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144-643: A TASER is a conducted energy device (CED) primarily used to incapacitate people, allowing them to be approached and handled in an unresisting and thus less-lethal manner. Sold by Axon , formerly TASER International, the TASER fires two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target until removed by the user of the TASER device, at a speed of 55 m/s (120 mph; 200 km/h). Their range extends from 4.5 m (15 ft) for non-Law Enforcement Tasers to 10.5 m (34 ft) for Law Enforcement Tasers. The darts are connected to

288-529: A cause of death by some medical examiners for several years, mainly as a diagnosis of exclusion established on autopsy . Additionally, academic discussion of excited delirium has been largely confined to forensic science literature, providing limited documentation about patients that survive the condition. These circumstances have led some civil liberties groups to question the cause of death diagnosis, claiming that excited delirium has been used to "excuse and exonerate" law enforcement authorities following

432-448: A 21-year-old tourist from Brazil. He died after repeated exposure to a Taser device even after being physically apprehended (by the weight of several police officers lying on top of him compressing his chest and making it hard to breathe. He was pepper sprayed at the same time). The Coroner was scathing of the "thuggish" behavior of the police. The repeated use of several Taser devices was considered excessive and unnecessary. A study for

576-456: A Tasert CEW, police must immediately call for an ambulance. The victim must be medically checked directly at the place of the shooting, and only a medically trained person may remove the darts. From 2006 to 2012, Austrian police used Taser CEWs 133 times—127 against humans and six against dogs. About 1,000 police officers were permitted in 2012 to carry and use a Taser CEW. Use of the Taser device

720-571: A city named "Orangedale," using Scott's Field as a border. When the newspaper, then called the Arizona Republican , published an article about the plan, they erroneously called the town "Scottsdale." The article drew some publicity for the town, and ultimately this convinced Utley to change his filing and officially name the town "Scottsdale." In 1896, the Scottsdale Public School system was established, and opened

864-402: A continuous direct-current discharge. It may be powered by one or more batteries depending on manufacturer and model. The amount of current generated depends on what stunning capabilities are desired, but without proper current calculations, the cause and effect of high voltage is muted. Output voltage is claimed to be in the range of 100 V up to 6 kV; current intensity output is claimed to be in

1008-605: A few-mile radius of the airport itself – notably in financial, retail, service, technological, design and manufacturing fields. Among the companies headquartered in Scottsdale are APL , Cold Stone Creamery , Carlisle Companies , Discount Tire , Discovery Land Company , Fender , Go Daddy , Blue Yonder , Kahala , Kona Grill , Liveops , Magellan Health , Meritage Homes , Nextiva , Advisor Group , Paradise Bakery & Café , P.F. Chang's China Bistro , Rural Metro , Axon , and United Blood Services . According to

1152-564: A gun. According to previous interpretation of the Firearms Act, 1995 , Taser CEWs were considered "prohibited weapons" and could be used only by members of law-enforcement agencies after they were imported into the country under a special permit. The possession of restricted weapons must be licensed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Canadian Firearms Program unless exempted by law. A 2008 review of

1296-440: A less-lethal current, death does not usually occur from a single shock. The resulting "shock" is caused by muscles twitching uncontrollably, appearing as muscle spasms. The internal circuits of most electroshock weapons are fairly simple, based on either an oscillator , resonant circuit (a power inverter ), and step-up transformer or a diode - capacitor voltage multiplier to achieve an alternating high-voltage discharge or

1440-526: A limited number of tasers to their general police forces. Some states, such as Berlin, have use of force guidelines that only permit taser use where firearm use would also be justified. The Bundeswehr (German armed forces) does not issue tasers nor are they used in training. Under the Firearms Act of 1925, tasers, pepper spray and stun guns are illegal to possess or purchase in Ireland, even with

1584-407: A long-range wireless electro-shock projectile called XREP(eXtended Range Electro-Muscular Projectile), which can be fired from any 12-gauge shotgun . It contains a small high-voltage battery. Its range is currently 30 metres (98 ft), but the U.S. Department of Defense , which funded development for the technology, expected delivery of a 90 metres (300 ft) range projectile of this type from

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1728-547: A major destination for high-end shoppers. These shopping centers (and others), in Scottsdale claim dozens of marquee brands that are unique to both Phoenix and the Southwestern region. As of 2016, Scottsdale Fashion Square was ranked in the top 25 most visited malls in the country by Travel + Leisure magazine. It has consistently been one of the most profitable malls in the United States, being ranked in 2016 as

1872-403: A metal end split into two parts electrically insulated from each other, or two thin projecting metal electrodes about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) apart, at an end of a shaft containing the batteries and mechanism. At the other end of the shaft are a handle and a switch. Both electrodes must touch the subject. In some types the sides of the baton can be electrified to stop the subject from grasping

2016-546: A new type of TASER device called the X3, which can fire three shots before reloading. It holds three new type cartridges, which are much thinner than the previous model. On April 5, 2017, TASER announced that it was rebranding itself as Axon to reflect its expanded business into body cameras and software. In 2018, TASER 7 conducted energy device was released, the seventh generation of TASER devices from Axon. A TASER device fires two small dart-like electrodes , which stay connected to

2160-578: A potential assailant, and gain compliance of a suspect without having to deploy the loaded cartridges. During the warning arc mode, the TASER CEW will display an arc of electricity at the front of the device. The TASER 7 device is the second newest of all four CEWs. It is a two-shot device with spiral darts that spool from the dart allowing the probes to fly straighter. The TASER 7 device's rapid arc technology with adaptive cross connections allows for full incapacitation. The TASER 7 CEW connects wirelessly to

2304-623: A prohibited "firearm". This misunderstanding was subsequently incorporated into the RCMP's operational policies and procedures as well as those of other police services in Canada. While the most recent RCMP operational manual, completed in 2007, correctly refers to the CEW as a prohibited firearm, a number of consequences of this error in classification remain to be dealt with, by both the RCMP and other Canadian police services. Consequently, it could be argued

2448-495: A prolonged period of time, thus potentially contributing to suspects' injuries or death. The current X26 model automatically stops five seconds after the trigger is depressed and then the trigger must be depressed again to send another shock. The trigger can be held down continuously for a longer shock or the device can be switched off before the full five seconds have elapsed. The devices have no protections against multiple police officers giving multiple shocks, cumulatively exceeding

2592-480: A prototype in 2003, uses an aerosol as the conductive medium. The manufacturers called it a "Plasma Taser"; however, this is only a marketing name, and the weapon does not use plasma . According to the proponents of this technology, problems associated with this design include: Since 2001, Russian developer Oleg Nemtyshkin has sought to create a repeating stun pistol, after the Axon Taser CEW. This weapon,

2736-413: A relative of cattle prods , which have been around for over 100 years and are the precursor of stun guns. The recipient is immobilized via two metal probes connected via wires to the electroshock device. The recipient feels pain , and can be momentarily paralyzed while an electric current is being applied. Essential to the operation of electroshock, stun guns and cattle prods is sufficient current to allow

2880-502: A sales tax to purchase acreage for this purpose. When completed, the 36,000 acres (15,000 ha) planned for the McDowell Sonoran Preserve will be nearly one-third of Scottsdale's land area, equal in size to Bryce Canyon National Park . From its official incorporation in 1951 with a population of 2,000, Scottsdale has grown to a 2020 census count of 241,361. It is now the state's seventh-largest city. Scottsdale

3024-551: A series of large-scale, master-planned communities within Scottsdale's borders, including Scottsdale Ranch (1978), Gainey Ranch (1980), McDowell Mountain Ranch (1992), Desert Mountain (1986), and DC Ranch (1990s). In 1975, the city annexed the "east Shea" section, bordering Fountain Hills , expanding its area from 62.2 to 88.6 sq mi (161 to 229 km ). This was followed by a four-year period from 1981 to 1984 during which

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3168-509: A state licence. A weapons permit is required to purchase and own a taser. Since April 2008, tasers can be legally purchased by persons 18 and older, but can only be carried by persons with a firearm carry permit ( Waffenschein ), which is only issued under very restricted conditions. In 2001, Germany approved a pilot project allowing individual states to issue tasers to their SEK teams ( police tactical units ); by 2018, 13 out of 16 states had done so. A number of states have also provided

3312-449: A taser punishable by up to 10 years in prison. As of September 2019, 30,548 (19%) of police officers were trained to use tasers. Tasers were deployed 23,000 times from March 2018 to March 2019, compared to only 10,000 times in 2013; however the UK police definition of "deployed" means that the weapon has been drawn; in the majority of cases it will not have been fired. In March 2020, extra funding

3456-410: A total of 101,273 households in the city. The population density was 1,181.4 per square mile (456.1/km ). There were 124,001 housing units at an average density of 673.9/sq mi (260.2/km ). The racial make-up of the city was 89.3% White , 1.7% Black or African American , 0.8% Native American , 3.3% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.5% from other races and 2.3% from two or more races. 8.8% of

3600-416: A train of open trailers pulled by a truck, with a single operator sitting in an air conditioned cab. The city is loosely divided into four areas: South Scottsdale (McKellips Road north to Thomas Road), Old Town (Downtown) Scottsdale, Central Scottsdale (also known as the "Shea Corridor," extending from Camelback Road north to Shea Boulevard), and North Scottsdale. South Scottsdale has for many years been

3744-796: A valid firearms certificate. Tasers are legal for civilians to own, provided they possess a valid permit under the Customs Act. Currently, police in Jamaica do not have access to tasers, but in February 2021, Corporal James Rohan, Chairman of the Police Federation, requested access to non-lethal weaponry in order to deal more effectively with encounters with mentally ill individuals. Under the Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law , import, carrying, purchase and use of stun guns or tasers

3888-400: A valid license to own or import. Adopted and used since 2004 by Korean National Police . Tasers have been in use by UK police forces since 2001, and they require 18 hours of initial training, followed by six hours of annual top-up training, in order for a police officer to be allowed to carry and use one. Members of the general public are not allowed to own tasers, with possession or sale of

4032-577: Is Butte Peak at an elevation of 4,890 ft. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 184.4 square miles (478 km ), of which 0.4 square miles (1.0 km ), or 0.24%, are water. From the 1950s to the 1970s, several large manufacturing companies in the Scottsdale and Tempe areas used the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) in their manufacturing and operating processes. In 1981, TCE began to show up in two Scottsdale drinking wells, and in 1983,

4176-497: Is a piezo-electric projectile that generates and releases electric charge on impact. Prototype electroshock guns exist that replace the solid wire with a stream of conductive liquid (e.g., metallic solution, salt water), which offers an increase in the range of a Taser CEW (or better) and the possibility of multiple shots. According to the proponents of this technology, difficulties associated with this experimental design include: Another design, announced by Rheinmetall W&M as

4320-474: Is a city in the eastern part of Maricopa County, Arizona , United States, and is part of the Phoenix metropolitan area . Named Scottsdale in 1894 after its founder Winfield Scott , a retired U.S. Army chaplain , the city was incorporated in 1951 with a population of 2,000. At the 2020 census , the population was 241,361, which had grown from 217,385 in 2010. Its slogan is "The West's Most Western Town". Over

4464-693: Is along the eastern boundary, as well as sharing Scottsdale's northern boundary with the Tonto National Forest . To the south Scottsdale is bordered by Tempe . The southern boundary is also occupied by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , which extends along the eastern boundary, which also borders Fountain Hills , the McDowell Mountain Regional Park and more unincorporated Maricopa County land. The highest point

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4608-491: Is commonly defined by its high quality of life, and in 1993 was one of several cities to receive a "Most Livable City" award from the United States Conference of Mayors . The Scottsdale Airpark, surrounding the city's airport, became a hotspot for a variety of large and small businesses, ranging from light industry to luxury auto sales. The Airpark in the 2000s emerged as one of the top employment centers in

4752-437: Is expected to continue growing by over 3,000 employees per year. Many important companies are headquartered or have regional headquarters in the park, including Acronis , AXA , GE Capital , DHL , Discount Tire Company , Fidelity Investments , Blue Yonder , The Vanguard Group and Quicken Loans . Scottsdale's climate is arid . Winters are mild to warm and summers are extremely hot. The lowest temperature ever recorded in

4896-620: Is fired, instead of spooling from the TASER cartridge which increases stability while in flight and therefore increases accuracy. The spiral darts fly straighter and faster with nearly twice the kinetic energy for better connection to the target and penetration through thicker clothing. The body of the dart breaks away to allow for containment at tough angles. TASER 7 has a 93% increased probe spread at close range, where 85% of deployments occur, according to agency reports. Rapid arc technology with adaptive cross-connection helps enable full incapacitation even at close range. TASER 7 wirelessly connects to

5040-536: Is legal for the police in Brazil. Its use is widespread mainly in the Guardas Municipais (Municipal Guards), who receive professional training in the use of electro-conductive pistols. Taser devices are also used by military police and specialized forces. There are laws allowing their use by private security companies , but such use is unusual because of the expense of maintaining a Taser CEW compared with

5184-603: Is little to no commercial air service; nearly all operations are corporate or general aviation . The immediate area surrounding the Scottsdale Airport, known locally as the Airpark, has developed rapidly as a regional center of commerce. By 2004, the Airpark had grown to become the second-largest employment center in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area , with over 50,000 people being employed within

5328-711: Is prohibited in Japan. Stun guns and tasers made in Russia can be purchased for self-defense without special permission, however, under the Federal Law No. 150 "On Weapons" of the Russian Federation it's illegal to import and subsequent sale of any foreign stun devices or tasers into the country. The ban has been in place since the first version of the law was approved in 1996. Tasers are classified as weapons under Federal Law No. 3 of 2009, and therefore require

5472-693: Is required to purchase and own a taser. Only members of law enforcement are allowed to own a taser legally. However, according to an article by The Globe and Mail, many Canadians illegally purchase tasers from the US, where they are legal. Under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Firearms and Public Security Punishment Law, tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in China without an application for

5616-515: Is sent to tell the control pack to give the subject an electric shock. Some models are activated by the subject's movement. The United States uses these devices to control prisoners. One type is the REACT belt . Some stun belts can restrain the subject's hands and have a strap going under his groin to stop him from rotating the belt around his waist to reach its battery and control pack and trying to deactivate it. Stun belts are not generally available to

5760-712: Is today Scottsdale. Also in 1909, Cavalliere's Blacksmith Shop opened in downtown Scottsdale, and the original schoolhouse was replaced by the much more expansive Little Red Schoolhouse, which stands to this day. While not in its original building, Cavalliere's has been in continuous operation since that time. In 1912, both the Phoenix Street Railway Company and a competitor, the Salt River Valley Electric Railway Company, proposed building streetcar lines to Scottsdale, but due to an economic downturn, neither

5904-478: The Firearms Act, 1995 found that the act classifies "the TASER Public Defender and any variant or modified version of it" as "prohibited firearms". However, Canadian police forces typically treat TASER devices as "prohibited weapons", inconsistent with the restrictions on firearms. The direct source for this information comes from an independent report produced by Compliance Strategy Group for

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6048-572: The Committee against Torture of the UN. Possession, ownership and use of a stun gun (including Taser CEWs) by civilians is considerably restricted, if not illegal in all States and Territories. The importation into Australia is restricted with permits being required. Stun gun use in Australian law enforcement is as follows: Austria allows police to use stun guns, including Taser CEWs. After using

6192-703: The French National Police and Gendarmerie . In September 2008, they were made available to local police by a government decree, but in September 2009, the Council of State reversed the decision judging that the specificities of the weapon required a stricter regulation and control. However, since the murder of a policewoman on duty, the Taser CEW has been in use again by local police forces since 2010. Scottsdale, Arizona Scottsdale

6336-558: The Indian Bend Wash superfund site was listed on the Environmental Protection Agency 's National Priorities List. Physical construction of environmental remediation systems was completed by 2006, with soil cleanup expected to be completed in five years and groundwater cleanup in 30 years. The city developed one of the first automated garbage trucks in 1969, replacing crews who dumped cans into

6480-505: The National Association of Medical Examiners until 2023. Excited delirium is thought to involve delirium , psychomotor agitation , anxiety , hallucinations , speech disturbances, disorientation , violent and bizarre behavior, insensitivity to pain , elevated body temperature , and increased strength. Excited delirium is associated with sudden death (usually via cardiac or respiratory arrest ), particularly following

6624-749: The Police Executive Research Forum says that total exposure should not exceed 15 seconds. There are other circumstances that pose higher secondary risks of serious injury or death, including: Fulton County, Georgia District Attorney Paul Howard Jr. said in 2020 that "under Georgia law, a taser is considered as a deadly weapon." A 2012 study published in the American Heart Association 's journal Circulation found that Tasers can cause "ventricular arrhythmias , sudden cardiac arrest and even death." In 2014, NAACP State Conference President Scot X. Esdaile and

6768-710: The Robert Dziekański Taser CEW incident at Vancouver International Airport . Under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Firearms and Public Security Punishment Law, stun guns and tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in China without an application for a state licence. A weapons permit is required to purchase and own a stun gun or taser. Electroshock weapons that require direct contact are not regulated by Czech law. They may be purchased, owned and carried for personal protection without any limitations. Taser CEWs are considered class C-I firearms under Czech law, i.e. freely available over

6912-421: The U.S. Department of Justice recommend that use of Drive Stun as a pain compliance technique be avoided. The guidelines were issued by a joint committee of the Police Executive Research Forum and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The guidelines state "Using the CEW to achieve pain compliance may have limited effectiveness and, when used repeatedly, may even exacerbate

7056-635: The possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. There are a number of cartridges designated by range, with the maximum at 35 feet (11 m). Cartridges available to non- law enforcement consumers are limited to 15 feet (4.6 m). Practically speaking, police officers must generally be within 15 to 25 feet (4.6 to 7.6 m) to use a Taser, though the X26's probes can travel as far as 35   feet. The electrodes are pointed to penetrate clothing and barbed to prevent removal once in place. The original TASER device probes unspool

7200-401: The 1950s. This growth necessitated development into the floodplain known as the Indian Bend Wash . Floodplains throughout history have been enticing locations for development due to their flatness, ease of building and inexpensiveness. This is even more tempting in a desert, where flooding so rarely happens. As Scottsdale expanded, the north-south Indian Bend Wash virtually bisected the city. In

7344-409: The 1960s and 1970s, the population reaching almost 68,000 by 1970. Most of the unused property within the city limits was to the north, so that was the direction in which the city expanded. The city, which in 1959 had spanned 5 sq mi (13 km ), expanded its borders to encompass 62 sq mi (160 km ). Large ranch tracts covered huge areas in the northern part of the city. One of

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7488-626: The 1970s. Real estate in the Shea Corridor (Central Scottsdale) has increased during the 1990s, and overall, the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale real estate market saw the largest gain in house prices in the nation during the mid-2000s with a 38.4% increase in value. A number of communities in this central region of Scottsdale remain among the most highly desired residential areas in the metropolitan area, including Gainey Ranch and McCormick Ranch. A large portion of Scottsdale Road in

7632-631: The Air TASER conducted energy device was not a firearm. In 1999, TASER International developed an "ergonomically handgun -shaped device called the Advanced TASER M-series systems," which used a "patented neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) technology." In May 2003, TASER International released a new weapon called the TASER X26 conducted energy device, which used "shaped pulse technology." On July 27, 2009, TASER International released

7776-607: The American College of Emergency Physicians, who argued in a 2009 white paper that excited delirium may be described by several codes within the ICD-9 . In 2017, investigative reporters from Reuters reported that three of the 19 members of the 2009 task force were paid consultants for Axon, the manufacturer of Tasers. Tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in Australia in every state and territory. A weapons permit

7920-509: The Axon Evidence network that includes inventory management capabilities among other things. The TASER 10 device was officially announced by Axon on January 24, 2023. The TASER 10 was dubbed the "less-lethal weapon of its era" by Axon. In addition to the functions of the TASER 7, the TASER 10 features an increased probe distance of up to 45 feet, waterproof capabilities, increased probe velocity (205 feet per second), and ability to deploy

8064-646: The Axon network, allowing for easier updates and inventory management. A TASER device may provide a safety benefit to police officers. The use of a TASER device has a greater deployment range than batons , pepper spray , or empty hand techniques. This allows police to maintain a greater distance. A 2008 study of use-of-force incidents by the Calgary Police Service conducted by the Canadian Police Research Centre found that

8208-496: The Canada Criminal Code. TASERs in Canada are only legal for Law Enforcement users. The first TASER conducted energy weapon was introduced in 1993 as a less-lethal force option for police to use to subdue belligerent or fleeing suspects, who would have otherwise been subjected to more lethal force options such as firearms . As of 2010, according to one study, over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around

8352-509: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, indicated that the threshold of energy needed to induce deadly ventricular fibrillation decreased dramatically with each successive burst of pulses; however, one pulse may provide enough energy to induce deadly ventricular fibrillation in some cases. The threshold for women may be less. Although the Taser CEW is a programmable device, the controlling software does not limit

8496-486: The Connecticut NAACP argued that Tasers cause lethal results. Reuters reported that more than 1,000 people shocked with a Taser by police died through the end of 2018, nearly all of them since the early 2000s. At least 49 people died in the US in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser. Some TASER device models, particularly those used by police departments , also have a "Drive Stun" capability, where

8640-484: The Greenbelt concept as a way to prevent flood damage. After a major flood in 1972, work on the Greenbelt project began in earnest. It was completed in 1984, although minor projects continue. Today, the 12-mile-long (19 km) Scottsdale Greenbelt connects four city parks—Vista del Camino Park, Eldorado Park, Indian School Park and Chaparral Park—through a 25-mile (40 km) bike path. The city continued to grow in

8784-729: The Phoenix metro area. The airport supported 3,462 jobs, which boosted the Scottsdale economy. The city is in the Salt River Valley, or the "Valley of the Sun", in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert . Scottsdale, 31 miles (50 km) long and 11.4 miles (18.3 km) wide at its widest point, shares boundaries with many other municipalities and entities. On the west, Scottsdale is bordered by Phoenix , Paradise Valley , and unincorporated Maricopa County land. Carefree

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8928-612: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The report is called An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In the report that is available through access to information, the authors argued that the CEW was, for several years after its adoption by the RCMP, erroneously characterized as a prohibited "weapon" under the Criminal Code , as opposed to

9072-593: The Shea Corridor has been dubbed the Resort Corridor for the high number of resorts on the street. The second Ritz Carlton in the Phoenix metropolitan area will be along this corridor. North Scottsdale is the most actively developed area of Scottsdale, as it was historically the least built up. This part of the city also claims many of the most expensive houses in Arizona, with many exceeding $ 5 million in value. The city's borders are rapidly expanding to

9216-592: The TASER Public Defender, used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. Former TASER International CEO Patrick Smith testified in a TASER-related lawsuit that the catalyst for the development of the device was the "shooting death of two of his high school acquaintances" by a "guy with a legally licensed gun who lost his temper". The two decedents, Todd Bogers and Cory Holmes, died in 1991 not 1990 as Smith has claimed. Family members and friends of

9360-488: The TASER Pulse, which runs at a 30 second cycle once fired to allow the victim the opportunity to escape. The TASER X26P device is a single-shot CEW that is the smallest, most compact SMART WEAPON of all four Axon models.   The TASER X2 device is a two-shot TASER CEW with a warning arc and dual lasers . The warning arc is a function the officer can utilize with the push of a button to intimidate an aggressor, warn

9504-527: The TASER device is held against the target without firing the projectiles, and is intended to cause pain without incapacitating the target. "Drive Stun" is "the process of using the EMD (Electro Muscular Disruption) weapon as a pain compliance technique. This is done by activating the TASER [device] and placing it against an individual's body. This can be done without an air cartridge in place or after an air cartridge has been deployed." Guidelines released in 2011 by

9648-427: The Taser device on healthy test subjects. However, Taser International no longer claims the devices are "non-lethal", instead saying they "are more effective and safer than other use-of-force options". Currently , Taser devices are programmed to be activated in automatic five second bursts, and the operator can stop the energy charge by engaging the safety switch. The charge can also be prolonged beyond five seconds if

9792-581: The United Kingdom the possession and purchase of any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid, gas or other thing is prohibited. This includes electroshock weapons. The United Nations Committee against Torture reports that the use of Taser devices can be a form of torture, due to the acute pain they cause, and warns against the possibility of death in some cases. The use of stun belts has been condemned by Amnesty International as torture , not only for

9936-570: The United States Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice entitled Police Use of Force, TASERs and Other Less-Lethal Weapons , over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around the world used TASER devices as part of their use of force continuum . Just as the number of agencies deploying TASER conducted energy weapons has continued to increase each year, so too the number of TASER device related "incidents" between law enforcement officers and suspects has been on

10080-465: The United States, TASERs are marketed as less-lethal , since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. At least 49 people died in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser. Personal use TASERs are marketed in the US, but prohibited in Canada. In Canada, all taser possession is considered illegal. There is a categorical ban on all conducted energy weapons such as stun guns or tasers, according to section 84 of

10224-438: The United States. The region's year-round warm weather and abundant sunshine is a major factor in Scottsdale's tourism appeal. In particular, during the winter, thousands of tourists and retirees from the midwest, the northeast, and as far away as Canada (known locally as " snowbirds ") flood the area with visits from brief to long term. Those who practice the same migration routine annually often end up purchasing winter homes in

10368-472: The University of Florida Offense Report). Amnesty International has expressed particular concern about Drive Stun, noting that "the potential to use TASERs in drive-stun mode—where they are used as 'pain compliance' tools when individuals are already effectively in custody—and the capacity to inflict multiple and prolonged shocks, renders the weapons inherently open to abuse." According to a 2011 study by

10512-459: The area touched by the TASER [CEW], but does not have a significant effect on the central nervous system . The Drive Stun does not incapacitate a subject but may assist in taking a subject into custody." The UCLA Taser incident and the University of Florida Taser incident involved university police officers using their TASER device's "Drive Stun" capability (referred to as a "contact tase" in

10656-507: The area. The Mayo Clinic has one of its three major campuses in Scottsdale. This and its resulting effects have made Scottsdale an attractive destination for medical care. The aviation industry has also grown in Scottsdale, with the construction of Scottsdale Airport in North Scottsdale, in the 1960s. Today, it is one of the busiest single-runway airports in the United States in terms of aircraft operations. However, there

10800-436: The baton above the electrodes. Some models are built into long flashlights also designed to administer an electric shock with its lit end's metal surround (which is split into halves insulated from each other). A stun belt is a belt that is fastened around the subject's waist, leg, or arm that carries a battery and control pack, and contains features to stop the subject from unfastening or removing it. A remote-control signal

10944-481: The book Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle , a book written by the Stratemeyer Syndicate under the pseudonym Victor Appleton and featuring Cover's childhood hero, Tom Swift . The name made sense, given that the Taser delivers an electric shock. This was also done on the pattern of laser , as both a Taser and a laser fire a beam at an object. The first Taser model that was offered for sale, called

11088-464: The brothers worked with Cover to develop a "non-firearm TASER electronic control device". The 1994 Air TASER Model 34000 conducted energy device had an "anti- felon identification (AFID) system" to prevent the likelihood that the device would be used by criminals; upon use, it released many small pieces of paper containing the serial number of the TASER device. The U.S. firearms regulator, the ATF, stated that

11232-435: The circuit and channel an electric pulse into the target person's body. They deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing " neuromuscular incapacitation." The effects of a TASER device may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use, connectivity and location of the darts. The TASER device is marketed as less-lethal , since

11376-487: The city annexed an additional (almost) 80 sq mi (210 km ). Faced with this rapid expansion and growth, many residents became concerned about losing their southwestern scenery. The McDowell Sonoran Conservancy was born in 1991. Teaming with developers, a plan was developed to set aside the McDowell Mountains and adjoining areas in a huge preserve. In 1995, Scottsdale's citizens voted to implement

11520-484: The city is 16.0 °F (−8.9 °C), on January 7, 1913, and the highest was 122 °F (50 °C), on June 26, 1990. At the 2020 census , there were 241,361 people. The racial make-up of the city was 78.5% Non-Hispanic White , 2.0% African American , 0.8% Native American , 5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander and 9.8% Hispanic or Latino . At the 2010 census, the population was 217,385, of whom 69,967 lived in owner-occupied housing and 32,306 in renter occupied,

11664-661: The city of Scottsdale. There is also a small population of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as is common throughout Phoenix, Arizona, and the Western United States. The first church founded in Scottsdale was the First Baptist Church of Scottsdale, which was built by Scott and his family. The church has named a small non-profit coffee shop on the corner of their campus after Scott, called Winfield's. Congregation Beth Israel ,

11808-584: The city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The city has several corporate retail outlets as well as independent boutiques. There are many shopping areas within the city of Scottsdale, ranging from small districts to large centers. The most notable regional centers include the Kierland Commons and Scottsdale Quarter in North Scottsdale, and Scottsdale Fashion Square in Downtown Scottsdale,

11952-466: The city, including 6 in 2008 alone. South Scottsdale is the home to a new research center for Arizona State University known as SkySong , a collaboration between the university, local business, and global companies. The development has attracted the research and development arms of a number of international corporations. Old Town Scottsdale is an area with many streets, old-fashioned stores, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and art galleries. It contains

12096-503: The company in 2007. An XREP projectile was controversially used by British police during the 2010 Northumbria Police manhunt . It subsequently transpired that the XREP had never been officially approved for use in the United Kingdom and the weapon system was provided unrequested to the police at the scene directly by the civilian company which distributes Taser International's products in the UK. The company's license to provide Taser systems

12240-471: The counter, however the owner must be older than 18, have full legal capacity, place of residence in the Czech Republic, clean criminal record, full mental capacity and must register the taser with police. In Finland possession of a Taser CEW is legal only for police officers. Police have been using Taser CEWs since 2005. Nowadays there is one in almost every patrol car. Taser devices are used by

12384-547: The creation of Long Staple Egyptian Cotton, developed by the US Department of Agriculture . Cotton is still grown in southern Arizona, but Scottsdale's cotton boom ended with the loss of government contracts at the end of the war. In 1920, a second resort was opened on 12 acres (4.9 ha) of property owned by the artist Jessie Benton Evans . Called the Jokake Inn, meaning "mud house", the structure still stands on

12528-561: The death of detained subjects, a possible "conspiracy or cover-up for brutality" when restraining agitated individuals. Also contributing to the controversy is the role of TASER device use in excited delirium deaths. Excited delirium is not found in the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . The term excited delirium was accepted by the National Association of Medical Examiners and

12672-643: The death of the Polish immigrant Robert Dziekanski at the airport in Vancouver, Canada where he died after the RCMP officer, in spite of his training, repeatedly stunned him with a TASER CEW. The report by forensic pathologist Charles Lee, of Vancouver General Hospital, listed the principal cause of death as "sudden death during restraint", with a contributory factor of "chronic alcoholism". A similar incident occurred in Sydney, Australia, to Roberto Laudisio Curti ,

12816-483: The device has "saved 75,000 lives through 2011." A more recent academic study suggested police use of conducted electrical weapons in the United States was less risky to police officers than hands-on tactics, and showed officer injury rates equal to use of chemicals such as pepper spray . Tasers have a long history of use to prevent the escape of dangerous suspects without needing to resort to lethal force, or used to capture suspects without risking serious injuries to both

12960-493: The east and west in this area, containing the McDowell Mountain range. Much of the residential boom in North Scottsdale is driven by available land to build coupled with the fast growth of Scottsdale Airpark , the second largest employment center in the Phoenix metropolitan, as of 2008. The Scottsdale Airpark, home to over 55,000 employees, 2,600 businesses and 23,000,000 square feet (2,100,000 m ) of office space

13104-430: The electroshock weapon's internal circuitry, discharge waveform, and battery conditions. The M-26 Taser models produce a peak current of 18 amperes in pulses that last for around 10 microseconds. Manufacturers' instructions and manuals shipped with the products state that a half-second shock duration will cause intense pain and muscle contractions, startling most people greatly. Two to three seconds will often cause

13248-481: The first of its kind, uses tensioned, uninsulated wire and is capable of cycling multiple shots with the pull of a trigger. A video of the S5 pistol firing at targets was uploaded on YouTube . Because of the use of electricity and the claim of the weapon being non-lethal, controversy has sprouted over particular incidents involving the weapon and the use of the weapon in general. In essence, controversy has been centered on

13392-634: The first schoolhouse, which was followed by the opening of the first general store by J. L. Davis, which also housed the first post office for Scottsdale in 1897. In the early 1900s the community supported an artists and writers culture, culminating in the opening of the region's first resort in 1909, the Ingleside Inn, just south of the Arizona Canal and west of the Crosscut Canal (Indian School Road at about 64th Street) in what

13536-421: The floodwaters, as well as building bridges over the canal, similar to the storm drains of Los Angeles. But during MCFCD meetings between 1961 and 1963, a different course of action was developed. This plan became known as the multi-use, or Greenbelt, concept. The two concepts were at odds with one another until the canal plan was defeated in a bond referendum in 1965. In 1966, a study was commissioned that validated

13680-587: The grounds of the Phoenician Resort. The Depression years saw an influx of artists and architects to Scottsdale, which included, in 1937, Frank Lloyd Wright . Wright and his wife purchased 600 acres (240 ha) acres of desert at the foot of the McDowell Mountains and established Taliesin West , his winter home and his architectural firm's southwestern headquarters. Scottsdale and

13824-477: The justification of the use of the weapon in certain instances, and, in some cases, health issues that are claimed to be due to the use of the weapon. Tests conducted by the Cleveland Clinic found that Taser CEWs did not interfere with pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. A study conducted by emergency medicine physicians at the University of California, San Diego, US showed no lasting effects of

13968-468: The largest of these was the McCormick ranch, a 4,236-acre (1,714 ha) ranch serving much of the eastern boundary of Scottsdale owned by Fowler and Anne McCormick. Fowler's paternal grandfather was Cyrus McCormick , the inventor of the grain reaper, and his maternal grandfather was John D. Rockefeller . When Anne died in 1970, the property was sold to Kaiser-Aetna for $ 12.1 million. This started

14112-834: The late 1950s, the problem became more and more pronounced, until in 1959 the Arizona State Legislature formed the Maricopa County Flood Control District (MCFCD). The MCFCD became the lead player in developing a comprehensive flood plan for the entire county. At the same time, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began to look into flooding in Maricopa County. Over the next several years, it presented several plans, which all revolved around constructing concrete canals and levees to channel and divert

14256-443: The main unit by thin insulated copper wire as they are propelled by small compressed nitrogen charges. The cartridge contains a pair of electrodes and propellant for a single shot and is replaced after each use. Once fired the probes travel at 180 feet (55 m) per second, spread 12 inches (300 mm) apart for every 7 feet (2.1 m) they travel, and must land at least 4 inches (100 mm) apart from each other to complete

14400-413: The main unit by thin laquer insulated copper wire and deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing " neuromuscular incapacitation." When successfully used, the target is said to have been " tased ". The effects of a taser may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts. In

14544-471: The major nightlife for the area and is a major art center of metro Phoenix. Scottsdale's main cultural district is also in this area, which includes the high-end Scottsdale Fashion Square , one of the country's 20 largest malls. The district has seen a revival, with new condominiums and hotels under construction. The Shea Corridor is so named because it is in close proximity to the east-west Shea Boulevard. The houses in this region were generally built during

14688-484: The majority of Scottsdale residents consider themselves of, or practicing of, the Christian faith(s) – including Protestant and Roman Catholic – the city's high population growth over the years has resulted in a more diverse population. Most notably, greater numbers of Eastern Orthodox and Jews have been added to the population. Though smaller in number, Hindu , Sikh and Buddhist communities also exist within

14832-418: The manufacturer has identified other risk factors that may increase the risks of use. Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and very thin individuals are considered at higher risk. Persons with known medical problems, such as heart disease, history of seizure, or have a pacemaker are also at greater risk. Axon also warns that repeated, extended, or continuous exposure to the weapon is not safe. Because of this,

14976-644: The market. According to § 40 Abs. 4 WaffG, the German federal police may approve of exceptions. Such a special approval for purchase, ownership and carrying was in effect until 31 December 2010. As of 1 January 2011, only devices carrying the PTB 's seal of approval are legal. Previous owners may keep their devices, but cannot carry or sell them. Electroshock weapons effective over a distance, like Taser CEWs, have been completely outlawed in Germany since 1 April 2008. In

15120-468: The modern tasers voltage) Jack Cover , a NASA researcher, began developing the Taser in 1969. By 1974, he had completed the device, which he named after his childhood hero Tom Swift ( "Thomas A. Swift's electric rifle" ). The Taser Public Defender product used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. Cover's patent

15264-490: The most AAA Five-Diamond hotels and resorts in the United States. In 2015, AAA bestowed four such properties in Scottsdale with the highest honor: The Phoenician and The Canyon Suites, part of The Luxury Collection , Four Seasons Hotels Scottsdale at Troon North, and the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts Princess Resort and Spa. In 2016, Scottsdale had the highest number of destination spas per capita of any city in

15408-428: The motor nervous system. However, some models of Taser blur this distinction as they are capable of delivering a "drive stun" , a pain compliance technique involving placing the weapon in direct contact with the subject's body and discharging a shock without firing the probes. In 1935, Ciril Diaz of Cuba designed an electroshock glove for use by the police. The glove delivered 1,500 volts of electricity (only 3% of

15552-570: The motto "The West's Most Western Town". The seal, depicting a mounted cowboy surrounded by a 64-pointed starburst, was designed by Mrs. Gene Brown Pennington. The city also became a tourist destination with the opening of the city's first modern resorts, the Hotel Valley Ho and the Safari Hotel , in 1956. The town began a period of rapid population growth after its incorporation in 1951, growing from 2,000 to 10,000 residents during

15696-412: The number of the bursts of pulses and the time between bursts while the trigger is held down continuously, or the number of times the shock cycles can be repeated. Electroshock weapons have been made illegal in Germany by supplement 2 WaffG if they do not carry an official seal of approval demonstrating they do not constitute a health risk. As of July, 2011, no such seal has been issued to any device on

15840-402: The officer and the suspect. US patent by Kunio Shimizu titled "Arrest device" filed in 1966 describes an electrical discharge gun with a projectile connected to a wire with a pair of electrode needles for skin attachment. Jack Cover , a NASA researcher, began developing the first Taser in 1969. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named TASER, using a loose acronym of the title of

15984-618: The oldest Reform Judaism congregation in the Phoenix metropolitan area is in Scottsdale, and is the largest congregation in Arizona . In North Scottsdale, there is the Jewish Community Center of Phoenix and the New Shul. The community center was originally in central Phoenix, it had eventually outgrown the location and was looking to relocate and build a more expansive campus. In 2009, a new Armenian Apostolic church

16128-476: The past two decades, it has been one of the fastest growing cities and housing markets in the United States. Scottsdale is 31 miles (50 km) from its northern to southernmost edge, and covers 184.5 square miles (478 km ). The city is bordered by the city of Phoenix to the west, Tonto National Forest to the north, the McDowell Mountains to the east, and the Salt River to the south. Scottsdale

16272-651: The physical pain the devices cause, but also for their heightened abuse potential, due to their perceived "harmlessness" in terms of causing initial injuries, like ordinary police batons do. Amnesty International has reported several alleged cases of excessive electroshock gun use that possibly amount to torture. They have also raised extensive concerns about the use of other electro-shock devices by American police and in American prisons, as they can be (and according to Amnesty International , sometimes are) used to inflict cruel pain on individuals. Taser CEWs may also not leave

16416-458: The police in Canada may not have had the proper authority under their provincial policing Acts and Regulation to use the CEW in the first place. The point of unauthorized use by the police was also raised by Dirk Ryneveld, British Columbia's Police Complaint Commissioner at the Braidwood inquiry on June 25, 2008. Taser device safety and issues have been extensively rehearsed and investigated after

16560-419: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 101,290 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them. According to the 2010 census, 51.7% of Scottsdale's population was female, while 48.3% was male. 17.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.0% from 20 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 49, 22.8% from 50 to 64 and 19.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age

16704-447: The probes individually allowing the officer to create their own "spread" unlike previous models, which relied heavily on precise aiming of the prongs at a fixed angle with the assistance of two lasers. As with all less-lethal weapons, use of the TASER system is never risk-free. Sharp metal projectiles and electricity are in use, so misuse or abuse of the weapon increases the likelihood that serious injury or death may occur. In addition,

16848-467: The public. Stun shields are shields with electrodes embedded into the face, originally marketed for animal control, that have been adopted for riot control. A taser is a handheld weapon that fires two small dart-like electrodes which remain connected to the main unit by conductors. It delivers electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles resulting in pain and broad " neuromuscular incapacitation". Taser International has developed

16992-500: The range of 100 to 500 mA; individual impulse duration is claimed to be in the range of 10 to 100 μs (microseconds); frequency of impulse is claimed to be in the range of 2 to 40 Hz ; electrical charge delivered is claimed to be in the range of 15 to 500 μC (micro coulombs ); energy delivered is claimed to be in the range of 0.9 to 10 J. The output current upon contact with the target will depend on various factors such as target's resistance, skin type, moisture, bodily salinity, clothing,

17136-493: The recipient to become dazed and drop to the ground, and over three seconds will usually completely disorient and drop the recipient for at least several seconds. Taser International warns law enforcement agencies that "prolonged or continuous exposure(s) to the TASER device's electrical charge" may lead to medical risks such as cumulative exhaustion and breathing impairment. Because there was no automatic stop on older model Taser devices, many officers have used it repeatedly or for

17280-622: The recommended maximum levels. There is a fabric that purports to protect the wearer from Taser devices or other electroshock weapons. The compact handheld stun guns are about the size of a TV remote or calculator, and they must touch the subject when used. The original XR-5000 design in 1983 had the electrodes spread farther apart to make the noisy electric arc between the electrodes as a more visible warning. Some such devices are available disguised as other objects, such as umbrellas, mobile phones or pens. The larger baton-style prods are similar in basic design to an electric cattle prod . It has

17424-533: The rest of Phoenix have seen an everlasting influence from Wright. Many buildings throughout the region were designed by him. His influence on the regional architecture is commemorated by a major street bearing his name and a 125-foot (38 m) spire memorial designed by Wright in North Scottsdale. Among the more significant events during the years of World War II was the opening of Thunderbird II Airfield in 1942 (it later became Scottsdale Airport), where 5,500 pilot cadets received their primary flight training before

17568-507: The rise. Some of the deaths associated with TASER devices have been blamed on excited delirium, a controversial medical diagnosis that supposedly involves extreme agitation and aggressiveness. It has typically been diagnosed postmortem in young adult black males who were physically restrained by law enforcement at the time of death. The diagnosis was supported by the American College of Emergency Physicians from 2009 to 2023 and

17712-577: The second highest sales per square foot mall in the country, The center is anchored by Neiman Marcus , Macy's , Nordstrom , and Dillard's . One Scottsdale, a multi-use development by DMB Associates, aims to be the next luxury retail center serving the North Scottsdale area. In a three-mile (4.8 km) radius, the center sees an average household income of $ 110,292, and its 10-mile (16 km) zone has more households earning over $ 100,000 than several famous retail destinations, including Bal Harbour , Naples , Aspen , and The Hamptons . Palmeraie,

17856-468: The situation by inducing rage in the subject." A study of U.S. police and sheriff departments found that 29.6% of the jurisdictions allowed the use of Drive Stun for gaining compliance in a passive resistance arrest scenario, with no physical contact between the officer and the subject. For a scenario that also includes non-violent physical contact, this number is 65.2%. A Las Vegas police document says "The Drive Stun causes significant localized pain in

18000-548: The south and east. In the early to mid-1880s, U.S. Army Chaplain Winfield Scott visited the Salt River Valley and was impressed with it and its potential for agriculture. Returning in 1888 with his wife, Helen, he purchased 640 acres (260 ha) where historic Old Town is now, for $ 3.50 an acre ($ 92 as of 2015) . Another landowner in the Southern part of town, Albert G. Utley, filed plans with Maricopa County for

18144-438: The taser again. Conducted energy device Many types of these devices exist. Stun guns, batons (or prods), cattle prods , shock collars , and belts administer an electric shock by direct contact, whereas Tasers fire projectiles that administer the shock through thin flexible wires. Long-range electroshock projectiles, which can be fired from ordinary shotguns and do not need the wires, have also been developed. Though

18288-684: The telltale markings that a conventional beating might. The American Civil Liberties Union has also raised concerns about their use, as has the British human rights organization Resist Cardiac Arrest. In 2010, one court ruled against the use of five imported Taser devices by the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police , to comply with a claim from the Human Rights Observatorium, that states that Taser CEWs are considered an instrument of torture by NGOs and

18432-403: The trigger is held down continuously. The operator can also inflict repeated shock cycles with each pull of the trigger as long as both barbs remain attached to the subject. The only technical limit to the number or length of the electrical cycles is the life of the battery, which can be ten minutes or more. Concerns about the use of conducted electrical weapons have arisen from cases that include

18576-511: The two state that Smith was not friends with them, as Smith has claimed, and they were never "football teammates", as Smith has claimed. The two graduated before Smith attended Chaparral High School. Family members of the two have criticized his use of their deaths for profit. In 1993, Rick Smith and his brother Thomas founded the original company, TASER, and began to investigate what they called "safer use of force option[s] for citizens and law enforcement". At their Scottsdale, Arizona , facilities,

18720-428: The two terms are often used interchangeably, stun guns are actually direct contact weapons that work mainly through pain compliance by affecting the sensory nervous system. It can also cause some muscular disruption, but that generally requires 3–5 seconds of direct contact. In comparison, a Taser is a long range weapon that fires barbed darts and incapacitates the target by disrupting voluntary muscular control through

18864-443: The use of physical control measures, including police restraint and TASER devices. Excited delirium is most commonly diagnosed in male subjects with a history of serious mental illness or acute or chronic drug abuse , particularly stimulant drugs such as cocaine . Alcohol withdrawal or head trauma may also contribute to the condition. The diagnosis of excited delirium has been controversial. Excited delirium has been listed as

19008-622: The use of the TASER device resulted in fewer injuries than the use of batons or empty hand techniques. The study found that only pepper spray was a safer intervention option. A typical TASER device can operate with a peak voltage of 50 kilo volts (1200 Volts to the body), an electric current of 1.9 milliamps, at for example 19 100 microsecond pulses per second. A supplier quotes a current of 3-4 milliamps. As of September 30, 2024, Axon has three main models of TASER conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) available for law enforcement use but not necessarily civilian use. Civilians, however, have access to

19152-451: The war's end. Scottsdale was the site of a German POW camp at the intersection of Scottsdale and Thomas Roads in what today is Papago Park. In 1950, the town continued to grow as Motorola became the first of many technology companies to build a plant in Scottsdale. It built a second plant in 1956. With a population of approximately 2,000, the city was incorporated on June 25, 1951. It appointed its first mayor , Malcolm White, and adopted

19296-426: The weapon to stun. Without current these weapons cannot stun and the degree to which the weapon is capable of stunning depends on its proper use of current. It is reported that applying electroshock devices to more sensitive parts of the body is even more painful. The maximum effective areas for stun gun usage are upper shoulder, below the rib cage, and the upper hip. High voltages are used, but because most devices use

19440-426: The wire from the cartridge, causing a yaw effect before the dart stabilizes, which made it difficult to penetrate thick clothing. Newer versions (X26, C2) use a "shaped pulse" that increases effectiveness in the presence of barriers. The TASER 7 conducted energy device is a two-shot device with increased reliability over legacy products. The conductive wires spool from the dart when the TASER 7 conducted energy device

19584-516: The working-class neighborhood. The median resale home price is US$ 291,500, compared to $ 667,450 in North Scottsdale. Part of McDowell Road in South Scottsdale used to be known as "Motor Mile," having at one time 31 dealerships on the street. The strip at one time generated over $ 10 million in sales tax revenue each year and was one of the most profitable auto-miles in the United States. In recent years, many of these dealerships have left

19728-429: The world used tasers as part of their use of force continuum . A 2009 report by the Police Executive Research Forum in the United States found that police officer injuries dropped by 76% in large law enforcement agencies that deployed taser devices in the first decade of the 21st century compared with those that did not use them at all. Axon and its CEO Rick Smith have claimed that unspecified "police surveys" show that

19872-478: Was 42 years. According to a 2007 estimate, the median household income was $ 90,533 and the median family income for a family was $ 122,289. The per capita income was $ 59,158. About 3.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Scottsdale is home to a large number of churches , chapels , temples , synagogues , mosques and other places of religious worship. Though

20016-487: Was adapted by Nova Technologies in 1983 for the Nova XR-5000, their first non-projectile hand-held style stun gun. The XR-5000 design was widely copied as the source for the compact handheld stun gun used today. Electroshock weapon technology uses a temporary high-voltage, low- current electrical discharge to override the body's muscle-triggering mechanisms. Commonly referred to as a stun gun, electroshock weapons are

20160-494: Was afterwards revoked by the Home Secretary Theresa May . Due to increased interest in developing less-lethal weapons, mainly from the U.S. Military, a number of new types of electroshock weapon are being researched. They are designed to provide a "ranged" less-lethal weapon. The electrolaser is a prototype weapon that uses a laser to create a conducting ionized channel through the air. A shockround

20304-541: Was built in the city, representing the larger numbers of Armenians in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The tourism industry is Scottsdale's primary employer, accounting for 39% of the city's workforce. In 2005, Scottsdale attracted over 7.5 million visitors to the city, providing an economic impact of over $ 3.1 billion. The city of Scottsdale is tied with Atlanta for fourth, after New York City, Las Vegas, and Chicago respectively, as having

20448-548: Was built. Between 1908 and 1933, due to the construction of the Granite Reef and Roosevelt dams (in 1908 and 1911, respectively), Scottsdale's population experienced a boom, growing steadily during those years. It became a small market town providing services for families involved in the agricultural industry. During the First World War , Scottsdale and its environs supported a large cotton farming industry, due to

20592-464: Was originally a Pima village known as Vaṣai S-vaṣonĭ , meaning ' rotting hay ' . Some Pima people remain there today. Until the late 1960s, there was a still-occupied traditional dwelling on the southeast corner of Indian Bend Road and Hayden Road. The Pima who live in Scottsdale today reside in modern houses, not traditional dwellings. Many Pima and Maricopa people live in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community , which borders Scottsdale to

20736-456: Was provided to purchase devices to allow more than 8,000 extra British police officers to carry a taser. There has been considerable controversy over the use of Taser devices on children and in schools. The earliest known case of a taser being used on a child was on June 10, 1991, when one was used to incapacitate an 11-year-old girl in order to kidnap her. According to Jaycee Dugard , whenever she tried to escape, her kidnapper threatened to use

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