on "nonmagnetic" materials by three other magnetic effects: paramagnetism , diamagnetism , and antiferromagnetism , although these forces are usually so small they can only be detected by laboratory equipment. Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, electric currents, and electric fields varying in time. Since both strength and direction of

1024-572: A bi-hormonal system is the Beta Bionics iLet . Military organizations' research has recently focused on the use of cyborg animals for the purposes of a supposed tactical advantage. DARPA has announced its interest in developing "cyborg insects" to transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the pupa stage. The insect's motion would be controlled from a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and could conceivably survey an environment or detect explosives and gas. Similarly, DARPA

1152-551: A bias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and personhood , in favor of definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility. Retinal implants are another form of cyborgization in medicine. The theory behind retinal stimulation to restore vision for those suffering from retinitis pigmentosa and vision loss due to aging (conditions in which people have an abnormally low number of retinal ganglion cells ),

1280-467: A complex range of motions beyond that of previous prosthetics. By 2004, a fully functioning artificial heart was developed. The continued technological development of bionic and ( bio- ) nanotechnologies begins to raise the question of enhancement, and of the future possibilities for cyborgs which surpass the original functionality of the biological model. The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have been debated; their proponents include

1408-481: A control loop are the MiniMed 670G from Medtronic and the t:slim x2 from Tandem Diabetes Care . Do-it-yourself artificial pancreas technologies also exist, though these are not verified or approved by any regulatory agency. Upcoming next-generation artificial pancreas technologies include automatic glucagon infusion in addition to insulin, to help prevent hypoglycemia and improve efficiency. One example of such

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1536-540: A cyborg when he noticed that the software and his brain had united and given him an extra sense. Harbisson is a co-founder of the Cyborg Foundation (2004) and cofounded the Transpecies Society in 2017, which is an association that empowers individuals with non-human identities and supports them in their decisions to develop unique senses and new organs. Neil Harbisson is a global advocate for

1664-609: A cyborg, since these devices measure voltage potentials in the body, perform signal processing , and can deliver electrical stimuli , using this synthetic feedback mechanism to keep that person alive. Implants, especially cochlear implants , that combine mechanical modification with any kind of feedback response are also cyborg enhancements. Some theorists cite such modifications as contact lenses , hearing aids , smartphones , or intraocular lenses as examples of fitting humans with technology to enhance their biological capabilities. The emerging trend of implanting microchips inside

1792-419: A field line produce synchrotron radiation that is detectable in radio waves . The finest precision for a magnetic field measurement was attained by Gravity Probe B at 5 aT ( 5 × 10  T ). The field can be visualized by a set of magnetic field lines , that follow the direction of the field at each point. The lines can be constructed by measuring the strength and direction of the magnetic field at

1920-645: A hospital and convinces them that he is John Connor, but his disguise is exposed by the Guardian (a reprogrammed T-800 portrayed by Schwarzenegger). The T-3000 engages the trio in multiple destructive battles. During a final battle with the Guardian, the T-3000 is disintegrated by a prototype time machine's magnetic field . However, despite Skynet's global attack being foiled, the T-3000 succeeded in securing its survival in this timeline. The on-screen representation of

2048-497: A human internally (such as in Elysium and RoboCop ). The computer game Deus Ex: Invisible War prominently features cyborgs called Omar, Russian for 'lobster'. In 1994, Hans Hass formulated a scientific view of the human-machine hybrids he called "hypercells". They can expand their biological cell body with artificial artifacts and thus expand their performance body. The theory of hypercells or "Homo proteus", as Hass called

2176-409: A large number of points (or at every point in space). Then, mark each location with an arrow (called a vector ) pointing in the direction of the local magnetic field with its magnitude proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. Connecting these arrows then forms a set of magnetic field lines. The direction of the magnetic field at any point is parallel to the direction of nearby field lines, and

2304-420: A magnetic H -field is produced by fictitious magnetic charges that are spread over the surface of each pole. These magnetic charges are in fact related to the magnetization field M . The H -field, therefore, is analogous to the electric field E , which starts at a positive electric charge and ends at a negative electric charge. Near the north pole, therefore, all H -field lines point away from

2432-503: A magnetic field may vary with location, it is described mathematically by a function assigning a vector to each point of space, called a vector field (more precisely, a pseudovector field). In electromagnetics , the term magnetic field is used for two distinct but closely related vector fields denoted by the symbols B and H . In the International System of Units , the unit of B , magnetic flux density,

2560-424: A magnetized material, the quantities on each side of this equation differ by the magnetization field of the material. Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property, their spin . Magnetic fields and electric fields are interrelated and are both components of the electromagnetic force , one of

2688-429: A magnetized object is divided in half, a new pole appears on the surface of each piece, so each has a pair of complementary poles. The magnetic pole model does not account for magnetism that is produced by electric currents, nor the inherent connection between angular momentum and magnetism. The pole model usually treats magnetic charge as a mathematical abstraction, rather than a physical property of particles. However,

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2816-439: A major active role in establishing a carbon nanotube 's network and its stabilization. This novel material can be used in a wide range of electronic applications, from heating to sensing. For instance, using Candida albicans cells, a species of yeast that often lives inside the human gastrointestinal tract , cyborg tissue materials with temperature sensing properties have been reported. In current prosthetic applications,

2944-460: A major event that it causes a grandfather paradox that fractures the timeline, completely rewriting the past and the future. The T-3000 is sent back in time to 2014, and given the mission to assist Cyberdyne Systems in developing a new operating system named Genisys , in addition to revolutionary robotic and time traveling technology, which is in reality Skynet and the recreation of its machines. When Sarah and Kyle arrive in 2017, he meets them at

3072-434: A new class of drug-delivery systems positioned between classical synthetic materials and cell-based systems. In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative and the enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function, organs, and limbs." The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level of function. There

3200-417: A new form of Terminator. However, these test subjects were always driven insane by the psychological trauma of the experience; Connor is the only known human with the strength of will to come through the experience reasonably psychologically intact, albeit now corrupted so that he will serve Skynet rather than humanity. John Connor's conversion into a Terminator as Kyle travels back in time turns out to be such

3328-402: A north and a south pole. The magnetic field of permanent magnets can be quite complicated, especially near the magnet. The magnetic field of a small straight magnet is proportional to the magnet's strength (called its magnetic dipole moment m ). The equations are non-trivial and depend on the distance from the magnet and the orientation of the magnet. For simple magnets, m points in

3456-404: A series of articles in 2016 describing the development of cyborg bacteria capable to harvest sunlight more efficiently than plants. In the first study, the researchers induced the self-photosensitization of a nonphotosynthetic bacterium, Moorella thermoacetica , with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, enabling the photosynthesis of acetic acid from carbon dioxide . A follow-up article described

3584-406: A series of experiments including extending his nervous system over the internet to control a robotic hand , also receiving feedback from the fingertips to control the hand's grip. This was a form of extended sensory input. Subsequently, he investigated ultrasonic input to remotely detect the distance to objects . Finally, with electrodes also implanted into his wife's nervous system, they conducted

3712-500: A small distance vector d , such that m = q m   d . The magnetic pole model predicts correctly the field H both inside and outside magnetic materials, in particular the fact that H is opposite to the magnetization field M inside a permanent magnet. Since it is based on the fictitious idea of a magnetic charge density , the pole model has limitations. Magnetic poles cannot exist apart from each other as electric charges can, but always come in north–south pairs. If

3840-452: A small magnet is proportional both to the applied magnetic field and to the magnetic moment m of the magnet: τ = m × B = μ 0 m × H , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=\mathbf {m} \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {m} \times \mathbf {H} ,\,} where × represents the vector cross product . This equation includes all of

3968-702: A surgery to redirect the nerve that controls the voice and sound production to a muscle in the neck, where a nearby sensor would be able to pick up its electrical signals . The signals would then move to a processor which would control the timing and pitch of a voice simulator. That simulator would then vibrate producing a multi-tonal sound that could be shaped into words by the mouth. An article published in Nature Materials in 2012 reported research on "cyborg tissues" (engineered human tissues with embedded three-dimensional mesh of nanoscale wires), with possible medical implications. In 2014, researchers from

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4096-408: A torque proportional to the distance (perpendicular to the force) between them. With the definition of m as the pole strength times the distance between the poles, this leads to τ = μ 0 m H sin  θ , where μ 0 is a constant called the vacuum permeability , measuring 4π × 10 V · s /( A · m ) and θ is the angle between H and m . Mathematically, the torque τ on

4224-543: A transparent case, and in all the adventures of his famous hero, Captain Future . In 1944, in the short story " No Woman Born ", C. L. Moore wrote of Deirdre, a dancer, whose body was burned completely and whose brain was placed in a faceless but beautiful and supple mechanical body. In 1960, the term "cyborg" was coined by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline to refer to their conception of an enhanced human being who could survive in extraterrestrial environments: For

4352-501: Is tesla (symbol: T). The Gaussian-cgs unit of B is the gauss (symbol: G). (The conversion is 1 T ≘ 10000 G. ) One nanotesla corresponds to 1 gamma (symbol: γ). The magnetic H field is defined: H ≡ 1 μ 0 B − M {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \equiv {\frac {1}{\mu _{0}}}\mathbf {B} -\mathbf {M} } where μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}}

4480-444: Is a computer, which gains power by using Internet protocols to connect with other computers. Another example is a social-media bot —either a bot-assisted human or a human-assisted-bot—used to target social media with likes and shares . Cybernetic technologies include highways, pipes , electrical wiring , buildings, electrical plants , libraries, and other infrastructure that people hardly notice, but which are critical parts of

4608-557: Is a specific example of a general rule that magnets are attracted (or repulsed depending on the orientation of the magnet) into regions of higher magnetic field. Any non-uniform magnetic field, whether caused by permanent magnets or electric currents, exerts a force on a small magnet in this way. The details of the Amperian loop model are different and more complicated but yield the same result: that magnetic dipoles are attracted/repelled into regions of higher magnetic field. Mathematically,

4736-516: Is an application of human-electronic interaction currently in development by researchers from Stanford University . The technology is based on stretchable semiconductor materials ( Elastronic ). According to their article in Nature , the technology is composed of smart devices , screens, and a network of sensors that can be implanted into the body, woven into the skin or worn as clothes. It has been suggested that this platform can potentially replace

4864-550: Is described as replacing its victim's body on the cellular level, cannot be reversed. Though a powerful enemy, the T-3000 is not invincible. Because its abilities are primarily tied to its magnetic field, it is susceptible to magnetic attacks that disrupt said field. Weaker magnetism from devices such as the Guardian's improvised fist-load weapons are capable of disrupting or disabling the T-3000's shapeshifting and regeneration abilities, due to affecting its ability to manipulate its particles. A sufficiently strong magnetic field can pull

4992-483: Is developing a neural implant to remotely control the movement of sharks. The shark's unique senses would then be exploited to provide data feedback in relation to enemy ship movement or underwater explosives. In 2006, researchers at Cornell University invented a new surgical procedure to implant artificial structures into insects during their metamorphic development. The first insect cyborgs, moths with integrated electronics in their thorax , were demonstrated by

5120-491: Is in the opposite direction. If both the speed and the charge are reversed then the direction of the force remains the same. For that reason a magnetic field measurement (by itself) cannot distinguish whether there is a positive charge moving to the right or a negative charge moving to the left. (Both of these cases produce the same current.) On the other hand, a magnetic field combined with an electric field can distinguish between these, see Hall effect below. The first term in

5248-503: Is no enhancement to the original faculties and processes that were lost. On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performance: maximising output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimising input (the energy expended in the process)". Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal processes or even gain new functions that were not originally present. Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with

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5376-417: Is no net force on that magnet since the force is opposite for opposite poles. If, however, the magnetic field of the first magnet is nonuniform (such as the H near one of its poles), each pole of the second magnet sees a different field and is subject to a different force. This difference in the two forces moves the magnet in the direction of increasing magnetic field and may also cause a net torque. This

5504-422: Is particularly true for magnetic fields, such as those due to electric currents, that are not generated by magnetic materials. A realistic model of magnetism is more complicated than either of these models; neither model fully explains why materials are magnetic. The monopole model has no experimental support. The Amperian loop model explains some, but not all of a material's magnetic moment. The model predicts that

5632-474: Is possible that this technology will also eventually be used with healthy people. Deep brain stimulation is a neurological surgical procedure used for therapeutic purposes. This process has aided in treating patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease , Tourette syndrome , epilepsy , chronic headaches , and mental disorders . After the patient is unconscious , through anesthesia , brain pacemakers or electrodes, are implanted into

5760-528: Is still susceptible to some degrees of physical injuries and pains such as being wounded by gunshot, and its agonies can worsen if being marred by SWAT -standard breaching rounds since they typically are magnetic; the explosive ones are more effective against the cyborg for minutes of impairment. It is also shown to experience pain and have its movements impaired when trapped in an electrical current. However, these effects are only temporary due to its regeneration capabilities, which heal it once it manages to escape

5888-449: Is strictly only valid for magnets of zero size, but is often a good approximation for not too large magnets. The magnetic force on larger magnets is determined by dividing them into smaller regions each having their own m then summing up the forces on each of these very small regions . If two like poles of two separate magnets are brought near each other, and one of the magnets is allowed to turn, it promptly rotates to align itself with

6016-461: Is surgically anchored and integrated by means of osseointegration into the skeleton of the remainder of the amputated limb. The same company has developed e-OPRA, a will-powered upper limb prosthesis system that is being evaluated in a clinical trial to allow sensory input to the central nervous system using pressure and temperature sensors in the prosthesis' finger tips. Prostheses like the C-Leg,

6144-418: Is that of maximum increase of m · B . The dot product m · B = mB cos( θ ) , where m and B represent the magnitude of the m and B vectors and θ is the angle between them. If m is in the same direction as B then the dot product is positive and the gradient points "uphill" pulling the magnet into regions of higher B -field (more strictly larger m · B ). This equation

6272-411: Is that the retinal implant and electrical stimulation would act as a substitute for the missing ganglion cells (cells which connect the eye to the brain). While the work to perfect this technology is still being done, there have already been major advances in the use of electronic stimulation of the retina to allow the eye to sense patterns of light. A specialized camera is worn by the subject, such as on

6400-550: Is the tesla (in SI base units: kilogram per second squared per ampere), which is equivalent to newton per meter per ampere. The unit of H , magnetic field strength, is ampere per meter (A/m). B and H differ in how they take the medium and/or magnetization into account. In vacuum , the two fields are related through the vacuum permeability , B / μ 0 = H {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} /\mu _{0}=\mathbf {H} } ; in

6528-449: Is the vacuum permeability , and M is the magnetization vector . In a vacuum, B and H are proportional to each other. Inside a material they are different (see H and B inside and outside magnetic materials ). The SI unit of the H -field is the ampere per metre (A/m), and the CGS unit is the oersted (Oe). An instrument used to measure the local magnetic field is known as

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6656-476: The Barnett effect or magnetization by rotation . Rotating the loop faster (in the same direction) increases the current and therefore the magnetic moment, for example. Specifying the force between two small magnets is quite complicated because it depends on the strength and orientation of both magnets and their distance and direction relative to each other. The force is particularly sensitive to rotations of

6784-596: The C-Leg system developed by Otto Bock HealthCare , is used to replace a human leg that has been amputated because of injury or illness. The use of sensors in the artificial C-Leg aids in walking significantly by attempting to replicate the user's natural gait , as it would be prior to amputation. A similar system is being developed by the Swedish orthopedic company Integrum, the OPRA Implant System, which

6912-495: The Materials Research Society 's spring conference on 3 April 2013. The cyborg obtained was inexpensive, light and had unique mechanical properties. It could also be shaped in the desired forms. Cells combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) co-precipitated as a specific aggregate of cells and nanotubes that formed a viscous material. Likewise, dried cells still acted as a stable matrix for

7040-537: The Nyctalope , a science fiction hero who was perhaps the first literary cyborg, in Le Mystère des XV  [ fr ] (later translated as The Nyctalope on Mars ). Nearly two decades later, Edmond Hamilton presented space explorers with a mixture of organic and machine parts in his 1928 novel The Comet Doom . He later featured the talking, living brain of an old scientist, Simon Wright, floating in

7168-620: The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Washington University in St. Louis had developed a device that could keep a heart beating endlessly. By using 3D printing and computer modeling , these scientists developed an electronic membrane that could successfully replace pacemakers. The device uses a "spider-web like network of sensors and electrodes" to monitor and maintain a normal heart rate with electrical stimuli. Unlike traditional pacemakers that are similar from patient to patient,

7296-456: The artificial intelligence systems we have already constructed", and used the term "cyborg" "to emphasize that the new intelligent beings will have arisen, like us, from Darwinian evolution." The concept of a man-machine mixture was widespread in science fiction before World War II . As early as 1843, Edgar Allan Poe described a man with extensive prostheses in the short story " The Man That Was Used Up ". In 1911, Jean de La Hire introduced

7424-442: The man-machine hybrid that John Connor ends up being." The T-3000 returns in the 2017 video game Terminator Genisys: Future War , a direct sequel to Genisys produced following the cancellation of the film's planned sequels in favor of another alternate timeline-set sequel , Terminator: Dark Fate (2019). In a desperate effort to ensure its survival, the rogue artificial intelligence Skynet creates an avatar for itself in

7552-418: The mimetic polyalloy Terminators, though it is still limited by complexity or mass; its transformation abilities are such that it can dissolve itself into a cloud while falling head-first through the air, reorient itself to land on its feet and be fully transformed back to normal by the time it stands up. Likewise, it is capable of regenerating from almost any injury in mere moments. Unlike previous Terminators,

7680-473: The region of the brain where the cause of the disease is present. The region of the brain is then stimulated by bursts of electric current to disrupt the oncoming surge of seizures . Like all invasive procedures , deep brain stimulation may put the patient at a higher risk. However, there have been more improvements in recent years with deep brain stimulation than any available drug treatment . Automated insulin delivery systems , colloquially also known as

7808-427: The rights of cyborgs . Rob Spence , a Toronto-based filmmaker, who titles himself a real-life "Eyeborg", severely damaged his right eye in a shooting accident on his grandfather's farm as a child. Many years later, in 2005, he decided to have his ever-deteriorating and now technically blind eye surgically removed, whereafter he wore an eyepatch for some time before he later, after having played for some time with

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7936-434: The transhumanist movement , with its belief that new technologies can assist the human race in developing beyond its present, normative limitations such as aging and disease, as well as other, more general inabilities, such as limitations on speed, strength , endurance, and intelligence . Opponents of the concept describe what they believe to be biases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies; namely,

8064-477: The "artificial pancreas", are a substitute for the lack of natural insulin production by the body, most notably in Type 1 Diabetes . Currently available systems combine a continuous glucose monitor with an insulin pump that can be remote controlled, forming a control loop that automatically adjusts the insulin dosage depending on the current blood glucose level . Examples of commercial systems that implement such

8192-583: The "magnetic field" written B and H . While both the best names for these fields and exact interpretation of what these fields represent has been the subject of long running debate, there is wide agreement about how the underlying physics work. Historically, the term "magnetic field" was reserved for H while using other terms for B , but many recent textbooks use the term "magnetic field" to describe B as well as or in place of H . There are many alternative names for both (see sidebars). The magnetic field vector B at any point can be defined as

8320-600: The "number" of field lines through a surface. These concepts can be quickly "translated" to their mathematical form. For example, the number of field lines through a given surface is the surface integral of the magnetic field. Various phenomena "display" magnetic field lines as though the field lines were physical phenomena. For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field form lines that correspond to "field lines". Magnetic field "lines" are also visually displayed in polar auroras , in which plasma particle dipole interactions create visible streaks of light that line up with

8448-550: The Age of the Wearable computer was published by Doubleday . Some of the ideas in the book were incorporated into the documentary film Cyberman that same year. Cyborg tissues structured with carbon nanotubes and plant or fungal cells have been used in artificial tissue engineering to produce new materials for mechanical and electrical uses. Such work was presented by Raffaele Di Giacomo , Bruno Maresca , and others, at

8576-479: The Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln created a super sensitive humidity sensor by coating the bacteria Bacillus cereus with gold nanoparticles, being the first to use a microorganism to make an electronic device and presumably the first cyborg bacteria or cellborg circuit. Researchers from the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley published

8704-591: The Lorentz equation is from the theory of electrostatics , and says that a particle of charge q in an electric field E experiences an electric force: F electric = q E . {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\text{electric}}=q\mathbf {E} .} The second term is the magnetic force: F magnetic = q ( v × B ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{\text{magnetic}}=q(\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ).} Using

8832-458: The MWCNT network. When observed by optical microscopy , the material resembled an artificial " tissue " composed of highly packed cells. The effect of cell drying was manifested by their " ghost cell " appearance. A rather specific physical interaction between MWCNTs and cells was observed by electron microscopy , suggesting that the cell wall (the outermost part of fungal and plant cells) may play

8960-820: The RoboRoach was the first kit available to the general public and was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health as a device to serve as a teaching aid to promote an interest in neuroscience . Several animal welfare organizations including the RSPCA and PETA have expressed concerns about the ethics and welfare of animals in this project. In 2022, remote controlled cyborg cockroaches functional if moving (or moved) to sunlight for recharging were presented. They could be used e.g. for purposes of inspecting hazardous areas or quickly finding humans underneath hard-to-access rubbles at disaster sites . In

9088-809: The Superman (1965) featured an introduction which spoke of a "new frontier" that was "not merely space, but more profoundly the relationship between 'inner space' to 'outer space' – a bridge...between mind and matter." In " A Cyborg Manifesto ", Donna Haraway rejects the notion of rigid boundaries between humanity and technology, arguing that, as humans depend on more technology over time, humanity and technology have become too interwoven to draw lines between them. She believes that since we have allowed and created machines and technology to be so advanced, there should be no reason to fear what we have created, and cyborgs should be embraced because they are part of human identities. However, Haraway has also expressed concern over

9216-514: The T-3000 apart briefly to restrain it, and, if its body is exposed to a powerful magnetic field for a sustained amount of time, the cyborg can be torn apart and destroyed. The machine-phase matter is also vulnerable to the laser used in shaping mimetic polyalloy for use in the construction of T-1000s. If struck by this laser, the T-3000 can suffer enough external damage to render its outermost layer irreparably compromised, forcing it to discard its human appearance and use its true machine form. The T-3000

9344-594: The T-3000 transforms and regenerates in layers, beginning with its bone structure, then muscle tissue, skin and clothing; the phase matter can also simulate blood if necessary for infiltration. These layers can be adjusted independently of each other, as shown when John Connor adds and removes his facial scar at will in the film. It is unclear if the T-3000 can infect other humans and create more T-3000s; it offers this to Sarah and Kyle, but does not clarify if it will convert them itself and never attempts to forcibly do so, even when given an opportunity to. The transformation, which

9472-520: The T-3000 was made by British effects company Double Negative . Footage would combine Jason Clarke filmed on set, keyframed animation, and motion capture . Supervisor Peter Bebb said that the company tried to design the T-3000 like a computer would do it, focusing on design and battle efficiency, "form follows function". Given that it is a Terminator built out of a human, the result is "a pure robot that sits under flesh structure", still retaining an overall human shape. The mechanical cells tried to resemble

9600-479: The T-800 Terminator sent to kill her in 1984, "Alex" carries out his attack. He kills all of the other soldiers nearby and infects John Connor with nanomachines , transforming him into a new hybrid Terminator designated as the T-3000. Skynet had attempted to convert other humans in this manner, intended to be a new type of infiltrator as prisoners were infected with machine-phase matter to convert them into

9728-482: The abstract. This includes not only commonly-used pieces of technology such as phones , computers, the Internet, and so on, but also artifacts that may not popularly be considered technology; for example, pen and paper, and speech and language . When augmented with these technologies and connected in communication with people in other times and places, a person becomes capable of more than they were before. An example

9856-522: The area of the loop and depends on the direction of the current using the right-hand rule. An ideal magnetic dipole is modeled as a real magnetic dipole whose area a has been reduced to zero and its current I increased to infinity such that the product m = Ia is finite. This model clarifies the connection between angular momentum and magnetic moment, which is the basis of the Einstein–de Haas effect rotation by magnetization and its inverse,

9984-421: The being can live in an environment different from the normal one. Thereafter, Hamilton would first use the term "cyborg" explicitly in the 1962 short story, "After a Judgment Day", to describe the "mechanical analogs" called "Charlies," explaining that "[c]yborgs, they had been called from the first one in the 1960s...cybernetic organisms." In 2001, a book titled Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in

10112-448: The best inventions of 2009. The bionic eye records everything he sees and contains a 1.5 mm , low-resolution video camera, a small round printed circuit board , a wireless video transmitter, which allows him to transmit what he is seeing in real-time to a computer, and a 3- volt rechargeable VARTA microbattery . The eye is not connected to his brain and has not restored his sense of vision. Additionally, Spence has also installed

10240-469: The body (mainly the hands), to make financial operations like a contactless payment, or basic tasks like opening a door, has been erroneously marketed as more recent examples of cybernetic enhancement. The latter has not yet seen significant traction outside niche areas in Scandinavia and in actual function is little more than a pre-programmed RFID microchip encased in glass that does not interact with

10368-408: The brain, has focused on restoring damaged eyesight in the blind and providing functionality to paralyzed people, most notably those with severe cases, such as locked-in syndrome . This technology could enable people who are missing a limb or are in a wheelchair the power to control the devices that aid them through neural signals sent from the brain implants directly to computers or the devices. It

10496-504: The charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect . The Earth produces its own magnetic field , which shields the Earth's ozone layer from the solar wind and is important in navigation using a compass . The force on an electric charge depends on its location, speed, and direction; two vector fields are used to describe this force. The first is the electric field , which describes

10624-471: The contradictions of scientific objectivity and the ethics of technological evolution, and has argued that "There are political consequences to scientific accounts of the world." According to some definitions of the term, the physical attachments that humans have with even the most basic technologies have already made them cyborgs. In a typical example, a human with an artificial cardiac pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator would be considered

10752-421: The current. Cyborg A cyborg ( / ˈ s aɪ b ɔːr ɡ / ) (also known as cybernetic organism , cyber-organism , cyber-organic being , cybernetically enhanced organism , cybernetically augmented organism , technorganic being , techno-organic being , or techno-organism )—a portmanteau of cybernetic and organism —is a being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts. The term

10880-548: The cybernetics that humans work within. Bruce Sterling , in his Shaper/Mechanist universe , suggested an idea of an alternative cyborg called 'Lobster', which is made not by using internal implants, but by using an external shell (e.g. a powered exoskeleton ). Unlike human cyborgs, who appear human externally but are synthetic internally (e.g., the Bishop type in the Alien franchise), Lobster looks inhuman externally but contains

11008-403: The definition of the cross product, the magnetic force can also be written as a scalar equation: F magnetic = q v B sin ⁡ ( θ ) {\displaystyle F_{\text{magnetic}}=qvB\sin(\theta )} where F magnetic , v , and B are the scalar magnitude of their respective vectors, and θ is the angle between the velocity of

11136-406: The device is only currently used as a research tool to study changes in heart rate, in the future the membrane may serve as a safeguard against heart attacks . A brain–computer interface , or BCI, provides a direct path of communication from the brain to an external device, effectively creating a cyborg. Research into invasive BCIs, which use electrodes implanted directly into the grey matter of

11264-428: The direction of a line drawn from the south to the north pole of the magnet. Flipping a bar magnet is equivalent to rotating its m by 180 degrees. The magnetic field of larger magnets can be obtained by modeling them as a collection of a large number of small magnets called dipoles each having their own m . The magnetic field produced by the magnet then is the net magnetic field of these dipoles; any net force on

11392-460: The e-OPRA Implant System, and the iLimb , are considered by some to be the first real steps towards the next generation of real-world cyborg applications. Additionally, cochlear implants and magnetic implants , which provide people with a sense that they would not otherwise have had, can additionally be thought of as creating cyborgs. In vision science , direct brain implants have been used to treat non- congenital (acquired) blindness. One of

11520-431: The elastic heart glove is made custom by using high-resolution imaging technology. The first prototype was created to fit a rabbit 's heart, operating the organ in an oxygen and nutrient-rich solution. The stretchable material and circuits of the apparatus were first constructed by Professor John A. Rogers in which the electrodes are arranged in an s-shape design to allow them to expand and bend without breaking. Although

11648-806: The elucidation of the mechanism of semiconductor-to-bacterium electron transfer that allows the transformation of carbon dioxide and sunlight into acetic acid. Scientists of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of California, Davis and Academia Sinica in Taiwan, developed a different approach to create cyborg cells by assembling a synthetic hydrogel inside the bacterial cytoplasm of Escherichia. coli cells rendering them incapable of dividing and making them resistant to environmental factors , antibiotics and high oxidative stress . The intracellular infusion of synthetic hydrogel provides these cyborg cells with an artificial cytoskeleton and their acquired tolerance makes them well placed to become

11776-408: The existence of magnetic monopoles, but so far, none have been observed. In the model developed by Ampere , the elementary magnetic dipole that makes up all magnets is a sufficiently small Amperian loop with current I and loop area A . The dipole moment of this loop is m = IA . These magnetic dipoles produce a magnetic B -field. The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is depicted in

11904-415: The exogenously extended organizational complex functioning as an integrated homeostatic system unconsciously, we propose the term 'Cyborg'. Their concept was the outcome of thinking about the need for an intimate relationship between human and machine as the new frontier of space exploration was beginning to develop. A designer of physiological instrumentation and electronic data-processing systems, Clynes

12032-411: The figure. From outside, the ideal magnetic dipole is identical to that of an ideal electric dipole of the same strength. Unlike the electric dipole, a magnetic dipole is properly modeled as a current loop having a current I and an area a . Such a current loop has a magnetic moment of m = I a , {\displaystyle m=Ia,} where the direction of m is perpendicular to

12160-500: The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans. Since 2004, British artist Neil Harbisson has had a cyborg antenna implanted in his head that allows him to extend his perception of colors beyond the human visual spectrum through vibrations in his skull. His antenna was included within his 2004 passport photograph which has been said to confirm his cyborg status. In 2012 at TEDGlobal , Harbisson explained that he started to feel like

12288-406: The first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second-generation implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second-generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call the starry-night effect. Immediately after his implant, Naumann

12416-441: The first scientists to come up with a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher William Dobelle . Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry's visual cortex and succeeded in producing phosphenes , the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to

12544-522: The first. In this example, the magnetic field of the stationary magnet creates a magnetic torque on the magnet that is free to rotate. This magnetic torque τ tends to align a magnet's poles with the magnetic field lines. A compass, therefore, turns to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. In terms of the pole model, two equal and opposite magnetic charges experiencing the same H also experience equal and opposite forces. Since these equal and opposite forces are in different locations, this produces

12672-551: The force acting on a stationary charge and gives the component of the force that is independent of motion. The magnetic field, in contrast, describes the component of the force that is proportional to both the speed and direction of charged particles. The field is defined by the Lorentz force law and is, at each instant, perpendicular to both the motion of the charge and the force it experiences. There are two different, but closely related vector fields which are both sometimes called

12800-520: The force and torques between two magnets as due to magnetic poles repelling or attracting each other in the same manner as the Coulomb force between electric charges. At the microscopic level, this model contradicts the experimental evidence, and the pole model of magnetism is no longer the typical way to introduce the concept. However, it is still sometimes used as a macroscopic model for ferromagnetism due to its mathematical simplicity. In this model,

12928-408: The force on a small magnet having a magnetic moment m due to a magnetic field B is: F = ∇ ( m ⋅ B ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left(\mathbf {m} \cdot \mathbf {B} \right),} where the gradient ∇ is the change of the quantity m · B per unit distance and the direction

13056-474: The force on the particle when its velocity is v ; repeat with v in some other direction. Now find a B that makes the Lorentz force law fit all these results—that is the magnetic field at the place in question. The B field can also be defined by the torque on a magnetic dipole, m . τ = m × B {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=\mathbf {m} \times \mathbf {B} } The SI unit of B

13184-530: The form of a T-5000 ( Matt Smith ). This Terminator travels through many timelines searching for a way to defeat the Human Resistance and ultimately infiltrates it under the guise of a fighter named Alex. "Alex" is present as a soldier when John Connor and Kyle Reese ( Jai Courtney ) discover Skynet's time machine at the end of the war with the machines. As Kyle is being sent back in time to protect John's mother Sarah Connor ( Emilia Clarke ) from

13312-414: The four fundamental forces of nature. Magnetic fields are used throughout modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics . Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators . The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is conceptualized and investigated as magnetic circuits . Magnetic forces give information about

13440-695: The frames of their glasses, which converts the image into a pattern of electrical stimulation. A chip located in the user's eye would then electrically stimulate the retina with this pattern by exciting certain nerve endings which transmit the image to the optic centers of the brain, and the image would then appear to the user. If technological advances proceed as planned, this technology may be used by thousands of blind people and restore vision to most of them. A similar process has been created to aid people who have lost their vocal cords . This experimental device would do away with previously used robotic-sounding voice simulators . The transmission of sound would start with

13568-441: The human body (it is the same technology used in the microchips injected into animals for ease of identification ), thus not actually fitting the definition of a cybernetic implant. As cyborgs currently are on the rise, some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of aging . For instance, a bio-techno-social definition of aging has been suggested. The term is also used to address human-technology mixtures in

13696-584: The human-machine hybrid to distinguish Homo sapiens , takes up where Charles Darwin's theory of evolution left off and deals with the course of evolution beyond humans. In his 2019 book Novacene , James Lovelock used the term "cyborgs" to refer to the next generation of beings who will become the "understanders of the future" and "lead the cosmos to self-knowledge". While acknowledging the organic component in Clynes' and Kline's definition, he proposed that these cyborgs "will have designed and built themselves from

13824-475: The idea of installing a camera instead, contacted professor Steve Mann at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , an expert in wearable computing and cyborg technology. Under Mann's guidance, Spence, at age 36, created a prototype in the form of the miniature camera which could be fitted inside his prosthetic eye ; an invention that would come to be named by Time magazine as one of

13952-439: The implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a two-ton mainframe , but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted. In 1997, Philip Kennedy, a scientist and physician, created the world's first human cyborg from Johnny Ray ,

14080-400: The insect, which was remotely controlled by a human. The results, although sometimes different, basically showed that the cockroach could be controlled by the impulses it received through the electrodes. DARPA is now funding this research because of its obvious beneficial applications to the military and other areas Magnetic field A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field ) is

14208-431: The integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more closely. Michael Chorost wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear implants, or bionic ears, titled Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human . Jesse Sullivan became one of the first people to operate a fully robotic limb through a nerve - muscle graft, enabling him

14336-486: The integration of some artificial component or technology that relies on some sort of feedback , for example: prostheses , artificial organs , implants or, in some cases, wearable technology . Cyborg technologies may enable or support collective intelligence . A related, possibly broader, term is the " augmented human ". While cyborgs are commonly thought of as mammals , including humans, they might conceivably be any organism . D. S. Halacy's Cyborg: Evolution of

14464-647: The late 2010s, scientists created cyborg jellyfish using a microelectronic prosthetic that propels the animal to swim almost three times faster while using just twice the metabolic energy of their unmodified peers. The prosthetics can be removed without harming the jellyfish. A combination of synthetic biology , nanotechnology and materials science approaches have been used to create a few different iterations of bacterial cyborg cells. These different types of mechanically enhanced bacteria are created with so called bionic manufacturing principles that combine natural cells with abiotic materials. In 2005, researchers from

14592-432: The local density of field lines can be made proportional to its strength. Magnetic field lines are like streamlines in fluid flow , in that they represent a continuous distribution, and a different resolution would show more or fewer lines. An advantage of using magnetic field lines as a representation is that many laws of magnetism (and electromagnetism) can be stated completely and concisely using simple concepts such as

14720-763: The local direction of Earth's magnetic field. Field lines can be used as a qualitative tool to visualize magnetic forces. In ferromagnetic substances like iron and in plasmas, magnetic forces can be understood by imagining that the field lines exert a tension , (like a rubber band) along their length, and a pressure perpendicular to their length on neighboring field lines. "Unlike" poles of magnets attract because they are linked by many field lines; "like" poles repel because their field lines do not meet, but run parallel, pushing on each other. Permanent magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic fields. They are made of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and nickel , that have been magnetized, and they have both

14848-465: The magnet is a result of adding up the forces on the individual dipoles. There are two simplified models for the nature of these dipoles: the magnetic pole model and the Amperian loop model . These two models produce two different magnetic fields, H and B . Outside a material, though, the two are identical (to a multiplicative constant) so that in many cases the distinction can be ignored. This

14976-413: The magnets due to magnetic torque. The force on each magnet depends on its magnetic moment and the magnetic field of the other. To understand the force between magnets, it is useful to examine the magnetic pole model given above. In this model, the H -field of one magnet pushes and pulls on both poles of a second magnet. If this H -field is the same at both poles of the second magnet then there

15104-510: The material on stealth aircraft , with a result described as "more matte than metal", resembling a slightly iridescent ceramic carbon . The Guardian identifies the T-3000 as being made of machine-phase matter (essentially, programmable matter ) held together by a magnetic field . Because of this, the T-3000's abilities far exceed those of the T-1000 and other Terminator models. It is capable of shapeshifting at much more rapid speed than

15232-449: The motion of electrons within an atom are connected to those electrons' orbital magnetic dipole moment , and these orbital moments do contribute to the magnetism seen at the macroscopic level. However, the motion of electrons is not classical, and the spin magnetic moment of electrons (which is not explained by either model) is also a significant contribution to the total moment of magnets. Historically, early physics textbooks would model

15360-444: The north pole (whether inside the magnet or out) while near the south pole all H -field lines point toward the south pole (whether inside the magnet or out). Too, a north pole feels a force in the direction of the H -field while the force on the south pole is opposite to the H -field. In the magnetic pole model, the elementary magnetic dipole m is formed by two opposite magnetic poles of pole strength q m separated by

15488-442: The particle and the magnetic field. The vector B is defined as the vector field necessary to make the Lorentz force law correctly describe the motion of a charged particle. In other words, [T]he command, "Measure the direction and magnitude of the vector B at such and such a place," calls for the following operations: Take a particle of known charge q . Measure the force on q at rest, to determine E . Then measure

15616-420: The particle's velocity , and × denotes the cross product . The direction of force on the charge can be determined by a mnemonic known as the right-hand rule (see the figure). Using the right hand, pointing the thumb in the direction of the current, and the fingers in the direction of the magnetic field, the resulting force on the charge points outwards from the palm. The force on a negatively charged particle

15744-515: The same researchers. The initial success of the techniques has resulted in increased research and the creation of a program called Hybrid-Insect-MEMS (HI-MEMS). Its goal, according to DARPA's Microsystems Technology Office , is to develop "tightly coupled machine-insect interfaces by placing micro-mechanical systems inside the insects during the early stages of metamorphosis." The use of neural implants has recently been attempted, with success, on cockroaches. Surgically applied electrodes were put on

15872-423: The smartphone in the future. The US-based company Backyard Brains released what they refer to as the "world's first commercially available cyborg" called the RoboRoach. The project started as a senior design project for a University of Michigan biomedical engineering student in 2010, and was launched as an available beta product on 25 February 2011. The RoboRoach was officially released into production via

16000-401: The vector that, when used in the Lorentz force law , correctly predicts the force on a charged particle at that point: F = q E + q ( v × B ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q(\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )} Here F is the force on the particle, q is the particle's electric charge , v , is

16128-499: Was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive slowly around the parking area of the research institute. In contrast to replacement technologies, in 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg , a British scientist, Kevin Warwick , had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system to link his nervous system into the internet to investigate enhancement possibilities. With this in place, Warwick successfully carried out

16256-465: Was coined in 1960 by Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline . In contrast to biorobots and androids , the term cyborg applies to a living organism that has restored function or enhanced abilities due to the integration of some artificial component or technology that relies on feedback. "Cyborg" is not the same thing as bionics , biorobotics , or androids ; it applies to an organism that has restored function or, especially, enhanced abilities due to

16384-619: Was the chief research scientist in the Dynamic Simulation Laboratory at Rockland State Hospital in New York. The term first appears in print 5 months earlier when The New York Times reported on the " Psychophysiological Aspects of Space Flight Symposium " where Clynes and Kline first presented their paper: A cyborg is essentially a man-machine system in which the control mechanisms of the human portion are modified externally by drugs or regulatory devices so that

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