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36-831: Tabaristan was named after the Tapurians , who had been deported there from Parthia by the Parthian king Phraates I ( r.  176–171 BC ). At the advent of the Sasanians , the region, along with Gilan and Daylam , was part of the Padishkhwargar kingdom of king Gushnasp, who is mentioned in the Letter of Tansar . He submitted to the first Sasanian King of Kings ( shahanshah ) Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 AD ) after being guaranteed to keep his kingdom. His line would continue ruling Padishkhwargar until

72-482: A force of 40,000 soldiers under Sa'id al-Harashi finally defeated the rebels. Wandad Hurmuzd was wounded and captured, but he was soon pardoned and allowed to return to his lands. Following this, relations between the Muslim governors and local rulers of Tabaristan became friendly for a period. Wandad Hurmuzd bought considerable amounts of land outside of Sari from the governor Jarid ibn Yazid. Tensions arose once again at

108-584: A rebellion in Tabaristan, the locals gave up their Arab husbands to the rebels. Dynasties such as the Bavandids and Ziyarids continued to commemorate their pre-Islamic background, with traditional Iranian festivals such as Nowruz and Mehregan continuing to exist in Tabaristan. Tapuri Tapuri or Tapyri ( Ancient Greek : Τάπουροι or Τάπυροι or Τάπυρροι ) were a tribe in the Medes south of

144-463: A tafsir by a widely accepted scholar, giving it a value of diraya . It was marked by the same fullness of detail as his other work. The size of this work and the independence of judgment in it seem to have prevented it from having a large circulation, but scholars such as Baghawi and Suyuti used it largely; Ibn Kathir used it in his Tafsir ibn Kathir . Scholars including Suyuti have expressed their admiration towards this tafsir, regarding it as

180-524: Is favored, qualifying this tafsir as riwaya , but the inclusion of critiques and reason is an integral part of the books unique character; as Tabari has refrained from interpretation using merely his own opinion and opposed those who do so. Lexical meanings of words are given, and their use in Arabic culture is examined. Tabari's linguistic views are based on the school of Basra . Opinions of linguists are given where appropriate. Evidence from Arabic poetry

216-407: Is not dwelled upon, usually left for the understanding of the reader. The Tafsir gives information about older commentaries which have not survived to the present. Its content —which encompasses dictionaries, historical notes, law, recitation, theology and Arabic literature— has made it a highly referenced book throughout history, resulting in many editions. It is also a good example of reasoning in

252-601: Is notable for its comprehensiveness and citation of multiple, often conflicting sources. The book was translated into Persian by a group of scholars from Transoxania on commission of the Samanid king, Mansur I (961–976). Tabari finished his work in 883, often dictating sections to his students. It is his second great work after " History of the Prophets and Kings " ( Tarīkh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk ), also known as "Tarikh al-Tabari". Tabari has relied on narratives of

288-463: Is used frequently, sometimes with its origins. Tabari is also a qira'at scholar, reflected in his opinions on qira'at debates in his book. Choices of qira'at are usually given according to the Kufa school. Sometimes both qira'at are preserved, leaving the choice to the reader. Although rare, Tabari has included isra'iliyat occasionally in his book. Given only as notice, this information

324-887: The Qarinvandids and Bavandids . In 716, the Dabuyid ruler Farrukhan the Great ( r.  712–728 ) successfully contained a large-scale invasion by the Umayyad general Yazid ibn al-Muhallab . Farrukhan's son and successor Dadhburzmihr ( r.  720–740 ) may have temporarily lost control of Tabaristan to the Arabs, as indicated by his lack of coinage. However, this may also mean the Dabuyids lacked funds to circulate throughout their realm. The last Dabuyid ruler Khurshid ( r.  740–760 ) managed to safeguard his realm against

360-531: The Abbasid government. These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous. Under the caliphate, Amul became the leading town of Tabaristan, being the primary manufacturer of the silk fabrics that the region was famous for. Throughout history, many prominent figures with the nisba al-Tabari were from the city, such as Muhammad ibn Jarir (died 923), the author of the Qur'anic commentary Tafsir al-Tabari and

396-508: The Arabic language before the revelation of the Quran, and that they are very rare, and cannot be used as counter evidence that the Quran is Arabic. Interpretations start with " al-qawlu fī ta'wīli qawlihi ta'ālā " (English: The tawil of this word of God is) for every verse. Then hadith and other previous interpretations are stated and classified according to their compatibility to each other. Interpretation using other verses and Arabic language

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432-697: The Caspian Sea mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian . Ctesias refers to the land of Tapuri between the two lands of Cadusii and Hyrcania . The name and probable habitations of the Tapuri appear, at different periods of history, to have been extended along a wide space of country from Armenia to the eastern side of the Oxus. Strabo places them alongside the Caspian Gates and Rhagae, in Parthia or between

468-624: The Caspian region. The Bavandid ispahbads made use of Pahlavi legends as late as the early 11th-century. Hunting, which had already been widely popular under the Sasanians, was particularly popular amongst the Iranians. Khurshid had parks filled with wild boars, hares, wolves and leopards, which he used as a hunting ground. For a certain period, the Caspian shore of Iran served as a center for ancient Iranian national consciousness. In 783, during

504-820: The Derbices and Hyrcani or in company with the Amardi and other people along the southern shores of the Caspian ; in which last view Curtius, Dionysius, and Pliny may be considered to coincide. Ptolemy in one place reckons them among the tribes of Media, and in another ascribes them to Margiana. Their name is written with some differences in different authors; thus Τάπουροι and Τάπυροι occur in Strabo; Tapuri in Pliny and Curtius; Τάπυρροι in Steph. B. sub voce There can be no doubt that

540-703: The Interpretation of the Verses of the Qur'an', also written with fī in place of ʿan ), popularly Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī ( Arabic : تفسير الطبري ), is a Sunni tafsir by the Persian scholar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923). It immediately won high regard and has retained its importance for scholars to the present day. It is the earliest major running commentary of the Quran to have survived in its original form. Like his history , al-Tabari's tafsir

576-723: The Islamic prophet Muhammad , including narrations and comments of sahabah and tabi'in where necessary. Tabari supplies the chain of narrations for the reports included in the commentary, sometimes elaborating on the trustworthiness of narrators. Narratives are selected based on their authenticity; a notable example is the rejection of the same historical sources he had already used for his historical works. Al-Tabari incorporated an earlier commentary by ‘Abd al-Razzaq b. Hamman al-Himyari al-San‘ani (d. 211/827) in its entirety into his work, and Heribert Horst has argued that Al-Tabari has also used other subsequently lost commentaries. In

612-780: The Persian translation, is the Marzban-nama , written by the Bavandid ispahbad al-Marzuban in the late 10th-century or early 11th-century. Islam was first properly established in Tabaristan (as well as Gilan and Daylam) with the advent of Zaydi Shi'ism in the 9th and 10th centuries. Christian tribes also inhabited Tabaristan, and fought the Arabs around 660, but were defeated after heavy resistance and either killed or enslaved if they did not convert to Islam. The tradition of using Pahlavi script for lapidary and monumental purposes, and possibly for chancery as well, endured longer in

648-459: The Qarinvand ruler Mazyar (a grandson of Wandad Hurmuzd) with the help of the latter's uncle Vinda-Umid ibn Vindaspagan. Mazandarani , the local language of Tabaristan, is first attested in the works of early Muslim geographers, who refer it as Tabari . The geographical distribution of the language almost remains the same till this day. To the west it extended to Tammisha ; on the other side

684-565: The Tapurei reached the mountains of the land of Hyrcania. Some of the Tapur migrated from Parthyene to central parts of southern territories of Caspian Sea during kingdom of Phraates I when Parthian Empire became strong during Phraates I , he attacked to Amard (another Scythian tribe) and defeated them. Then he forced them to leave southern fringes of Caspian Sea and replaced them with Tapur people. After this event, ancient Tapuria

720-627: The Umayyads, but after its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate , he was finally defeated in 760 by Abbasid general Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq . Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the Bavandids, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of

756-429: The aid of ( shahanshah ) Yazdegerd III ( r.  632–651 ). Being unable to suppress the revolt, Yazdegerd III instead acknowledged Gil Gavbara as the ruler of the regions, presumably to deter him from creating an independent realm. Gil Gavbara was given the titles of Padashwārgarshāh (shah of Padishkhwargar) and " Ispahbad of Khorasan ", possibly indicating Dabuyid rule in eastern Iran. Gil Gavbara maintained

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792-426: The end of the reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid ( r.  786–809 ). The Bavandids and Qarinvandids disallowed any Muslim to get buried in Tabaristan, and the soldiers of Sharwin I had killed the caliphal deputy of the region, who was the nephew of the governor Khalifa ibn Sa'id. In 805, Wandad Hurmuzd's brother Vindaspagan killed a Muslim tax collector who had been sent to inspect his villages. Harun al-Rashid, who

828-461: The historical chronicle Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk ( History of the Prophets and Kings ). Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq was the first Abbasid governor of Tabaristan, who constructed a great mosque in Sari . The second governor, Khalid ibn Barmak , had attempted to build towns and befriend the Qarinvand ruler Wandad Hurmuzd ( r.  765–809 ) in order to increase Abbasid influence there. After he left

864-587: The independence of his realm during the Arab invasion of Iran , which had resulted in the collapse of the Sasanian Empire. His son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan (a district that encompassed the western part of Tabaristan) in 665, thus forming the Baduspanid dynasty , which would rule the region until the 1590s. Rule in the mountains of Tabaristan was maintained by two Dabuyid vassal kingdoms,

900-479: The inhabitants spoke the " lotara of Astarabad and Persian of Gurgan". The eastern limit of the language was a bit further than present-day, reaching as far as Malat . The writing tradition of the language is approximately as old as that of New Persian . This was due to the long-lasting independent and semi-independent local kingdoms, ruled by the ispahbads . The oldest known work in Tabari, which has only survived in

936-608: The legal opinion ( fatwa ) of jurists on the permissibility of translating the Quran into Persian . The scholars affirmed that reading and writing the translation of the Quran in Persian was permissible for those who did not speak Arabic. Subsequently, the King ordered a group of scholars from Transoxiana and Khorasan to translate Tafsir al-Tabari into Persian. The Persian translation of the tafsir has survived and has been published numerous times in Iran. Editions of Tabari's commentary on

972-450: The massacres only took place in the highlands and segments of the lowlands that the rebels where able to penetrate. The rebels were initially successful, defeating the Muslim forces and their leaders. This alarmed al-Mahdi, who in 783/4 sent his son Musa with "a huge army and equipment such as no one previously had been equipped, to Gurgan to direct the war against Wandad Hurmuzd and Sharwin, the two lords of Tabaristan." The following year,

1008-493: The most valuable of commentaries. An abridgement was composed by Ibn Muṭarrif al-Ṭarafī (d. 1062 CE). Until well into the 19th century Al-Tabari's tafsir was considered lost by Western scholars, who knew it only from fragmentary quotations. In 1860 Theodor Nöldeke wrote: "If we had this work, we could do without all the later commentaries." Mansur I , a Samanid king who ruled in Khorasan between 961 and 976, asked for

1044-425: The preface, general facts about the Quran are given, including its superiority to any other text, what tafsir and tawil are, the seven qira'at , companions who commented on the Quran and the naming of the suras . The language of the Quran, Arabic, is discussed and the view that there are foreign words in the Quran is rejected. Tabari mentions that these foreign words are coherent with Arabic, entering

1080-692: The present district of Tabaristan derives its name from them. Aelian gives a peculiar description of the Tapuri who dwelt in Media. Ptolemy refers to two different tribe with similar names. The first tribe, called Tapuri, lived in the Medes south of the Caspian Sea. The second tribe, called the Tapurei , lived in the land of the Scythians . According to the Encyclopaedia Iranica , the origin of

1116-543: The region, however, the Bavandid ruler Sharwin I ( r.  772–817 ) destroyed his constructions. Although Wandad Hurmuzd and Sharwin I had reassured their pledge to the caliph al-Mahdi in 781, they mounted a threatening anti-Muslim rebellion with the Masmughan of Miyanrud two years later. According to local accounts, the rebels massacred all the Muslim inhabitants of Tabaristan in one day. The modern historian Wilferd Madelung considers it exaggerated, and suggests that

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1152-492: The second reign of Kavad I ( r.  488–496, 498–531 ), who removed the dynasty from power and appointed his son Kawus in its stead. Under the Sasanians, Tabaristan enjoyed considerable autonomy. They most likely left most of the affairs to the locals. The mint signature of "AM" is generally presumed to be an abbreviation for the Amul , the main city of the region. The first known Sasanian monarch to have minted coins with

1188-457: The signature was Bahram V ( r.  420–438 ), whilst the last was Boran ( r.  630–630, 631–632 ). In the 640s, the Dabuyid prince Gil Gavbara ( r.  642–660 ), who was a great-grandson of shahanshah Jamasp ( r.  496–498/9 ), conquered all of Daylam and Gilan and planned on extending his conquests to Tabaristan. Its governor, Adhar Valash , requested

1224-674: Was at the city of Ray to address an issue with the governor of Khurasan, summoned the two rulers. There they both guaranteed their loyalty to the caliph, promising him to pay the land tax. On the request of Wandad Hurmuzd, Harun al-Rashid replaced the governor of Tabaristan. However, the new governor was instructed to confine the power of the local rulers to the highlands. Wandad Hurmuzd's son Qarin, as well Sharwin I's son Shahriyar, were taken to Baghdad as hostages as proof of their loyalty. After Harun al-Rashid's death in 809, they were returned to Tabaristan. Shahriyar (now known as Shahriyar I ), after succeeding his father sometime before 817, expelled

1260-577: Was established. These Tapuri clan furnished 1,000 cavalry for the battle of Gaugamela as Achaemenid Empire Army. According to Arrian , a group of Tapurs lived among the Hyrcanians and Amards during the Achaemenid and Alexander periods. Alexander obeyed the Tapurs and went to battle with Amard and defeated them. Alexander then annexed the land of Amard to the land of Tapur. Satrap Tapur

1296-527: Was under Autophradates's rule. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Tapuri" . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. This Asian history–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tafsir al-Tabari Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān ( Arabic : جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القرآن , lit.   'Collection of Statements on

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