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60-696: Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet : İske imlâ alphabet before 1920 and Yaña imlâ alphabet in 1920–1927. Some letters such as چ and پ were borrowed from the Persian alphabet and the letter ﯓ (called nef or sağır kef ) was borrowed from Chagatai . The writing system was inherited from Volga Bulgar . The most ancient of Tatar literature ( Qíssai Yosıf by Qol-Ğäli , written in Old Tatar language)

120-406: A fatḥah alif + tāʾ = ـَات ‎) Gemination is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a W -shaped sign called shaddah , above it. Note that if a vowel occurs between the two consonants the letter will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one syllable is identical to the initial consonant of

180-587: A sign ( fatḥah ) on the consonant plus an ʾalif after it; long ī is written as a sign for short i ( kasrah ) plus a yāʾ ; and long ū as a sign for short u ( ḍammah ) plus a wāw . Briefly, ᵃa = ā ; ⁱy = ī ; and ᵘw = ū . Long ā following a hamzah may be represented by an ʾalif maddah or by a free hamzah followed by an ʾalif (two consecutive ʾalif s are never allowed in Arabic). The table below shows vowels placed above or below

240-578: A Tatar newspaper was in 1808, when professor of mathematics at Kazan University , I.I. Zapolsky, proposed publishing a newspaper "The Kazan News" in both Russian and Tatar languages. Zapolsky's untimely death in 1810 thwarted the project. The first successful attempt to publish a newspaper in Tatar was in 1905. On September 2, the first issue of the newspaper "Nur" was published in St. Petersburg by Gataulla Bayazitov. The second Tatar newspaper, "Kazan Muhbire," came into existence on October 29, 1905. The publisher of

300-524: A conference in July 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet was amended. The updated alphabet was accepted on 10 January 1941. [q] and [ʁ] are allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the environment of back vowels, and the accepted spelling doesn't explicitly distinguish between the allophones in each pair. When ⟨га/го/гу/гы/ка/ко/ку/кы⟩ is followed by a "soft syllable", containing one of the front vowels ⟨ә, е, ө, и, ү⟩ or

360-439: A dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or a shaddah sign. For clarity in the table, the primary letters on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Most consonants do connect to the left with ʾalif , wāw and yāʾ written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the letter yāʾ in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use

420-582: A front vowel, as in ⟨балигъ⟩ [bɑliʁ] (" baligh "). In total, the Tatar Cyrillic script requires the Russian alphabet plus 6 extra letters: Әә, Өө, Үү, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ. All Russian loanwords are written as in Russian and should be pronounced with Russian pronunciation. The complexity of the orthographic rules had led to discussions about amending the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet again; these included sessions in

480-402: A letter, or with a carrier, when it becomes a diacritic . For the writing rule of each form, check Hamza . The hamzat al-waṣl ( هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ , ' hamza of connection') is a variant of the letter hamza ( ء ) resembling part of the letter ṣād ( ص ) that is rarely placed over the letter ʾalif at the beginning of the word ( ٱ ). It indicates that the ʾalif

540-537: A letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters ب b , ت t , and ث th have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter ن n also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms. Historically, they were often omitted, in

600-413: A medial or initial form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types. In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: ʾalif mamdūdah/maqṣūrah , wāw , or yāʾ . Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a sukūn (see below) in

660-414: A text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity. Combinations وا and يا are always pronounced wā and yā respectively. The exception is the suffix ـوا۟ in verb endings where ʾalif is silent, resulting in ū or aw . In addition, when transliterating names and loanwords, Arabic language speakers write out most or all

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720-819: A unique Tartarian alphabet and cites the Lord’s Prayer in the Tartarian language, written in Latin script . The first Turkic-Tatar printed publication in Russia appears to be Peter the Great 's Manifest , printed in Arabic script and published in Astrakhan in 1722. Printed books appeared en masse in 1801 when the first private typography ("Oriental typography") in Kazan appeared. The first unsuccessful attempt to publish

780-505: A writing style called rasm . Both printed and written Arabic are cursive , with most letters within a word directly joined to adjacent letters. There are two main collating sequences ('alphabetical orderings') for the Arabic alphabet: Hija'i , and Abjadi . The Hija'i order ( هِجَائِيّ Hijāʾiyy /hid͡ʒaːʔijj/ ) is the more common order and it is used when sorting lists of words and names, such as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries. The ordering groups letters by

840-535: Is commonly used to represent the word Allāh . The only ligature within the primary range of Arabic script in Unicode (U+06xx) is lām + alif . This is the only one compulsory for fonts and word-processing. Other ranges are for compatibility to older standards and contain other ligatures, which are optional. Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic,

900-536: Is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by Wikimedia web-fonts), the word will appear without diacritics. An attempt to show them on the faulty fonts without automatically adding the gemination mark and the superscript alif, although may not display as desired on all browsers, is by adding the U+200d (Zero width joiner) after the first or second lām Users of Arabic usually write long vowels but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of

960-538: Is not pronounced as a glottal stop (written as the hamza ), but that the word is connected to the previous word (like liaison in French ). Outside of vocalised liturgical texts, the waṣla is usually not written. e.g. Abdullah عَبْدُ ٱلله can be written with hamzat al-wasl on the first letter of the word ٱلله but it is mostly written without it عَبْدُ الله . The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of

1020-453: Is related to the Mari alphabet , and was used because Christian Tatars couldn't use the Arabic script. By the 1930s, Ilminsky's alphabet was forgotten and could not be used due to its religious origin. In 1938 professor M. Fazlullin introduced an adaptation of the Russian alphabet for the Tatar language, without any additional characters. Tatar sounds absent from Russian were to be represented with

1080-560: Is the addition of a final -n   to a noun or adjective . The vowel before it indicates grammatical case . In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel diacritic at the end of the word; e.g. شُكْرًا šukr an [ʃukran] "thank you". The use of ligature in Arabic is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for lām ل + alif ا, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many, are optional. A more complex ligature that combines as many as seven distinct components

1140-456: Is the special code for glyph for the ligature Allāh ("God"), U+FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM: This is a work-around for the shortcomings of most text processors, which are incapable of displaying the correct vowel marks for the word Allāh in the Quran . Because Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Quran only, rendering lām + lām + hā’ as

1200-553: Is written mostly in Cyrillic due to being the official alphabet in use. However, multiple Tatar accounts choose to communicate in Latin alphabet and they use Neo-Alif. These are often people taking part in promoting Tatar language and culture. "Tatarça Diktant", a global event organized in 2024, had recitations of Tatar poems that were translated into the Latin Neo-alif alphabet. The event was sponsored by official bodies such as

1260-468: The Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. Unlike the Latin alphabet , the script has no concept of letter case . The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad , with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad . The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters . Forms using

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1320-762: The Congresses of Soviets that preceded the Supreme Soviets. The soviets until then were largely rubber-stamp institutions, approving decisions handed to them by the Communist Party of the USSR or of each SSR. The soviets met infrequently (often only twice a year for only several days) and elected the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , a permanent body, to act on their behalf while the soviet

1380-537: The ISO basic Latin alphabet , the following 9 letters are used: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, ıy/i, ı/e . The symbol ⟨'⟩ is used for the glottal stop (known as hämzä in Tatar). Tatar writing is largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be derived from its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords, such as summit and names. While

1440-645: The Kazan branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (KFAN) which were conducted in January 1954 and in February–March 1959, but did not result in any specific proposal for a new alphabet. In 1972, prof. Nikolai Baskakov suggested three new letters to be added to the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet: Қ , Ғ and Ў for the sounds [q] , [ʁ] and [w] , to make the Tatar spelling phonetic. On 18 May 1989,

1500-579: The cantillation signs . In the Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are typically not written. On the other hand, copies of the Qur’ān cannot be endorsed by the religious institutes that review them unless the diacritics are included. Children's books, elementary school texts, and Arabic-language grammars in general will include diacritics to some degree. These are known as " vocalized " texts. Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below

1560-514: The soft sign ⟨ь⟩, they are pronounced as [ʁæ/ʁɵ/ʁy/ʁe/qæ/qɵ/qy/qe], otherwise as [ʁɑ/ʁo/ʁu/ʁɤ/qɑ/qo/qu/qɤ]. ⟨гә/гө/гү/ге/кә/кө/кү/ке⟩ are pronounced as [ɡæ/ɡɵ/ɡy/ɡe/kæ/kɵ/ky/ke]. Similar rules apply to ⟨е, ю, я⟩ which could be pronounced as either [je, jy, jæ] or [jɤ, ju, jɑ]. The soft sign is not used to show palatalization as in Russian, but to show qualities of vowels where they are not determinable through vowel harmony . Unlike modern Russian, some words can end with ⟨гъ⟩, representing [ʁ] after

1620-594: The 1980s, in the listing of the alphabet, extra letters were placed after the Russian ones, as shown above. The Tatar Parliament changed the alphabetic order in January 1997 to the one shown below. The official Cyrillic version of the Tatar alphabet used in Tatarstan contains 39 letters: А Ә Б В Г Д Е (Ё) Ж Җ З И Й К Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я Due to the Russian Federal law, only Cyrillic alphabets may have official status in regions of

1680-564: The Abjadi order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer Hija'i order is used wherein letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape. The Hija'i order is never used as numerals. Other hijāʾī order used to be used in the Maghreb but now it is considered obsolete, the sequence is: In Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani 's encyclopedia الإكليل من أخبار اليمن وأنساب حمير Kitāb al-Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar ,

1740-699: The Arabic letters. ( تَاءْ مَرْبُوطَة ) used in final position, often for denoting singular feminine noun/word or to make the noun/word feminine, it has two pronunciations rules; often unpronounced or pronounced /h/ as in مدرسة madrasa [madrasa] / madrasah [madrasah] "school" and pronounced /t/ in construct state as in مدرسة سارة madrasatu sāra "Sara's school". In rare irregular noun/word cases, it appears to denote masculine singular nouns as in أسامة ʾusāma , or some masculine plural noun forms as in بَقَّالَة baqqāla plural of بَقَّال baqqāl . plural nouns: āt (a preceding letter followed by

1800-423: The Arabic script to write other languages added and removed letters: for example ⟨پ⟩ is often used to represent /p/ in adaptations of the Arabic script. Unlike Greek -derived alphabets, Arabic has no distinct upper and lower case letterforms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots ( ʾiʿjām ) above or below their central part ( rasm ). These dots are an integral part of

1860-512: The Latin and Arabic scripts, but the authorities' answers would be written in Cyrillic, with an optional transliteration into the other alphabets. As of 2020, Cyrillic remains the only official script in Tatarstan. Zamanälif-2 (Tatar for "modern alphabet") contains 34 letters: A , Ä , B , C , Ç , D , E , F , G , Ğ , H , I , İ , J , K , L , M , N , Ñ , O , Ö , P , Q , R , S , Ş , T , U , Ü , V , W , X , Y , Z . There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants . In addition to

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1920-538: The Ministry of Youth of Tatarstan and Kazan Federal University. Its purpose was "aimed at uniting lovers of the Tatar language, increasing interest in writing correctly and learning the literary Tatar language". Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Arabic alphabet The Arabic alphabet , or the Arabic abjad , is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing

1980-605: The Orthographic Commission formed by the KFAN published the new alphabet, which included Baskakov's three new letters, and the new spelling rules. The new alphabetic order was as follows, with the new letters shown in brackets: The spelling system of 1940 had led to many homographs and near-homographs between Tatar and Russian which had totally different pronunciation, e.g. ⟨гарь⟩ [ʁær] "shame" and ⟨гарь⟩ [ɡarʲ] "cinder". This presented difficulties for pupils learning

2040-475: The Presidium of a Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of its republic. The Supreme Soviets also elected Councils of Ministers ( Councils of People's Commissars before 1946), which were executive bodies. After the dissolution of the USSR in late December 1991, most of these soviets remained the legislatures of independent countries until Armenia , Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan abandoned

2100-469: The Russian Federation. There is ongoing confrontation with regards to adoption of the Latin script for the Tatar language. According to the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" from 1999, the new Latin alphabet would be in official use alongside the Cyrillic alphabet from 1 September 2001, and would become the sole alphabet in official use by 1 September 2011. Around

2160-712: The Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan approved a gradual transition to Latin-based script; the urgency of such transition was included in the resolution of the Second World Congress of the Tatars in 1997. Recognizing the popular demand, on 15 September 1999, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan issued the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" . Despite

2220-427: The Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" was officially rescinded on 22 January 2005. On 24 December 2012, a new Tatarstani law clarified that the new Latin alphabet, as specified in 2000, should be used as the official romanization for the Tatar language. It also specified Yaña imlâ as the official system for transliteration into the Arabic script . According to this law, requests to Tatarstani authorities may use

2280-455: The USSR to Cyrillic script. This was not the first project of introducing Cyrillic script for the Tatar language. Since 1861, the Keräşens ethnic group had used Nikolay Ilminsky 's alphabet, based on pre-1917 Russian orthography which used fita and dotted I to spell Orthodox proper names, additional Cyrillic letters Ӓ , Ӧ , Ӱ for Tatar vowels, and the ligature Ҥ for [ŋ] . This alphabet

2340-456: The consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt . All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: ‘Aliyy , alif . ــِـ ‎ In the fully vocalized Arabic text found in texts such as the Quran, a long ā following a consonant other than a hamzah is written with a short

2400-458: The digraphs Жь, Нь, Хь, Аь, Уь, Оь, Ый. In 1939 Qorbangaliev and Ramazanov offered their own projects that planned to use additional Cyrillic characters. Letters Ө, Ә, Ү, Һ were inherited from Jaꞑalif, but Җ and Ң were invented by analogy with Щ and Ц. ⟨Гъ⟩ and ⟨къ⟩ were suggested to designate [ʁ] and [q] , spelled in Jaꞑalif as ⟨ƣ⟩ and ⟨q⟩ correspondingly. In Ramazanov's project [w] (Jaꞑalif ⟨v⟩)

2460-472: The end. This is commonly vocalized as follows: Another vocalization is: This can be vocalized as: The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ( IMFI ). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in

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2520-415: The following syllable. (The generic term for such diacritical signs is ḥarakāt ), e. g. , درس darasa (with full diacritics: دَرَسَ ) is a Form I verb meaning to study , whereas درّس darrasa (with full diacritics: دَرَّسَ ) is the corresponding Form II verb, with the middle r consonant doubled, meaning to teach . ــّـ ‎ Nunation ( Arabic : تنوين tanwīn )

2580-674: The graphical similarity of the glyphs' shapes. The original Abjadi order ( أَبْجَدِيّ ʾabjadiyy /ʔabd͡ʒadijj/ ) derives from that used by the Phoenician alphabet , and is therefore reminiscent of the orderings of other alphabets, such as those in Hebrew and Greek . With this ordering, letters are also used as numbers known as abjad numerals , possessing the same numerological codes as in Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy . Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use

2640-487: The language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs are mandated, like the Arabic diacritics and other types of marks, like

2700-456: The letter sequence is: The Abjadi order is not a simple correspondence with the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, as it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter samek 𐡎‎ , which has no cognate letter in the Arabic alphabet historically. The loss of sameḵ was compensated for by: The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at

2760-529: The letter ä is officially part of the current Latin script of Tatar "Zamanälif," some Tatars writing in the Latin script use ə instead. This has unofficially been called the "Neo-alif" alphabet, which disregards ä due to its abundant occurrence in Tatar words compared to the other umlaut letters, creating an "undesired aesthetic outcome". The use of ə in Azeri is also named to support the usage. (Compare: Äxmätzäki, Əxmətzəki). In social media, such as Instagram, Tatar

2820-491: The ligature displayed above should be identical to this one, U+FEFB ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM: Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B U+FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one: Another ligature in the Unicode Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx

2880-520: The name of the decree, the new Latin alphabet was significantly different from Jaꞑalif, and its letters had one-to-one correspondence with the proposed Cyrillic alphabet from 1989. On 27 September 2000, the Cabinet of Ministers updated the new Latin alphabet, replacing the three uncommon characters inherited from Jaꞑalif (Ə, Ɵ, Ꞑ) with those present in Latin-1 encoding and in most computer fonts. Before

2940-692: The newspaper was a member of the Kazan City Council, Saidgirey Alkin. The first Tatar typewriter was created in Tatarstan in the 1920s and used the Arabic-based alphabet. In 1930s Turkey became a potential enemy of the Soviet Union . Even though Turkish alphabet , introduced in 1928, was different from Jaꞑalif, for Soviet officials the Latin script was a symbol of the Western world. This motivated switching all Turkic languages of

3000-438: The previous ligature is considered faulty. This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. – SIL International If one of a number of the fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, Nadeem, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans, Baghdad, DecoType Naskh)

3060-608: The republics within the Russian Federation must use Cyrillic alphabets. The Republic of Tatarstan challenged the amendment in the Constitutional Court of Russia , arguing that the State Duma doesn't have authority over the language policies of the constituent republics. On 16 November 2004, the Constitutional Court declined the appeal. To comply with the court's decision, the decree "On restoring

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3120-469: The same time, the Republic of Karelia was pursuing official status for Karelian language , which also uses a Latin-based alphabet. The Russian State Duma perceived the latinization of the two republics as a variety of language secessionism , and on 15 November 2002, they introduced an amendment into the law On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation stating that all official languages of

3180-551: The same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters ( و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا ) can only be linked to their preceding letter. In addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures (special shapes), notably lām-alif لا , which is the only mandatory ligature (the unligated combination ل‍‌‍ا is considered difficult to read). Order (used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter) Notes The Hamza / ʔ / (glottal stop) can be written either alone, as if it were

3240-434: The two spelling systems for the two languages simultaneously. One of the goals for the new spelling system was that the same sequence of letters would correspond to the same sounds, whether in a Russian word or in a Tatar word. Yet, the amended orthography was never formally adopted, as the popular opinion in the 1990s leaned towards switching to a Latin-based alphabet, instead of changing the Cyrillic one. Thus, on 20 July 1994,

3300-455: The vowels as long ( ā with ا ʾalif , ē and ī with ي yaʾ , and ō and ū with و wāw ), meaning it approaches a true alphabet. The diphthongs حروف اللين ḥurūfu l-līn /aj/ and /aw/ are represented in vocalized text as follows: Supreme Soviet The Supreme Soviet ( Russian : Верховный Совет , romanized :  Verkhovny Sovet , lit.   'Supreme Council')

3360-515: Was created in the beginning of the 13th century. Until 1905 all literature was in Old Tatar, which was partly derived from the Bolgar language and not intelligible with modern Tatar. Since 1905 newspaper publishers started using modern Tatar. In 1918 the Arabic-based alphabet was revised: some new letters for Tatar sounds were added and some Arabic letters deleted. The Latin -based Jaꞑalif alphabet

3420-638: Was in use between 1928 and 1939 and the Cyrillic -based alphabet has been used ever since. Some scholars regard Institutiones linguae Turcicae libri quator ("The Basic Rules of the Turkic Language"), written in Latin by Hieronymus Megiser and printed in Leipzig in 1612, being the first example of a Turkic text printed in Arabic script , as a first printed Tatar book. Meanwhile Hieronymus Megiser’s Chorographia Tartariae published in 1611 describes

3480-426: Was not in session. The presidiums were also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet at its next session, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the principles of democratic centralism meant this power of veto was almost never exercised, meaning that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law. Under the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions ,

3540-595: Was spelled as ⟨в⟩ before a vowel, and as ⟨у⟩ or ⟨ү⟩ in the end of a syllable. On 5 May 1939, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Tatar ASSR issued the decree "On switching Tatar writing from the Latin-based alphabet to an alphabet based on Russian glyphs" , which opened with a declaration that the switch was enacted "in response to numerous requests by Tatar workers, kolkhozniks , and intelligentsia ." The Tatar society disagreed to this project, and during

3600-756: Was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , established in 1938, and were nearly identical. Party-approved delegates to the Supreme Soviets were periodically elected unopposed in show elections . The first free or semi-free elections took place during perestroika in late 1980s, in which Supreme Soviets themselves were no longer directly elected . Instead, Supreme Soviets were appointed by directly elected Congresses of People's Deputies based somewhat on

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