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63-546: The castle was built by Hugh of Fauquembergues , prince of Galilee , in 1106 AD to assist in capturing Tyre. After Hugh's death, the surroundings of Tibnin were raided by 'Izz al-Mulk, who killed the populace and made off with booty. Tibnin was made an independent seigneury, given to Humphrey I before 1109. After Humphrey I of Toron, the castle and lordship of Toron successively passed to his descendants Humphrey II and Humphrey IV . Banias , which had been given to Baldwin II by

126-823: A Seljuk attack in 1113. On June 27, 1119, Roger was killed at the Ager Sanguinis (the Field of Blood), and Antioch became a vassal state of Jerusalem with King Baldwin II as regent until 1126 (although Baldwin spent much of this time in captivity in Aleppo). Bohemond II, who married Baldwin's daughter Alice , ruled for only four years, and the Principality was inherited by his young daughter Constance ; Baldwin II acted as regent again until his death in 1131, when Fulk of Jerusalem took power. In 1136, Constance, still only 8 years old, married Raymond of Poitiers , who

189-519: A counter-attack, forcing the Egyptians to lift the siege on 27   May. Hugh pursued an aggressive policy against the Muslim rulers. He ordered the erection of the fortresses of Toron and Chastel Neuf to control the road between Damascus and Tyre . The two castles were finished in the autumn of 1105. Before long, Hugh made a plundering raid against the territories over Chastel Neuf. When he

252-685: A major Byzantine stronghold in the area under the control of a dux before falling to the Seljuk Turks in 1084. Therefore, it was one of the cities the army of the First Crusade aimed to liberate on its way to Jerusalem. While Baldwin of Boulogne headed east from Asia Minor to set up the County of Edessa , the main army of the First Crusade continued south to besiege Antioch in late October 1097. The army consisted of various leaders who had sworn to return all territory that had belonged to

315-491: A marriage between the Prince of Antioch and his daughter, Alice. In 1127, a dispute between Bohemond and Joscelin of Courtenay led to Joscelin conducting raids in the Principality. In 1130, a succession crisis followed Bohemond II's death, signifying the end of Antioch's dominance of northern Syria. In 1254 Bohemond VI married Sibylla of Armenia , ending the power struggle between the two states, although by this point Armenia

378-639: A rival from 1216 to 1219. Bohemond died in 1233, and Antioch, ruled by his son Bohemond V , played no important role in the Fifth Crusade , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II 's struggles to take back Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade , or Louis IX of France 's Seventh Crusade . The Principality's relationship with other Latin settlements were based on two factors. The first factor was that the Princes of Antioch wanted to extend their power throughout

441-467: Is unknown, but William of Tyre called him "Hugo de Sancto Aldemaro", suggesting that he was descended from the powerful family of the hereditary castellans of Saint-Omer . He was the lord of the nearby Fauquembergues . A contemporary poem written by an unknown author listed Hugh among the first crusaders from the Diocese of Thérouanne . Though no primary sources recorded in whose retinue he reached

504-499: The Amanus Mountains to Cilicia to take control of the towns his nephew Tancred had captured in the previous summer. After the main crusade army left for Jerusalem in 1099, he took full control of Antioch as well as of the surrounding places such as Artah and the harbour of St. Symeon . Bohemond then attempted to take the harbour town of Latakia which was under Byzantine possession, but he had to leave after Raymond and

567-725: The Assassins in 1128, was inherited by Toron in approximately 1148 when Humphrey II married the daughter of Renier Brus, lord of Banias and Assebebe. Humphrey II sold parts of Banias and Chastel Neuf to the Knights Hospitaller in 1157. Banias was merged with Toron until it fell to Nur ad-Din Zangi on 18 November 1164, and when it was recovered it became part of the Seigneury of Joscelin III of Edessa (see below). Humphrey IV

630-690: The Battle of Harim , and the Orontes River became the permanent boundary between Antioch and Aleppo. Bohemond returned to Antioch in 1165, and married one of Manuel's nieces; he was also convinced to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in the city. The Byzantine alliance came to an end with the death of the Emperor Manuel in 1180. Antioch was deprived of the Empire's protection, which had been enough to frighten Nur ad-Din away from intervening in

693-400: The Battle of Hattin , and Bohemond III's eldest son Raymond married an Armenian princess in 1194. Bohemond III died in 1201. Bohemond's death resulted in a struggle for control between Antioch, represented by Bohemond of Tripoli , and Armenia, represented by Bohemond III's grandson Raymond-Roupen . Bohemond of Tripoli, as Bohemond IV, took control by 1207, but Raymond briefly ruled as

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756-544: The Byzantine Empire . However those newly captured cities along with other territory were lost after the Battle of Harran when Baldwin II of Edessa was captured. Bohemond was released in 1103 and went to Italy to raise more troops in 1104, during which time Tancred remained regent of Antioch. Bohemond used the troops he raised to attack the Byzantines in 1107. Bohemond was defeated at Dyrrhachium in 1108 and

819-629: The Norman Kingdom of southern Italy , as were the first rulers of the principality, who surrounded themselves with loyal subjects. Few of the inhabitants apart from the crusaders were Roman Catholic even though the city was under the jurisdiction of the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch , established in 1100. This patriarchate would endure as a titular one after the Crusades, until it was dropped in 1964. The city of Antioch had been

882-680: The Apostle , who told him that the Holy Lance that pierced Christ's side as he was on the cross was located in the city. Excavations took place in the Basilica of Saint Peter and the Lance was discovered by Peter himself. Although it is possible Peter planted it there himself (the papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy believed this to be the case), it raised the spirits of the Crusaders as well as of

945-567: The Byzantine Empire as well as a Byzantine contingent under the command of the general Tatikios . With over four hundred towers, the city's defenses were formidable. The siege lasted throughout the winter, with much attrition among the Crusader force, who were often forced to eat their horses, or, as legend has it, the bodies of fellow Christians who had not survived. There were several attempts by neighbouring Turkish chiefs to relieve

1008-527: The Byzantines. Bohemond was already Prince ( allodial lord) of Taranto in Italy. He desired to continue such independence in his new lordship, so he did not attempt to receive the title of Duke from the Byzantine Emperor, nor any other title with deep feudal obligations. Bohemond started immediately after the victory against Kherboga to secure and expand his principality. In August 1098 he crossed

1071-571: The Christian cause in the campaign in Syria, his allies, Prince Raymond of Poitiers and Count Joscelin II of Edessa, sat around playing dice instead of helping John to press the Siege of Shaizar . The city was taken, but the citadel defied assault. The Emir of Shaizar offered to pay a large indemnity, become John's vassal, and pay yearly tribute; the offer was reluctantly accepted by the emperor. On

1134-466: The Holy Land, it is thought that he accompanied either Baldwin of Boulogne or Robert II of Flanders . Baldwin and his elder brother, Godfrey of Bouillon , Duke of Lower Lorraine , departed for the crusade on 15   August 1096, and Robert   II of Flanders about a month later. After Baldwin seized Edessa on 9 March 1098, Hugh settled in the county that developed around the town . He

1197-568: The Hospitallers, until it fell to Nur ad-Din in 1167. Maron was given in 1229 to the Teutonic Knights in exchange for their claims on Toron. The castle of Toron occupies a steep hill, in fact a Bronze Age tell , north to the village of Tibnin, at a height of 725 metres (2,379 ft) above sea level. It is oval in shape with its outline following the contours of the tell. It once had twelve rectangular towers with one of them - to

1260-545: The House of El-Assaad , the family of Nasif. In 1881 it was noted that it was the residence of the local Governor , and that about twenty Muslims lived there. 33°11′44.57″N 35°24′44.37″E  /  33.1957139°N 35.4123250°E  / 33.1957139; 35.4123250 Hugh of Fauquembergues Hugh of Fauquembergues , also known as Hugh of St Omer , Hugh of Falkenberg , or Hugh of Falchenberg ( Latin : Hugo de Falchenberch ; died in 1105 or 1106)

1323-550: The Khwarezmian and the primary mission of the castles became obsolete. However, Toron tenuously remained in Crusader hands and was periodically under siege by the Mamluks until the jihad of Baibars further isolated it. Following a brief siege, Baibars in a rare display of mercy allowed the small Crusader contingent to evacuate in exchange for surrender, which they accepted. The lords of Toron tended to be very influential in

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1386-495: The Kingdom of Jerusalem from the south in early September 1101. The king decided to attack the invaders near Ramla at dawn on 7   September. He divided his troops into five corps, appointing Hugh to command the third corps. The Egyptians annihilated the first two corps of the crusader army and also defeated Hugh and his troops. Thinking that the battle was lost, Hugh fled from the battlefield and hurried to Jaffa to inform

1449-644: The Latin clerics as bishops in Antioch, including the County of Edessa. Bohemon I and Baldwin of Le Bourcq also had a close relationship – Baldwin was made commander of Antioch's militia by Bohemond in 1100. A whole network of confraternities existed at this time. However, there were uneasy relations between the Principality and the region of Tripoli under Raymond, Count of Toulouse. Raymond allied with Emperor Alexius I Commnenus instead of Bohemond. In 1105, Bohemond left

1512-597: The Latin east which led to conflict between the County of Edessa and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Secondly, an alliance between the Latin rulers was secured through their shared situation in the East. This alliance was strengthened by feudal ties and marriage alliances among the eastern Latin rulers. Baldwin of Boulogne, Count of Edessa, and Bohemond I were said to have had a relationship based on equality and brotherhood. For example, they travelled to Jerusalem in 1099 to consolidate their pilgrimage vows together. They also consecrated

1575-464: The Lordship of Oultrejourdain by the marriage of Humphrey III and the maternal inheritance of Humphrey IV. Toron was later merged with the royal domain of Tyre, which went to a branch of Antioch , then their heirs from Montfort . Toron had two vassals of its own, the Lordship of Chastel Neuf and the Lordship of Maron . Chastel Neuf was built by Hugh of Falkenberg around 1105 but was later given to

1638-515: The Principality in its entirety to Byzantium, but Tancred was supported by the County of Tripoli and the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Tancred, in fact, had been the only Crusade leader who did not swear to return conquered land to Alexius (though none of the other leaders, save for Raymond IV of Toulouse , kept their oaths anyway). Tancred died in 1112 and was succeeded by Bohemond II , under the regency of Tancred's nephew Roger of Salerno , who defeated

1701-472: The Principality was lost, and Raymond was killed at the battle of Inab in 1149. Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald of Châtillon . Raynald, too, immediately found himself in conflict with the Byzantines, this time in Cyprus ; he made peace with Manuel I Comnenus in 1158, and the next year Manuel arrived to take personal control of

1764-538: The Principality. From thence the Principality of Antioch was to be a vassal of Byzantium until Manuel's death in 1180. Although this arrangement meant that the Principality had to provide a contingent for the Byzantine Army (troops from Antioch participated in an attack on the Seljuk Turks in 1176), it also safeguarded the City against Nur ad-Din at a time when it was in serious danger of being overrun. Raynald

1827-640: The Teutonic Knights together with the territories called the Seigneury de Joscelin , it came to a dispute between them and Alice of Armenia , the niece of Humphrey IV and heiress of the lordship of Toron. Alice successfully claimed her rights before the High Court and Frederick II assigned the lordship to her. But it seems the Franks were not able to take possession of the territories, In 1239, when

1890-551: The area for the preceding twenty years. Nevertheless, with help from the fleets of the Italian city-states, Antioch survived Saladin 's assault on the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. Neither Antioch nor Tripoli participated in the Third Crusade , although the remnants of Frederick Barbarossa 's army briefly stopped in Antioch in 1190 to bury their king. Bohemond III's son, also named Bohemond, had become count of Tripoli after

1953-666: The cities and town of the principality. This led among other things to the spread of the veneration of Mor Barsauma to whom a church was erected in 1156 by a couple of Frankish donors. The first prior was a monk of the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery with which the church maintained close ties. Furthermore, there were also Muslims in the capital, in the south, and probably also the east of the principality. They appear only rarely in Antiochene charters, making an estimation of their numbers difficult. Other minorities were

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2016-543: The city on 2 June 1098. Only four days later, a Muslim army from Mosul, led by Kerbogha, arrived to besiege the Crusaders. Alexios I Komnenos , the Byzantine emperor , was on his way to assist the Crusaders, but upon hearing rumours that the city had fallen to the Muslims, Alexios turned back. The Crusaders withstood the siege, with help from a mystic named Peter Bartholomew . Peter claimed he had been visited by Andrew

2079-627: The conquests of Muslim Syria, taking together the city of Aleppo , and later Damascus . When the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars , the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, began to threaten Antioch, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols. Baibars finally took the city in 1268, and all of northern Syria was quickly lost; twenty-three years later, Acre

2142-580: The defences of Toron, and of other castles, dismantled. This was done because the forces of the Fifth Crusade had captured the more crucial defences at Damietta on the Nile Delta and were now threatening Cairo . Sultan al-Mu'azzam was prepared to exchange the strongholds in Palestine for the ones in Egypt, but wished not to give strong defendable cities to the Crusaders if he could avoid it. Although

2205-463: The east and he placed his nephew, Tancred, in charge of Antioch. In 1108, Bohemond also put Richard of Salerno in charge of Edessa, but Tancred was reluctant to hand it over because Tancred and Baldwin were fighting each other for possession of Edessa at the time. Tancred's resistance continued into 1109. At the same time, a conflict between Antioch and the Count of Tripoli, William-Jordan, was settled when

2268-412: The exchange proved unnecessary, the geographical position of the sites remained important for the Crusaders who were interested in recovering Jerusalem from Muslim control. Indeed, despite their destruction, Toron, Safed and Hunin were recovered through a treaty in 1229, just two years after al-Mu'azzam's death on November 11, 1227, by Frederick II from Sultan al-Kamil . As Toron was sold in 1220 to

2331-553: The king who had escaped before the battle to muster new troops. The Egyptians laid siege to Jaffa where the queen was staying. The king sailed from Arsuf to Jaffa on the ship of an English adventurer, while Hugh and his troops rode on the coastline. The Egyptians could not prevent the king from entering the town, and he helped Hugh and retainers to also break through the Egyptian troops around Jaffa. The arrival of hundreds of English, French, and Italian pilgrims enabled Baldwin to make

2394-403: The kingdom; Humphrey II was constable of Jerusalem. Humphrey IV was married to Isabella , King Amalric I 's daughter (Toron passed into the royal domain during their marriage but its title was returned to Humphrey IV after their divorce). It was also one of the few to have a straight hereditary succession in the male line, at least for a few generations. The lords of Toron were also connected to

2457-525: The latter agreed to surrender Tripoli in exchange for confirmation of his possession of Toulouse. Bertrand of Toulouse then entered an alliance with Baldwin I of Jerusalem. In 1110, a council convened after William-Jordan was killed. After this, Antioch and Edessa appear to have reconciled. In 1111 when the Muslim army of Maudud of Mosul threatened the Principality, its Latin allies responded by bringing military aid. In 1112, Bertrand of Toulouse died and Roger Salerno took over Edessa. During this period, there

2520-403: The local Armenians and Greeks. With the relic at the head of the army, Bohemond marched out to meet the besieging Muslim force, which was defeated in the battle of Antioch in 1098. According to the Crusaders, an army of saints appeared to help them on the battlefield. After this victory a lengthy dispute over who should control the city followed. Bohemond stated that the oath sworn to Alexios

2583-579: The northeastern edge of the Mediterranean , bordering the County of Tripoli to the south, Edessa to the east, and the Byzantine Empire or the Kingdom of Armenia to the northwest, depending on the date. It had roughly 20,000 inhabitants in the 12th century, most of whom were Armenians and Greek Orthodox Christians, with a few Muslims outside the Antioch city itself. Most of the crusaders who settled there were of Norman origin, notably from

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2646-474: The other crusading lords, who had in the meantime conquered Jerusalem , forced him to. In December 1099 Bohemond travelled to Jerusalem and had three priests consecrated as bishops for his principality. Following Bohemond's capture in battle with the Danishmends in 1100, his nephew Tancred became regent. Tancred expanded the borders of the Principality, seizing the cities of Tarsus and Latakia from

2709-470: The queen about the catastrophe. However, the battle was not lost, because the king made a surprise attack against the Egyptians and defeated them. The Egyptians launched a new invasion against the kingdom in May 1102. Hugh and his 80 knights hurried from Galilee to assist the royal army, but by the time they reached Arsuf on 19   May, the Egyptians had defeated the crusaders at Ramla. At Arsuf, they met

2772-473: The return of the army to Antioch, a riot instigated by Joscelin II of Edessa forced the emperor to leave without the citadel being surrendered to him. John had plans to reconquer Antioch and become an effective overlord of the remaining Crusader states, but he died in 1143. After the fall of Edessa in 1144, Antioch was attacked by Nur ad-Din during the Second Crusade . Much of the eastern part of

2835-525: The rich evidence available, it has even been proposed that they were the most numerous ethnic group. Also important were the so-called suriani , who actually comprised two Christian peoples: the Aramaic -speaking Syriacs (also called "Jacobites") and the Arabic -speaking Melkites . When the county of Edessa fell in 1144 and the region around Melitene became increasingly unsafe, many Jacobites sought refuge in

2898-518: The south - having been the donjon. The castle, razed in 1266 by the Mamluks was rebuilt 500 years later in the mid-18th century by the Shiite sheikh Nasif al-Nassar during his struggle against the Ottoman rule. He used the ruins of the medieval walls as a basis for his rebuilding campaign and thus the castle today mainly appears as an Ottoman construction. The castle was then used as the home and base of

2961-469: The town, but these were beaten back such as during the Battle of the Lake of Antioch under the military leadership of Bohemond of Taranto . In May 1098 another relief force under Kerbogha , atabeg of Mosul, approached the city and thus it became important for the crusaders to act fast. Bohemond convinced a guard in one of the towers, an Armenian and former Christian named Firouz , to let the Crusaders enter

3024-514: The treaty ended, Toron fell back to the Ayyubids . Two years later, in 1241, it was restored to the Crusaders due to a treaty between Richard of Cornwall and Sultan as-Salih of Egypt. In 1244, the castles held out against the Khwarezmian army and accomplished their objective of disrupting the Muslim attack on Jerusalem. Nonetheless, Jerusalem eventually fell to the overwhelming number of

3087-493: The wonderful elegance of the beauty of those that were destroyed by fire is beyond the power of words." The empty title of "Prince of Antioch" passed, with the extinction of the counts of Tripoli, to the kings of Cyprus , and was sometimes granted as a dignity to junior members of the royal house. The native population of the principality was rather diverse. A significant proportion were Miaphysite Armenians , who could be found in Antioch and other urban and rural areas. Based on

3150-645: Was Prince of Galilee from 1101 to his death. He was Lord of Fauquembergues before joining the First Crusade . Baldwin I of Jerusalem granted him Galilee after its first prince, Tancred , who was Baldwin's opponent, had voluntarily renounced it. Hugh assisted Baldwin against the Fatimids and made raids into Seljuk territories. He established the castles of Toron and Chastel Neuf (at present-day Tebnine and Hunin , respectively). He died fighting against Toghtekin , Atabeg of Damascus. Hugh's parentage

3213-567: Was 36. Raymond, like his predecessors, attacked the Byzantine province of Cilicia . This time, however, Emperor John II Komnenos fought back. He arrived in Antioch in 1138 and forced Raymond to swear fealty to him. There then followed a joint campaign as John led the armies of Byzantium, Antioch and Edessa against Muslim Syria. Aleppo proved too strong to attack, but the fortresses of Balat, Biza'a , Athereb , Maarat al-Numan and Kafartab were taken by assault. Although John fought hard for

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3276-472: Was a better relationship between Antioch and Edessa as well as with the Kingdom of Jerusalem. For example, in 1115 in the lead-up to the battle of Tell Danith , the Edessene faction of the army was integral to Antioch's overall army. In 1118 the forces of Jerusalem, Antioch and Tripoli combined to meet an army from Egypt and Damascus that was threatening the Kingdom of Jerusalem. But in 1119 Roger of Salerno

3339-719: Was also the prince of Oultrejourdain . Toron remained in Crusader possession until 1187, when it fell to the forces of Saladin after the Battle of Hattin in which Saladin all but destroyed the Crusader states . Ten years later, in November, 1197, Toron was besieged by the German contingent of the Crusade of 1197 and would have fallen. However, the Muslim garrison by the tribesmen of El-Seid and Fawaz held out until relief arrived from Egypt . In 1219 Sultan al-Mu'azzam secretly had

3402-472: Was buried in Nazareth. Principality of Antioch The Principality of Antioch ( Latin : Principatus Antiochenus ; Norman : Princeté de Antioch ) was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey ) and Syria . The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem . It extended around

3465-664: Was forced by Alexius I to sign the Treaty of Devol , making Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire upon Bohemond's death. Bohemond had promised to return any land that was seized from the Muslims when the Crusaders passed through Constantinople in 1097. Bohemond also fought at Aleppo with Baldwin and Joscelin of the County of Edessa ; when Baldwin and Joscelin were captured, Tancred became regent in Edessa as well. Bohemond left Tancred as regent once more and returned to Italy, where he died in 1111. Alexius wanted Tancred to return

3528-405: Was killed, leaving no adult heir. This shifted the balance of power in northern Syria, as Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, was appointed Regent. At this time, Joscelin of Courtenay enjoyed a stable rule in Edessa, further weakening Antioch's dominance in Northern Syria. In 1126, Bohemond II arrived in the east and because Baldwin wanted Antioch and Jerusalem to maintain a close relationship, he arranged

3591-412: Was nullified by Alexios' failure to bring them aid. He was resisted by count Raymond of Toulouse , who maintained that the city should be returned to Alexios and who would later found the County of Tripoli . Bohemond and his Italian Norman followers eventually won, not least because of the death of Adhemar of Le Puy, who had been the spiritual leader of the crusade and had been determined to cooperate with

3654-495: Was one of Baldwin's most trusted retainers. After Godfrey of Bouillon, who had become the ruler of Jerusalem, died on 18   July 1100, Baldwin sent Hugh to Jerusalem to secure his claim to Godfrey's inheritance. Hugh and Robert, Bishop of Lydda and Ramla took control of the Tower of David , enabling Baldwin to enter Jerusalem on 9   November. Baldwin was crowned king on 25 December 1100. Tancred, Prince of Galilee , did not recognize Baldwin as king, but their conflict

3717-401: Was returning to Galilee, taking much booty with him, Toghtekin , Atabeg of Damascus, ambushed him. During the skirmish, an arrow killed Hugh, and Toghtekin soon captured Chastel Neuf. Hugh's brother, Gerard, did not long survive him. Hugh fathered two daughters, according to the Lignages d'Outremer , but Galilee was granted to Gervase of Bazoches , a knight from Northern France. Hugh

3780-634: Was soon resolved. Noblemen came from the Principality of Antioch and asked Tancred to assume the administration of the principality on behalf of his relative, Bohemond I of Antioch , who had been captured by Turkish troops. Tancred accepted the offer and renounced Galilee in March 1101, but he also stipulated that the king should grant the same land "as a fief" to him if he returned to the kingdom within fifteen months. Baldwin divided Tancred's large fief in two, granting Tiberias and its region to Hugh, but giving Haifa to Geldemar Carpenel , who had already claimed it from Tancred. An Egyptian army invaded

3843-406: Was taken prisoner by the Muslims in 1160, and the regency fell to the Patriarch of Antioch (Raynald was not released until 1176, and never returned to Antioch). Meanwhile, Manuel married Constance's daughter Maria , but as Constance was only nominally in charge of Antioch, she was deposed in 1163 and replaced by her son Bohemond III . Bohemond was taken captive by Nur ad-Din the following year at

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3906-424: Was taken, and the Crusader states ceased to exist. In the colophons of the Malatia Gospel of 1268 (MS No. 10675), Armenian manuscript illuminator Toros Roslin described the brutal sacking of Antioch by Baibars: "...at this time great Antioch was captured by the wicked king of Egypt, and many were killed and became his prisoners, and a cause of anguish to the holy and famous temples, houses of God, which are in it;

3969-410: Was the more powerful of the two and Antioch was essentially a vassal state. Both were swept up by the conflict between the Mameluks and the Mongols . In 1260, under the influence of his father-in-law, the Armenian king Hetoum I , Bohemond VI submitted to the Mongols under Hulagu , making Antioch a tributary state of the Mongol Empire . Bohemond and Hetoum fought on the side of the Mongols during

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