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113-461: Taktser was originally an area of pasture land for the larger village of Balangtsa , about two hours walk away in the valley. Cattle were brought to feed on the fertile grazing lands in summer, which caused them to give very rich milk. Later, when people realized that this was also a good place to farm, permanent houses were built, and the village comprised about thirty cottages by the time Tenzin Gyatso

226-645: A comprehensive university and the only Double First-Class University in Xining. Xining has a history of over 2,100 years and was a chief commercial hub on the Hexi Corridor caravan route to Tibet , handling especially timber, wool and salt in ancient times. The trade along the Hexi Corridor was part of a larger trade corridor along the Northern Silk Road , whose use was intensified in

339-502: A 10-foot-high flagpole. The flag itself was inscribed with innumerable prayers. The house was entered from the east side as this was the only side that afforded protection from the weather. A wide corridor led into the yard. To the right was the kitchen, which took up almost the whole eastern wing. In the northern wing was the best room, the altar room and the bedroom of the Dalai Lama's parents, all connected with each other. The byre,

452-548: A 108.4 m (356 ft) long river course and 80 flash flood relief channels need treatment. According to a 2011 World Health Organization (based on Chinese statistics), Xining has the second worst air quality (annual mean PM10 ug/m3 of 141) among eleven western China cities, and is worse than Beijing (121). The GDP per capita was 49,200 RMB (US$ 7,897) in 2015. Its main industries are wool spinning and textiles, fur, meat, milk, salt, and light processing industries. Xining Economic & Technological Development Zone XETDZ)

565-489: A 16.3 °C (29.3 °F) difference between the average high and low temperatures. Xining Xining is the capital and most populous city of Qinghai province in western China and the largest city on the Tibetan Plateau . As of the 2020 census, it had 2,467,965 inhabitants (2,208,708 as of 2010), of whom 1,954,795 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 5 urban districts. The city lies in

678-403: A Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected

791-566: A candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending

904-667: A contemporary of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama, and together they worked to improve the administration of Kumbum. The Sixth Taktser, Tubten Jigme Norbu, was the brother of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. He died in 2008 in Indiana..." A notable citizen, "Lobzang Dorje (blo bzang rdo rje) was born in Chikyā Taktse (chi kyA stag mtsher) Village near Kumbum Jampa Ling (sku 'bum byams pa gling) Monastery some time in

1017-467: A further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: 100,000 each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; 20,000 for the escort; and only 10,000 for Ma Bufang himself, he said. Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with

1130-441: A large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery , then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared among them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when

1243-479: A large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort

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1356-606: A population of more than two million, Xining is the first city on the upper reaches of the Yellow River to achieve a population in the millions. There are about 37 nationalities living here, though only the Han , Hui , Monguor /Tu and Tibetans are numerically significant. Local traditions and customs are influenced by the Tibetans, Monguor, Muslims and Han. In the 2010 Census numbers, Han Chinese represent 74.04 percent of

1469-678: A provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China . Long called a "splittist" and "traitor" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet,

1582-526: A river port. The city lies about 200 km (120 mi) west of Lanzhou , the capital of Gansu province, on what was traditionally the main trade route from northern China into Tibet and the Qaidam Basin . These routes are now followed by modern highways . Since 1959 Xining station has been connected by the Lanzhou–Qinghai Railway to China's railway network . Later, this railway

1695-517: A small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche , went first to meet the Panchen Lama , who had been stuck in Jyekundo , in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year

1808-514: A special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Kashag , and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination ( pabbajja ) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by Reting Rinpoche and according to the Dalai Lama "I received my ordination from Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché in

1921-440: A very small amount of Tibetan vocabulary was involved. It was reported that the family of the 14th Dalai Lama spoke Chinese at home, and mother of the 14th Dalai Lama spent 2 years to learn the Tibetan language in Lhasa. Taktser is not, as it is usually taken to be, in the proximity of the Kumbum Monastery, rather it is approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of the monastery, and around 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of

2034-808: A while in this monastery, finding the place magnificent, and gazing at the house of his next reincarnation, a detail the monks remembered. According to Thubten Jigme Norbu , in 1949, by the end of the Chinese Civil War , plundering hordes controlled by the Communists, robbed and destroyed what they could not take, burning the buildings of Shadzong Ritro. Located at 2,843 m (9,327 ft) above sea level, Taktser has an elevation-influenced dry-winter subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dwc ) with long, very cold winters and short, fresh summers. Taktser experiences large diurnal temperature variations, especially in winter months. January has

2147-681: Is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet , a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with

2260-1371: Is a very common noodle dish. Perhaps Mian Pian, which means "noodle leaves" is the most common noodle plate among the Qinghai people. On the streets, many Muslims sell spicy lamb brochettes . Due to the cold climate, residents of Xining are also fond of strong spirits; Xining has the reputation of being one of the regions of heaviest alcohol consumption in China. Direct-administered municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state-planning cities . Special economic-zone cities . Open coastal cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. National: Provinces: Autonomous Regions: Municipalities: SARs: Tenzin Gyatso This

2373-454: Is an accepted version of this page Samding Dorje Phagmo The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso , full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso , also known as Tenzin Gyatso ; né   Lhamo Thondup ; is the incumbent Dalai Lama , the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism . Before 1959, he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, and subsequently established and led

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2486-400: Is distinct from other Chinese cities and mainly uses food products native to the area. Local specialties include: Feng'er Liji (a round lamb tenderloin), Danbai Chongcao Ji (a medicine cuisine made of chicken, Chinese caterpillar fungus and eggs), and Jinyu Facai (pork wrapped in flagelliform nostoc and shaped as a goldfish). There are also many small restaurants offering noodles. Gan Ban

2599-485: Is in this monastery that the 4th Karmapa conferred the first vows to Tsongkhapa (1357–1419). At the time of this ceremony, the Karmapa cut a wick of hair of the child, then sent it on a close boulder of the cave where he lived, creating a crack in the rock. A Juniper exhaling an odor of human hair and still visible these days would have grown from it. At the time of his return from China, the 13th Dalai Lama , stayed for

2712-414: Is inseparable from extreme abuse. Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles. Goldstein, for example, notes that although the system was based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and he refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse." The 19-year-old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of

2825-566: Is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche , The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master , Kundun , The Presence , and Yizhin Norbu , The Wish-Fulfilling Gem . His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama , the style employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by

2938-631: Is very sparse due to the dry winters. In 2007, the World Bank lent US$ 1 billion to aid river treatment in Xining, including Sanxian County 's anti- flooding project, with an added US$ 1 billion to support infrastructure. Qinghai has invested large amounts in the treatment of Huangshui Main River and Nanchuan River, totalling 24.5 km (15.2 mi). However, a treatment on a 40 km (25 mi) river course and 10 flash flood relief channels remain pending due to lack of equipment. In Sanxian County,

3051-576: The 1959 Tibetan uprising , the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he continues to live. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie , which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala , where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration . The Dalai Lama advocates for

3164-410: The 2020 Chinese census , the prefecture-level city of Xining has a population of 2,467,965 inhabitants (compared to 2,208,708 as of the 2010 Chinese census ), of whom 1,954,795 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 5 urban districts. At present, four districts, three counties and a national economic and technological development zone are under the administration of the local government. With

3277-742: The Chinese language ," a form of Central Plains Mandarin , and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan . After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including

3390-652: The Dongguan Mosque , located in the Xining City Zone, is one of the most famous mosques in the northwest region of China. It has splendid and diversiform towers, walls and halls in the mosque. Another unique religious structure is the Beishan Si (North Mountain Temple), a Taoist facility. There are more than 300 Christian meeting points in Xining. The Catholic minority is pastorally served by

3503-515: The Ganden Tripa . The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo , at the time a Chinese frontier district. He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937, and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in 1939. As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process

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3616-679: The General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations . The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans . In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened

3729-620: The Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala , India, which is often referred to as " Little Lhasa ". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language , history , religion , and culture . The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts

3842-490: The Huangshui River Valley , also known as Tsongkha ( Tibetan : ཙོང་ཁ་), and owing to its high altitude, has a cool climate on the borderline between cool semi-arid and dry winter humid continental . Xining was a commercial hub along the Northern Silk Road 's Hexi Corridor for over 2000 years, and was a stronghold of the Han , Sui , Tang , and Song dynasties' resistance against nomadic attacks from

3955-536: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world. In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna ,

4068-513: The Qaidam region. During the late 1950s medium-sized iron and steelworks were built there, supplying metal to Lanzhou. Construction of a highway to the mineral-rich Qaidam basin, and completion in 1959 a link to the Chinese rail network via Lanzhou in Gansu province, has spurred industrial development. This effort was part of a plan of the central government to rapidly exploit oil and pasturage in

4181-540: The Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when

4294-467: The Republic of China ( Ma clique ), consisted of 17 households, 15 of which were Tibetan. In 1985, there were 40 families and in 2002 the figure rose to 50. In 2009, the village numbered 256 inhabitants (45 families). Over 70 percent of the 45 families have a television set and a land-line telephone. The village also features 10 mobile phones, 16 motorbikes, and one automobile, but is still isolated from

4407-805: The Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala , India. The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva , specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara (in Sanskrit) or Chenrezig (in Tibetan), the Bodhisattva of Compassion, a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama, whose name means Ocean of Wisdom ,

4520-719: The environment , economics, women's rights , nonviolence , interfaith dialogue , physics , astronomy , Buddhism and science , cognitive neuroscience , reproductive health and sexuality . The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama Gandhi 's spiritual heir to nonviolence. The 12th General Assembly of the Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace in New Delhi unanimously recognized

4633-492: The system of feudal peasantry to persist. Scholar Robert Barnett wrote of the serfdom controversy: "So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other 'premodern' peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism,

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4746-647: The town of Ping'an ( Chinese : 平安镇 , Tibetan: Bayan khar ), which is also the seat of the government for the county of the same name . Although the name of Taktser is a reminder of the times when the earliest inhabitants were Tibetan tribes, the Huis have been the main ethnic group in the area since the Qing Dynasty (1644). The village of Taktser became religiously linked to the Kumbum Jampa Ling Monastery. "The Taktser incarnation line

4859-524: The (pre-diocesan) Apostolic Prefecture of Xining . The municipality oversees seven districts and counties . The data here are presented in km² and in population according to 2010 Census: Xining International Academy is an English-language international school. Xining is situated in a fertile mountain basin in the valley of the Huangshui (river), a tributary of the Yellow River, that acts as

4972-577: The 14th Dalai Lama Gyalo Thondup said that in 1710, a large part of Amdo had been incorporated into the Manchu empire as part of the region known as Qinghai. He also said that people speak a mixture of Tibetan and Qinghai Chinese language. Tibetan researcher Dr. Wang Xiaolin pointed out that at the end of the Ming Dynasty , most of people already spoke the Qinghai Chinese language, and only

5085-481: The 14th Dalai Lama's mother, Diki Tsering , reports on the cursory description that the 5th Reting Rinpoche gave of her household after seeing it in a vision: "there was a tree in the back yard and a stupa (...) at the doorway and (...) we had a small black-and-white dog and a large mastiff on the terrace (...), there were many nationalities in our home.". In 1954, the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer , who had

5198-501: The 1st century BC after efforts by the Han dynasty to control this route. Under the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), a county called Linqiang was established to control the local Qiang tribesmen . It was again a frontier county under the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties; during the 7th and early 8th centuries it was a center of constant warfare with Tuyuhun and Tibet . In 763, it

5311-610: The Chinese capital to meet Chairman Mao Zedong with the 10th Panchen Lama and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution . On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964. Mao Zedong who, "according to

5424-507: The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what

5537-500: The Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, "Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in

5650-569: The Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism". The Dalai Lama celebrated his 70th birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to

5763-554: The Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final interview with this remarkable man was toward the end of my visit to China. I was at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly when I received a message asking me to go to see him at this house. By then, I had been able to complete a tour of the Chinese provinces, and I was able to tell him truthfully that I had been greatly impressed and interested by all

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5876-428: The Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons , and with support for human rights . The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal," because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with

5989-638: The Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network , was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a year's worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times , Amnesty International and other organisation's reporters targeted

6102-414: The Dalai Lama's contributions to global peace, his lifelong efforts in uniting Buddhist communities worldwide, and bestowed upon him the title of “Universal Supreme Leader of the Buddhist World.” They also designated 6 July, his birthday, as the Universal Day of Compassion . Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser, at

6215-431: The Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang . Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet , their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu -led Qing dynasty (1720–1912). During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Melvyn Goldstein writes that "everything

6328-443: The Internet. The village of Taktser gained fame as the birthplace of the 14th Dalai Lama in 1935. It also saw the birth of his elder brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu , who was acknowledged by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the great lama Taktser Rinpoche. In 2018, the house has reportedly been renovated and is monitored by the Chinese Communist Party . In her book Dalai Lama, My Son: A Mother's Story , published in 2000,

6441-528: The Japanese. The Salar Muslim General Han Youwen directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Xining was given municipal status in 1945. Under the rule of Governor Ma Bufang , Xining, like the rest of Qinghai, underwent industrialization and modernization. In 1947 the USA sold Ma Bufang a piped water (sewage) system which was installed in Xining. Ma Bufang also promoted education. He made businessmen methodically clean up Xining by serving as insect exterminators. Since

6554-424: The Jokhang in Lhasa." There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas. In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam Prayer Festival . He passed with honours and

6667-492: The Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission . On 12 December 1938, regent Reting Rinpoche informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that three candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held. Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now four years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in

6780-442: The Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived. The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at

6893-420: The People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to

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7006-411: The Tibetan army in warlord -controlled Kham . On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet. The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on 22 February 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume

7119-461: The Tibetan leader, treated him as a 'father would treat a son,'" "also showed Tibet’s political leader and its foremost spiritual master its ambivalence to Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama recounts this episode in his autobiography, My Land and My People , 'A few days later I had a message from Mao Tse-tung to say that he was coming to see me in an hour’s time. When he arrived he said he had merely come to call. Then something made him say that Buddhism

7232-417: The Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was not authorised by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed

7345-436: The Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role". Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. Former British officials stationed in India and Tibet recalled that envoys from Britain and China were present at the Dalai Lama's enthronement in February 1940. According to Basil Gould , the Chinese representative Wu Chunghsin

7458-442: The US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences". The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of

7571-493: The Xining area beginning in the 1950s. Xining is located in the eastern part of Qinghai Province and lies on the Huangshui River . The four urban districts have a total area of 343 km (132 sq mi). Xining is located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the upper reaches of the Huangshui River . It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Qinghai Province with an average altitude of about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft). Human activity in

7684-702: The Xining–Lanzhou expressway and run through by two main roads, the broadest roads of the city. It is 4 km (2.5 mi) away from the railway station, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Xining Airport. It focuses on the development of following industries: chemicals based on salt lake resources, nonferrous metals, and petroleum and natural gas processing; special medicine, foods and bio-chemicals using local plateau animals and plants; new products involving ecological and environmental protection, high technology, new materials as well as information technology; and services such as logistics, banking, real estate, tourism, hotel, catering, agency and international trade. According to

7797-407: The age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama , the 6th Taktser Rinpoche . His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal , had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema , spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of )

7910-514: The annual mean is 6.0 °C (42.8 °F), still making it one of the warmest locations in Qinghai due to the low elevation by provincial standards. Rainfall falls mainly from May to September, and the area is often dry and sunny: with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in September to 67 percent in November, the city receives 2,540 hours of bright sunshine per year. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −26.6 °C (−16 °F) to 36.5 °C (98 °F). Snow cover

8023-400: The border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery . In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of

8136-422: The boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould , British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell , former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the 13th Dalai Lama , at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it

8249-439: The center of the yard was a round stone base supporting a tall wooden mast from which fluttered a banner of white cotton bearing hundreds of block-printed prayers." To find a more substantial description of the house, one has to turn the biography, published in 1959, of the Dalai Lama's elder brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu . In it the exterior appearance and interior arrangement of the house are depicted in minute detail. The house

8362-407: The development projects I had seen. Then he started to give me a long lecture about the true form of democracy, and advised me how to become a leader of the people and how to take heed of their suggestions. And then he edged closer to me on his chair and whispered: 'I understand you very well. But of course, religion is poison. It has two great defects: It undermines the race, and secondly it retards

8475-514: The edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province . He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma , was 16 years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages . His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu , had been recognised at

8588-567: The guest room and the store room were in the western wing, while the stable, the kennel and the sheep-pen were in the southern wing. The yard, the covered in-way and the stalls were paved with stone slabs. The rooms had wooden floors. A more recent account of the home comes from Rudy Kong in Dragons, Donkeys, and Dust: Memoirs from a decade in China , published in 2010. Kong visited the home in 2001 and described "a living room of bare concrete that contained nothing more than simple wooden furniture. On

8701-689: The highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history. In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government. At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C. ,

8814-814: The hinterlands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Xining has also been dubbed the Summer Resort Capital of China owing to its cool summer, with a borderline cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk )/dry winter humid continental climate ( Dwb ). Conditions are influenced by the aridity and high altitude. Nights are cold or cool throughout the year, and the diurnal temperature variation often reaches or exceeds 15 °C (27 °F). The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from −7.9 °C (17.8 °F) in January to 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in July;

8927-524: The interests of both parties through dialogue and communication and for Tibet to remain a part of China. The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and his Kalachakra teachings and initiations are international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers, and scientists, online and in-person. His work includes focus on

9040-409: The last quarter of the nineteenth century, Qing empire troops destroyed the Taktser village. "Manchu troops burned down every house in Taktser village, driving the entire population to seek refuge in caves in the surrounding hills. The Manchu's attempts to smoke them out with burning chili were unsuccessful..." In 1935, the village, then under the control of Hui Chinese (Muslim) warlord Ma Bufang of

9153-465: The late 1950s, when the Liujiaxia Dam and hydroelectric project came into operation in neighboring Gansu province , Xining has been linked by a high-tension electrical grid to both Liujia and Lanzhou. It also uses local coal from mines at Datong County to the north. A modern woollen mill was installed at Xining before 1957. The city also has a leather industry and is a market for salt from

9266-491: The new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand". The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists

9379-415: The opportunity of speaking to Dzasa Kunsangtse, one of the monk investigators sent to look for the 13th Dalai Lama's reincarnation, describes the house as "a little Chinese peasant house with carved gables.". Michael Harris Goodman portrayed the house as "typically Tibetan: a single-storied rectangular structure with a broad, flat roof situated around a paved courtyard with no windows in the outside walls. In

9492-615: The others. From 1936 the Hui ' Ma Clique ' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek 's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai . Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard

9605-515: The private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019. At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising , fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA 's Special Activities Division , crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up

9718-569: The progress of the country. Tibet and Mongolia have both been poisoned by it.'" In his autobiography, Freedom In Exile , the Dalai Lama recalls: "How could he have thought I was not religious to the core of my being?'" In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday , the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru , if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as

9831-591: The region can be traced to 2,100 years ago. During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties , owing to its developing agriculture , Xining was paid notice due to its economic and military significance. As well as being an important hinge between the Central Plains and the western part of China in ancient times, Xining was an important link in the Silk Road . It continues to be an important rail and road link to

9944-543: The rest of the nation's high-speed rail network. Unlike many other Chinese cities, where the conventional and high-speed trains stop at different train stations, Xining railway station is served by both types of trains. Thus it can be used as a transfer point for e.g. a passenger traveling from Xinjiang to Tibet . Xining Caojiapu International Airport serves the area with regularly scheduled passenger flights to major Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi'an, and Wuhan. Xining's cuisine

10057-407: The revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him. In September 1954, he went to

10170-514: The role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on 17 November 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement without his authorisation in 1951. The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow

10283-521: The seventeenth century. He was educated at Kumbum Monastery, where he served first as the eighth abbot of the Tantric College (rgyud pa grwa tshang), and then, in 1691, as the seventeenth throne holder of the monastery, a post he held for five years. During his tenure, in 1692, the Tsenkhang (btsan khang), the temple dedicated to propitiating the tsen ( btsan ) spirit, was constructed..." In

10396-517: The tables and walls were old black and white family photos. In the photos we could see the young child Tenzin Gyatso, who would be pronounced an incarnation of Buddha himself and become the God-King of the Tibetans: the Dalai Lama." Standing on a mountain peak 7 km from Taktser, the monastery of Shadzong Ritro was founded by the 4th Karmapa (1340–1383) at the beginning of the 14th century. It

10509-514: The time, the village of Taktser stood right on the "real border" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in

10622-484: The total population of Xining, while Hui (16.26 percent), Tibetan (5.51 percent) and Tu (2.6 percent) are the main minority groups in the city . Located in the southwest part of Xining City, the Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Monastery is one of six famous monasteries in the Gelug (also called Yellow Hat Sect ) of Tibetan Buddhism and has hundreds of monks. Having a history of over 600 years,

10735-636: The traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia . The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian , attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with

10848-682: The welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the Middle Way Approach with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet. This policy, adopted democratically by the Central Tibetan Administration and the Tibetan people through long discussions, seeks to find a middle ground, "a practical approach and mutually beneficial to both Tibetans and Chinese, in which Tibetans can preserve their culture and religion and uphold their identity," and China's assertion of sovereignty over Tibet, aiming to address

10961-463: The west. Although long a part of Gansu province, Xining was added to Qinghai in 1928. Xining holds sites of religious significance to Muslims and Buddhists, including the Dongguan Mosque and Kumbum Monastery . It is connected by the Qinghai–Tibet railway to Lhasa, Tibet and connected by a high-speed railway to Lanzhou, Gansu and Ürümqi, Xinjiang . The city is home to Qinghai University ,

11074-473: The world outside Lhasa . The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006. Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama 's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period

11187-412: Was a rectangular, ground-level building, with its various parts arranged around a wide central courtyard. It had a rectangular flat roof. There were no openings in the outside walls, except for the doorway. In the roof there were three chimneys stacks and two air-holes. Around the roof were small gutters with spouts giving out into the courtyard. Over the entrance there was a socket fixed in the roof to take

11300-496: Was approved as state-level development zone in July 2000. It has a planned area of 4.4 km (1.7 sq mi). XETDZ lies in the east of Xining, 5 km (3.1 mi) away from downtown. The XETDZ is the first of its kind at the national level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is established to fulfill the nation's strategy of developing the west. XETDZ enjoys a convenient transportation system, connected by

11413-616: Was awarded the Lharampa degree , the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy . According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche , Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche , who became junior tutor when he was 19 At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer , who became his videographer and tutor about

11526-614: Was born in 1935. The village is on the route from Xining , which was the seat of local Chinese government administration, to Labrang Tashi Khyi, the largest monastery in the area after the famous Kumbum Monastery . Taktser is the original Tibetan name of Hongya Village ( 红崖村 ; Hóngyá Cūn , Hongaizi in the local dialect), together with 13 other villages forming the Shihuiyao Township ( 石灰窑乡 ), of Ping'an County , in Haidong Prefecture . The brother of

11639-492: Was born in the 14th century, and on the site of his birthplace the Kumbum Monastery was founded in the late 16th century, establishing Xining as an important religious center for the Gelug School of Buddhists. A major earthquake occurred May 22, 1927 , measuring at a magnitude of 7.6. It was one of the deadliest earthquakes in China with a total count of over 40,000 deaths. It also caused large land fractures. Xining

11752-706: Was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions. On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held in Tibet. In October 1938,

11865-595: Was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by

11978-780: Was extended into the Qaidam area via Haiyan near Qinghai Lake to Golmud , and, since 2006, to Lhasa , Tibet . (See the Qinghai–Tibet Railway ). The second major railway serving Xining is the Lanzhou–Xinjiang High-Speed Railway , opened in December 2014. When first opened, it just provided high-speed train service to Lanzhou and Urumqi (and points in between). With the opening of the Baoji–Lanzhou high-speed railway on July 9, 2017, it has been connected to

12091-577: Was initiated when Yeshe Kelzang was recognized as the reincarnation of Lobzang Dorje, an abbot of the tantric college at Kumbum Monastery, who was then posthumously known as the First Taktser, The name of the incarnation line stems from the town of Taktser in Amdo where the Lobzang Dorje was born. The seat of this incarnation line is at Kumbum. The Fifth Taktser, Lobzang Tsultrim Jigme Gyatso was

12204-410: Was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent , Reting Rinpoche , shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood

12317-467: Was overrun by the Tibetans and while under Tibetan control was known to the Chinese as Qingtang cheng ( 青唐城 ). Recovered by the Song dynasty in 1104, it received the name Xining (meaning "peace in the west") and has been the seat of a prefecture or superior prefecture under that name since that time. The founder of Gelug Tsongkhapa ( Tibetan : ཙོང་ཁ་པ་, meaning: "the man from Tsongkha ". c. 1357–1419)

12430-460: Was quite a good religion, and Lord Buddha, although he was a prince, had given a good deal of thought to the question of improving the conditions of the people. He also observed that the Goddess Tara was a kind-hearted woman. After a very few minutes, he left. I was quite bewildered by these remarks and did not know what to make of them.' The comments Mao made during their last meeting shocked

12543-672: Was reportedly unhappy about the position he had during the ceremony. Afterward an article appeared in the Chinese press falsely claiming that Wu personally announced the installation of the Dalai Lama, who supposedly prostrated himself to Wu in gratitude. After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka , his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to

12656-606: Was the extraterritorial capital of the Koko Nor territory and remained in Gansu until 1928, when it became the provincial capital of the newly established independent province of Qinghai. Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941 during the Second Sino-Japanese War . The bombing spurred all ethnicities in Qinghai, including the local Qinghai Mongols and Qinghai Tibetans, against

12769-552: Was waived and approved by the Central Government of the Republic of China . His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940. At the time of his selection, a form of Tibetan government called Ganden Phodrang administered the traditional Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang , Kham and Amdo. As Chinese forces re-entered and annexed Tibet , Ganden Phodrang invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties on 17 November 1950 (at 15 years of age) until his exile in 1959. During

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