Misplaced Pages

#817182

105-541: Talayan was created through Presidential Decree No. 1009 by then President Ferdinand Marcos on September 22, 1976. It was carved from the municipalities of Datu Piang and Dinaig (now Datu Odin Sinsuat ). Datu Udzag Midtimbang was the first appointed mayor of entire Talayan now divided into 4 municipalities, Talitay, Datu Anggal Midtimbang, Talayan and Guindulungan. followed by a younger brother Datu Antao, and now Datu Ali. With these leaders, Talayan now and then remains as

210-459: A Bachelor of Arts degree, but he interrupted his studies. According to one of his biographies, he considered himself to be an average student; his grade was not in the line of 90s nor did it fall into the 70s. At the age of 17, he was the youngest war correspondent to cover the Korean War for The Manila Times of Don Joaquín "Chino" Roces . Because of his journalistic feats, he received

315-560: A Japanese propagandist and collaborator during World War II. Drawn and quartered with the use of carabaos , his remains were left hanging on a tree. Josefa Marcos was a schoolteacher who would far outlive her husband – dying in 1988, two years after the Marcos family left her in Malacañang Palace when they fled into exile after the 1986 People Power Revolution , and only one year before her son Ferdinand's death. Ferdinand

420-525: A Motu Proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law era. Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr. was born in Concepcion, Tarlac on November 27, 1932, to Benigno Aquino Sr. , who was then a senator from the 3rd district and Senate majority leader , and Aurora (née Aquino) from a prosperous family of hacienderos , the original owners of Hacienda Tinang. His grandfather, Servillano Aquino ,

525-529: A blocked artery. Philippine surgeons were reluctant to do a coronary bypass , because it could involve them in a controversy. In addition, Aquino refused to submit himself to Philippine doctors, fearing possible Marcos "duplicity"; he preferred to go to the United States for the procedure or return to his cell at Fort Bonifacio and die. His request was granted and Ninoy was allowed to go to the United States for surgery, together with his entire family. This

630-623: A budget deficit 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965. This began a pattern of loan-funded spending which the Marcos administration would continue until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986, resulting in economic instability still being felt today, and of debts that experts say the Philippines will have to keep paying well into 2025. The grandest infrastructure projects of Marcos's first term, especially

735-472: A circuitous route home from Boston, via Los Angeles , to Singapore . In Singapore, then-Tunku Ibrahim Ismail of Johor met Aquino upon his arrival and later brought him to Johor , Malaysia to meet with other Malaysian leaders. Once in Johor , Aquino met up with Tunku Ibrahim's father, Sultan Iskandar , who was a close friend to Aquino. He then left for Hong Kong and on to Taipei . He had chosen Taipei as

840-415: A criminal, Aquino read the book Born Again by convicted Watergate conspirator Charles Colson and it inspired him to a rude awakening. As a result, the remainder of his personal and political life had a distinct spiritual sheen. He emerged as a contemporary counterpart of Jose Rizal , who was among the most vocal proponents of the use of non-violence to combat a repressive regime at the time, following

945-623: A darling of the media. His most polemical speech, "A Pantheon for Imelda", was delivered on February 10, 1969. He assailed the Cultural Center , the first project of First Lady Imelda Marcos as extravagant, and dubbed it "a monument to shame" and labelled its designer "a megalomaniac, with a penchant to captivate". By the end of the day, the country's broadsheets had blared that he labelled the President's wife, his cousin Paz's former ward, and

1050-448: A direct hand in running the military. He also significantly increased the budget of the armed forces, tapping them in civil projects such as the construction of schools. Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts, leading Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state". Under intense pressure from

1155-792: A lawyer, and then served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He was elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule but would end in the loss of livelihood and extreme poverty for almost half the Philippine population, together with a crushing debt crisis. He pursued an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign debt , making him popular during his first term, although it triggered an inflationary crisis which led to social unrest in his second term. Marcos placed

SECTION 10

#1732772022818

1260-539: A legitimate passport from a sympathizer working in a Philippine consulate through the help of Roque Ablan Jr. , who was then a congressman for Ilocos Norte . The Marcos government warned all international airlines that they would be denied landing rights and forced to return if they tried to fly Aquino back to the Philippines. Aquino insisted that it was his natural right as a citizen to come back to his homeland, and that no government could prevent him from doing so. He left Logan International Airport on August 13, 1983, took

1365-684: A member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning. He was also a member of the Special Committee on Import and Price Controls and the Special Committee on Reparations, and of the House Electoral Tribunal. After he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, Marcos won his senate seat in

1470-675: A place for everybody. Many projects now serve the public like concrete roads and lights in every home. A new public market is now being constructed under the leadership of Mayor Hadji Datu Ali. Talayan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . Poverty Incidence of Talayan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Ferdinand Marcos Presidency Family Unexplained wealth Legacy Related [REDACTED] Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989)

1575-577: A plan for Aquino to fly alone (to attract less attention), with the rest of the family to follow him after two weeks. Despite the government's ban on issuing him a passport, Aquino acquired one with the help of Rashid Lucman , a former Mindanao legislator and founder of the Bangsamoro Liberation Front, a Moro separatist group against Marcos. It carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio (Marcial for martial law and Bonifacio for Fort Bonifacio, his erstwhile prison). He eventually obtained

1680-550: A quick recovery, after which he decided to renounce the agreement, saying, "a pact with the devil is no pact at all". He, Cory and their children started a new life in Massachusetts. He continued to work on two books and gave a series of lectures while on fellowship grants from Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology . His travels across the US had become opportunities for him to deliver speeches critical of

1785-641: A strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968 and between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in South Vietnam, mainly being involved in civilian infrastructure projects. With an eye toward becoming the first president of the third republic to be reelected to a second term, Marcos began taking up massive foreign loans to fund the "rice, roads, and school buildings" he promised in his reelection campaign. With tax revenues unable to fund his administration's 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970, Marcos began tapping foreign loans, creating

1890-663: A symbolic gesture. He, however, remained in prison, and the trial continued, drawn out for several years. Throughout the trial, Aquino said that the military tribunal had no authority over his and his co-accused cases. On November 25, 1977, the Military Commission found Aquino, along with NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno ( Kumander Dante ) and Lt. Victor Corpus , guilty of all charges and sentenced them to death by firing squad. Marcos commuted their death sentence due to international pressure over his government's human rights record. In 1978, from his prison cell, Aquino

1995-534: A victory meaning that the opposition of win, instead of himself just winning. However, all of the party's candidates lost the election, with Aquino being the best-performing opposition candidate, ranking 22nd in the 21-seat at-large contest. In mid-March 1980, Aquino suffered a heart attack, mostly in a solitary cell. He was transported to the Philippine Heart Center , where he suffered a second heart attack. ECG and other tests showed that he had

2100-592: A woman he had once courted, "the Philippines' Eva Peron ". President Marcos is said to have been outraged and labelled Aquino "a congenital liar". The First Lady's friends angrily accused Aquino of being "ungallant". These so-called "fiscalization" tactics of Aquino quickly became his trademark in the Senate. It was not until the Plaza Miranda bombing on August 21, 1971, that the pattern of direct confrontation between Marcos and Aquino emerged. At 9:15 pm, at

2205-643: The Sydney Morning Herald , Marcos also had an affair with former Playboy model Evelin Hegyesi around 1970 and sired a child with her, Analisa Josefa. Marcos claimed that he was a descendant of Antonio Luna , a Filipino general during the Philippine–American War , a claim which has since been debunked by genealogist Mona Magno-Veluz. He also claimed that his ancestor was a 16th-century pirate, Limahong (Chinese: 林阿鳳), who used to raid

SECTION 20

#1732772022818

2310-467: The 1981 presidential election and referendum , Marcos's popularity suffered greatly, due to the economic collapse that began in early 1983 and the public outrage over the assassination of opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. later that year. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 parliamentary election , and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call

2415-558: The 1984 Philippine parliamentary election compared to the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election , winning 61 seats out of 183 seats, or 33% of the total number of seats. Hours after the assassination, Aquino's remains were autopsied at Loyola Memorial Chapels in Makati . Aquino's wife, Cory , was still in Boston when she was informed of the assassination through telephone by Japanese congressman and family friend Shintaro Ishihara . On

2520-732: The Cardinal Archbishop of Manila , Jaime Sin officiating, to 9 p.m., when his body was interred at the Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque . More than two million people lined the streets for the procession. Some stations like the church-sponsored Radio Veritas and DZRH were the only stations to cover the entire ceremony. Jovito Salonga , then head of the Liberal Party , referred to Aquino as "the greatest president we never had", adding: Ninoy

2625-540: The Communist Party of the Philippines , despite being allied with the Liberal Party, was responsible for this bombing, seeing it as a means of facilitating repression which they argued would hasten revolution." Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, through Proclamation No. 1081 and went on air to broadcast his declaration on the midnight of September 23. Aquino and Sen. Diokno were two of

2730-488: The Cultural Center of the Philippines complex, also marked the beginning of what critics would call Marcos couple's edifice complex , with grand public infrastructures projects prioritized for public funding because of their propaganda value. In March 1968 a Muslim man named Jibin Arula was fished out of the waters of Manila Bay, having been shot. He was brought to then-Cavite Governor Delfin N. Montano, to whom he recounted

2835-414: The Liberal Party in 1966. In 1968, during his first year as senator, Aquino alleged that Marcos was on the road to establishing "a garrison state" by "ballooning the armed forces budget," saddling the defense establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing our civilian government offices." Aquino became known as a constant critic of the Marcos regime, as his flamboyant rhetoric had made him

2940-563: The Philippine presidential election of 1965 against the incumbent president, Diosdado Macapagal . His inauguration marked the beginning of his two-decade long stay in power, even though the 1935 Philippine Constitution had set a limit of only two four-year terms of office. One of Marcos's earliest initiatives upon becoming president was to significantly expand the Philippine military. In an unprecedented move, Marcos chose to concurrently serve as his own defense secretary, allowing him to have

3045-677: The Sandiganbayan on December 2, 1985, in what the Supreme Court would later describe as a "mock trial" ordered by "the authoritarian president" himself. After Marcos' government was overthrown, another investigation found sixteen soldiers guilty. They were sentenced in 1990 by the Sandiganbayan to life in prison, a decision affirmed by the Supreme Court. Some were released over the years, the last ones in March 2009. After

3150-584: The snap election of 1986 . Allegations of mass electoral fraud , political turmoil, and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February 1986, which removed him from power. To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US president Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly". Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii. He

3255-646: The "Liberal Wing" that split from the Nacionalista Party , which eventually became the Liberal Party . He eventually became the Liberal Party's spokesman on economic matters, and was made chairman of the House Neophytes Bloc which included future president Diosdado Macapagal , future Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez and future Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson . Marcos became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and

Talayan - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-602: The 1962 Senatorial Campaign of being "most decorated war hero of the Philippines" He claimed to have been the recipient of 33 war medals and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor , but researchers later found that stories about the wartime exploits of Marcos were mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue. Only two of the supposed 33 awards – the Gold Cross and

3465-829: The 21st anniversary of his death as an annual special non-working holiday in the Philippines. Several monuments were built in their honor. One of which is the bronze memorial at the intersection of Paseo de Roxas and Ayala Avenue in Makati . Another bronze statue stands in front of the Municipal Building of Concepcion, Tarlac . Other monuments include those at the People Power Monument in Quezon City , along his namesake avenue in Parañaque , in Tarlac City , and two others in Manila ( at

3570-855: The Daily Express, Reynaldo Naval of the Times Journal and Teddy Owen of Bulletin Today. The interview proved to a startled and impressed populace that imprisonment had neither dulled his rapier-like tongue nor dampened his fighting spirit. According to Aquino, he wanted to give the people a vehicle to express their frustration or their anger and to serve as a fiscalizer in the Interim Batasang Pambansa . He further justified his candidacy in Metro Manila instead of his home province of Tarlac as to submerge his popularity, with

3675-684: The Distinguished Service Star – were given during the war, and both had been contested by Marcos's superiors. After the surrender of the Japanese and the end of World War II, the American government became preoccupied with setting up the Marshall Plan to revive the economies of the western hemisphere, and quickly backtracked from its interests in the Philippines, granting the islands independence on July 4, 1946. After

3780-582: The Intramuros-side of Padre Burgos Avenue corner Roxas Boulevard , and around a kilometer down the aforementioned at Manila Baywalk opposite Pedro Gil Street (formerly Herran)). Aquino was also among the first to be honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani , a monument dedicated to those who opposed the Marcos dictatorship, alongside fellow former senators Jose W. Diokno and Lorenzo Tañada . The Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center ,

3885-723: The Japanese POW camp; his actions between release from prison in August 1942 and return to the USAFIP in December 1944; his supposed rank upon discharge from USAFIP; and his claims to being the recipient of numerous military decorations, most of which were proven to be fraudulent. Documents uncovered by The Washington Post in 1986 suggested Marcos's release in August 1942 was effected because his father, former congressman and provincial governor Mariano Marcos , had "cooperated with

3990-463: The Japanese military authorities" as publicist. After his release, Marcos claimed he had spent much of the period between his August 1942 release and his December 1944 return to USAFIP as the leader of a guerrilla organization called Ang Mga Mahárlika ( Tagalog , "The Freemen") in Northern Luzon . According to Marcos's claim, this force had a strength of 9,000 men. His account of events

4095-586: The Marcos government, going as far as Damascus in order to meet with Muslims and the MNLF in order to mediate in the Moro conflict . Throughout his years of expatriation, Aquino was always aware that his life in the U.S. was temporary. He never stopped affirming his eventual return even as he enjoyed American hospitality and a peaceful life with his family on American soil. After spending seven years and seven months in prison, Aquino's finances were in ruins. Making up for

4200-429: The Marcos regime. Aquino was portrayed by Amado Cortez in the 1994 film Mayor Cesar Climaco . Then-Senator Raul Roco , who was part of Aquino's Senate legal staff, portrayed him for the 1997 film Ilaban mo, bayan ko: The Obet Pagdanganan story . Then- Valenzuela Mayor Bobbit Carlos portrayed him in the 2003 biographical film Chavit: Blood Son of Ilocos . His nephew, former Senator Bam Aquino , portrayed him in

4305-784: The Philippine Legion of Honor award from President Elpidio Quirino when aged 18. At 21, he became a close adviser to then Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay . Aquino took up law at the University of the Philippines Diliman , where he became a member of Upsilon Sigma Phi , the same fraternity as Ferdinand Marcos . He interrupted his studies again however to pursue a career in journalism. According to Máximo Soliven , Aquino "later 'explained' that he had decided to go to as many schools as possible, so that he could make as many new friends as possible." In early 1954, he

Talayan - Misplaced Pages Continue

4410-549: The Philippine Senate's exposé of the Jabidah massacre in March 1968, where a Muslim man named Jibin Arula testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of Moro army recruits which had been executed en-masse on Corregidor island on March 18, 1968. The allegations in the exposé became a major flashpoint which ignited the Moro insurgency in the Philippines . Marcos ran a populist campaign emphasizing that he

4515-483: The Philippines on August 23. His remains were later brought to Tarlac on August 29 for a funeral in Concepcion and at the Hacienda Luisita Chapel. Thousands of supporters flocked to see the bloodied body of Aquino. Aquino's remains were returned to Metro Manila for a final funeral procession on August 31. It lasted from 9 a.m., when his funeral mass was held at Santo Domingo Church, with

4620-409: The Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972, shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law was ratified in 1973 through a fraudulent referendum . The constitution was revised, media outlets were silenced , and violence and oppression were used against the political opposition, Muslims, suspected communists, and ordinary citizens. After being elected for a third term in

4725-552: The Philippines, fully aware of the dangers that awaited him. Warned that he would either be imprisoned or killed, Aquino answered, "if it's my fate to die by an assassin's bullet, so be it. But I cannot be petrified by inaction, or fear of assassination, and therefore stay in the side..." His family, however, learned from a Philippine Consular official that there were orders from Ministry of Foreign Affairs not to issue any passports for them. At that time, their passports had expired and their renewal had been denied. They therefore formulated

4830-667: The Republic statute books. During his election campaign in the 1965 presidential election , Marcos's life became the basis of the biographical film Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story) , which starred Luis Gonzales as Marcos. Marcos's first term began with his inauguration on December 30, 1965, and ended when he was inaugurated for his second term on December 30, 1969. By pursuing an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign loans, he remained popular for most of his first term, with his popularity flagging only after his debt-driven spending during

4935-518: The Santuario de San Jose in Greenhills, San Juan , praying for his survival. Near the end, Aquino's weight dropped from 54 to 36 kilograms. Aquino nonetheless was able to walk throughout his ordeal. On May 13, 1975, on the 40th day, his family and several priests and friends, begged him to end his fast, pointing out that even Christ fasted only for 40 days. He acquiesced, confident that he had made

5040-423: The Supreme Court. Malcolm had urged his colleagues to acquit the young Laurel because he knew him to be a bright student. Laurel thus reportedly saw in Marcos a mirror of himself and pleaded for his colleagues to acquit. The Supreme Court overturned the lower court's decision on October 22, 1940, acquitting the Marcos family of all charges except contempt. Marcos's military service during World War II has been

5145-534: The administration of Lyndon B. Johnson , Marcos reversed his pre-presidency position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam War, and consented to a limited involvement, asking Congress to approve sending a combat engineer unit. Despite opposition to the new plan, the Marcos government gained Congressional approval and Philippine troops were sent from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG reached

5250-666: The assassination, the opposition ran for the Regular Batasang Pambansa under the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) and the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) against the ruling Kilusang Bagong Lipunan of Ferdinand Marcos . In the wake of the massive outpouring of protest and discontent following the assassination of Aquino, the opposition performed better during

5355-427: The assassination. Another man present at the airport tarmac, Rolando Galman, was shot dead shortly after Aquino was killed. The Marcos government falsely accused Galman of being a communist hitman acting on orders from Philippine Communist Party chair Rodolfo Salas. An investigation headed by Justice Corazon Agrava led to murder charges being filed against twenty-five military men and one civilian. They were acquitted by

SECTION 50

#1732772022818

5460-513: The attack. Many historians continue to suspect Marcos as the culprit behind the incident, as he is known to have used false flag attacks as a pretext for his declaration of martial law at that time. Historian Joseph Scalice, however, has argued that while the Marcos government was allied with the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) in carrying out bombings in the early 1970s, "the evidence of history now overwhelmingly suggests that

5565-439: The book The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos , the opposition Liberal Party would later confirm that many of his war medals were only acquired in 1962 to aid in his reelection campaign for the Senate, not for his presidential campaign. Marcos won the presidency in 1965. Ferdinand Marcos was inaugurated to his first term as the 10th president of the Philippines on December 30, 1965, after winning

5670-478: The campaign for his second term triggered an inflationary crisis in November and December 1969, before his second inauguration. Among the major projects of the first term was the construction of the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex , considered one of the earliest examples of what would come to be known as the Marcoses' edifice complex . Soon after being elected, Marcos developed close relations with

5775-543: The coasts of the South China Sea . He is a Chinese mestizo descendant, just like many other presidents. Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines (UP) in Manila , attending the College of Law . He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was also an accomplished orator , debater, and writer for

5880-592: The consequences declaring, "the Filipino is worth dying for." He wished to express an earnest plea for Marcos to step down, for a peaceful regime change and a return to democratic institutions. Anticipating the worst, at an interview in his suite at the Taipei Grand Hotel , he revealed that he would be wearing a bullet-proof vest , but he also said that "it's only good for the body, but in the head there's nothing else we can do." Sensing his own doom, he told

5985-502: The death to protest the injustices of his military trial. Ten days through his hunger strike, he instructed his lawyers to withdraw all the motions he had submitted to the Supreme Court. As weeks went by, he subsisted solely on salt tablets, sodium bicarbonate, amino acids and two glasses of water a day. Even as he grew weaker, suffering from chills and cramps, soldiers forcibly dragged him to the military tribunal's session. His family and hundreds of friends and supporters heard Mass nightly at

6090-470: The documentary film The Last Journey of Ninoy . He was also prominently featured in the film A Dangerous Life . He is also portrayed by Isko Moreno and by Jerome Ponce as the young Aquino in the film Martyr or Murderer . JK Labajo also portrayed Aquino in the historical drama film Ako Si Ninoy . On television, Aquino was portrayed by Piolo Pascual on the two-part story of "The Ninoy & Cory Aquino Story" on Maalaala Mo Kaya in 2010, in

6195-627: The early 1980s, he became one of the most notable critics of the Marcos regime, and enjoyed popularity across the US due to the numerous rallies he attended at the time. As the situation in the Philippines worsened, Aquino decided to return to face Marcos and restore democracy in the country, despite numerous threats against him. He was assassinated at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983, upon returning from his self-imposed exile. His death revitalized opposition to Marcos; it also catapulted his widow, Corazon, into

6300-470: The elections in 1959 and became the Senate minority floor leader in 1960. He became the executive vice president of the Liberal Party in and served as the party president from 1961 to 1964. From 1963 to 1965, he was the Senate President . Thus far, he is the last Senate President to become President of the Philippines. He introduced a number of significant bills, many of which found their way into

6405-613: The episodes entitled Kalapati and Makinilya . In theater, Aquino was portrayed by Conrad Ricamora in the Off-Broadway and Seattle productions of the musical Here Lies Love . Ricamora reprises his role in the 2023 Broadway transfer of the musical. Aquino wrote a 19-stanza poem for his wife Cory Aquino while in detention in 1973, entitled "I Have Fallen in Love with the Same Woman Three Times". The poem

SECTION 60

#1732772022818

6510-432: The excesses that characterized her and her husband's " conjugal dictatorship ", is the source of the term Imeldific . Two of their children, Imee and Bongbong , are active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong having been elected president in the 2022 presidential election . Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades, although Guinness took

6615-484: The final stopover when he learned the Philippines had severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan). This made him feel more secure; the Taiwan government could pretend they were not aware of his presence. There would also be a couple of Taiwanese friends accompanying him. From Taipei, he flew to Manila on then Taiwan's flag carrier China Airlines Flight 811. Marcos wanted Aquino to stay out of politics. However, Aquino asserted his willingness to suffer

6720-401: The first to be arrested, and were imprisoned in Fort Bonifacio on trumped-up charges of murder, illegal possession of firearms and subversion. Aquino was tried before Military Commission No. 2, headed by Major-General Jose Syjuco and moved to the Codenamed "Alpha" Room at Fort Magsaysay in Laur, Nueva Ecija . On April 4, 1975, Aquino announced that he was going on a hunger strike, a fast to

6825-547: The following day, his remains lay in state at the Aquino household in Times Street, Quezon City for several days, with his clothes unchanged, and no effort was made to disguise a bullet wound that had disfigured his face. His remains were also transferred to the Santo Domingo Church during that period. In an interview with Aquino's mother, Aurora, she told the funeral parlor not to apply makeup nor embalm her son, to see "what they did to my son". Aquino's wife, Cory , and children Ballsy, Pinky, Viel, Noynoy , and Kris arrived in

6930-429: The forces in its command and the entire machinery of politics which [they] do not have, " Aquino later changed his mind and opted to take part in the elections to have the chance to " talk to the people, " having been imprisoned for almost six years at that point. On March 10, 1978, he was entitled to one television interview on GTV 's Face the Nation, hosted by Ronnie Nathanielsz with panelists Enrique Romualdez of

7035-429: The four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger. In late January 1939, they were finally denied bail. The evidence was strong against the young Marcos, who was a member of the University of the Philippines rifle team and a national rifle champion. Though Marcos's rifle was found in its gun rack in the U.P. ROTC armory, the rifle of team captain Teodoro M. Kalaw Jr.

7140-435: The journalists accompanying him on the flight, "You have to be very ready with your hand camera because this action can become very fast. In a matter of a three or four minutes it could be all over, you know, and [laughing] I may not be able to talk to you again after this." His last televised interview, with journalist Jim Laurie , took place on the flight just prior to his assassination. In his last formal statement that he

7245-405: The kick-off rally of the Liberal Party, the candidates formed a line on a makeshift platform and were raising their hands as the crowd applauded. The band played, a fireworks display drew all eyes, when suddenly two loud explosions obviously were not part of the show. In an instant, the stage became a scene of wild carnage. The police later discovered two fragmentation grenades that had been thrown at

7350-411: The leadership of the opposition toward then President Ferdinand Marcos . He was the significant leader who together with the intellectual leader Sen. Jose W. Diokno led the overall opposition. Early in his Senate career, Aquino vigorously attempted to investigate the Jabidah massacre in March 1968. Shortly after the imposition of martial law in 1972, Aquino was arrested along with other members of

7455-477: The lost time as the family's breadwinner, he toured America; attending symposiums, lectures, and giving speeches in freedom rallies opposing the Marcos government. The most memorable was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theater in Los Angeles, California on February 15, 1981. In the first quarter of 1983, Aquino received news about the deteriorating political situation in his country and the rumored declining health of President Marcos (due to lupus ). He believed that it

7560-612: The main university library of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , was also named in his honor. National Honors International Honors On October 11, 1954, he married Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco (Cory) , with whom he had five children: In a June 1981 interview with Pat Robertson on The 700 Club , Aquino said he was raised Catholic . According to him, his religious awakening began after reading Evangelical Christian author Charles Colson 's 1976 book Born Again , during his solitary confinement under

7665-469: The majority decision, saw himself in the young Marcos in that he had almost killed a rival during a brawl during his youth, had been convicted by a trial court of frustrated murder, and was acquitted after appealing to the Supreme Court, and saw in Marcos an opportunity to pay forward his debt to society. Dean of the UP College of Law George A. Malcolm was Laurel's professor and an Associate Justice of

7770-575: The model of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Some oppositionist students who were active in the fight against the Marcos administration, including now-opposition Senator Risa Hontiveros , recount that at the time they had originally thought of Aquino as just another "traditional politician," but began to acknowledge he was more than that when he took the risk of returning to the Philippines, and ultimately paid for his choice with his life. Manila International Airport (MIA), where he

7875-431: The most controversial figures in Filipino history, Marcos's regime was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality. Marcos gained political success by claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines", but many of his claims have been found to be false, with United States Army documents describing his wartime claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd". After World War II, he became

7980-431: The most prominent and dynamic politician of his generation, in the years prior to martial law, many regarded him as a representative of the entrenched familial elite which to this day dominates Philippine politics. Telegenic and articulate, Aquino had his share of detractors and was not known to be immune to the ambitions and excesses of the ruling political class. However, during his seven years and seven months imprisoned as

8085-604: The officers of the Philippine military, and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or giving them civilian government posts. He also gained the support of the Johnson administration in the US by allowing the limited Philippine involvement in the Vietnam war through the Philippine Civic Action Group. Marcos's first term also saw

8190-419: The opposition. He was incarcerated for seven years. He has been described as Marcos' "most famous political prisoner ". He founded his own party, Lakas ng Bayan and ran in the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election , but all the party's candidates lost in the election. In 1980, he was permitted by Marcos and his wife Imelda to travel to the United States for medical treatment following a heart attack. During

8295-425: The political limelight and prompted her to successfully run for a six-year term as president as a member of the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) party in the 1986 snap election . Among other public structures, Manila International Airport has since been renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor, and the anniversary of his death is a national holiday. Aquino has also been listed as

8400-419: The record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in the town of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte , to Mariano Marcos (1897–1945) and Josefa Edralin (1893–1988). Mariano Marcos was a lawyer and congressman from Ilocos Norte , Philippines. He was executed by Filipino guerillas in 1945 for being

8505-540: The stage by "unknown persons". Eight people died, and 120 others were wounded, many critically. Aquino, elected senator in 1967, was not a candidate in the 1971 midterm election hence was not in Plaza Miranda, but his absence caused some to assume that Aquino's friends in the New People's Army (NPA) tipped him off in advance. Unnamed sources accused Aquino of being involved. No one has ever been prosecuted for

8610-596: The story of the Jabidah massacre, saying that numerous Moro army recruits had been executed en-masse by members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on March 18, 1968. This became the subject of a senate exposé by opposition Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. Ninoy Aquino Benigno " Ninoy " Simeon Aquino Jr. , QSC , CLH , KGCR ( / ə ˈ k iː n oʊ / , locally [bɛˌniːɡ.no ʔɐˈxiː.no] ; November 27, 1932 – August 21, 1983)

8715-522: The student newspaper. While attending the UP College of Law, he became a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi , where he met his future colleagues in government and some of his staunchest critics. When he sat for the 1939 Bar Examinations , he was a bar topnotcher (top scorer) with a score of 92.35%. He graduated cum laude and was in the top ten of his class, with future Chief Justice Felix Makasiar becoming their class salutatorian . He

8820-507: The subject of debate and controversy, both in the Philippines and in international military circles. Marcos, who had received ROTC training, was activated for service in the US Armed Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP) after the attack on Pearl Harbor . He served as a 3rd lieutenant during the mobilization in the summer and fall of 1941, continuing until April 1942, after which he was taken prisoner. According to Marcos's account, he

8925-526: The war, Marcos was one of only eleven lawyers confirmed by the new government as a special prosecutor with the office of the Solicitor General tasked to try by "process of law and justice" all those accused of collaboration with the Japanese. Eventually, Marcos ran for his father's old post as representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte and won three consecutive terms, serving in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959. Marcos joined

9030-476: Was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator and kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Marcos ruled the country under martial law from 1972 to 1981 , and with vastly expanded powers under the 1973 Constitution until he was deposed by a nonviolent revolution in 1986. Marcos described his rule 's philosophy as " constitutional authoritarianism " under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement). One of

9135-404: Was a Filipino politician who served as a senator of the Philippines (1967–1972) and governor of the province of Tarlac . Aquino was the husband of Corazon Aquino , who became the 11th president of the Philippines after his assassination , and father of Benigno Aquino III , who became the 15th president of the Philippines. Aquino, together with Gerardo Roxas and Jovito Salonga , helped form

9240-552: Was a bemedalled war hero emerging from World War II. In 1962, Marcos would claim to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments could give to a soldier. Included in his claim of 27 war medals and decorations are that of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor. According to Primitivo Mijares, author of

9345-465: Was a general in the revolutionary army of Emilio Aguinaldo , the officially recognized first President of the Philippines . He received his elementary education at the basic education department of De La Salle College and finished at the basic education department of Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City . He then graduated at the high school department of San Beda College . Aquino took his tertiary education at Ateneo de Manila University to obtain

9450-515: Was allowed to run in the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election . As Ninoy's Liberal Party colleagues were boycotting the election, he formed the Lakas ng Bayan , an umbrella coalition of opposition parties and individuals. The party had 21 candidates for the Region VI-A ( Metro Manila ) area, including Ninoy himself. While initially agreeing to the boycott due to " the government already [having]

9555-514: Was announced in Manila dailies. Not much is known about what happened to Ortega and their children after, but Marcos married Imelda Trinidad Romualdez on April 17, 1954, only 11 days after they first met. They had three biological children: Ferdinand , Imee , and Irene Marcos . Marcos's fourth child with Ortega was born after his marriage to Imelda. Marcos and Imelda later adopted a daughter, Aimee . Marcos had an affair with American actress Dovie Beams from 1968 to 1970. According to reports by

9660-668: Was appointed by President Ramon Magsaysay , his wedding sponsor to his 1953 wedding at the Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Pasay with Corazon Cojuangco, to act as personal emissary to Luis Taruc , leader of the Hukbalahap rebel group. After four months of negotiations, he was credited for Taruc's unconditional surrender and was given a second Philippine Legion of Honor award with the degree of Commander on October 14, 1954. Aquino gained an early familiarity with Philippine politics, as he

9765-469: Was arranged after a secret hospital visit by Imelda Marcos. This "emergency leave" was set up when Ninoy supposedly agreed to the conditions that, first, he will return, and second, he will not speak out against Marcos in the US. Ninoy was operated on by Rolando M. Solis, a Filipino American and the longest-practicing cardiologist in Dallas , Texas , where the operation took place. After the surgery, Ninoy made

9870-733: Was assassinated, was renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in 1987. Several schools, roads, and establishments, including the Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center , were also named after him. His image was printed on the New Design/BSP Series 500-peso note . With said series being demonetized starting 2013, his wife is now also featured along him on the New Generation Currency Series . On February 25, 2004, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law Republic Act No. 9256 on

9975-511: Was born into one of the Philippines' political and landholding clans. His grandfather served under President Aguinaldo, and his father held office under Presidents Quezon and Jose P. Laurel . As a consequence, he became mayor of Concepcion in 1955 at the age of 23. Five years later, he was elected the nation's youngest vice governor at 27 (the record was later surpassed by Bongbong Marcos at 22 in 1980 ). Two years later, he became governor of Tarlac province in 1961 and then secretary-general of

10080-548: Was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and the Phi Kappa Phi international honor societies , the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later. Ferdinand Marcos received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) ( honoris causa ) degree in 1967 from Central Philippine University . Marcos first gained national notoriety over the murder of Julio Nalundasan . Nalundasan, Mariano Marcos's political rival,

10185-476: Was expedient for him to speak to Marcos and present to him his rationale for the country's return to democracy, before extremists took over and made such a change impossible. Moreover, his years of absence made his allies worry that the Filipinos might have resigned themselves to Marcos' strongman rule and that without his leadership the centrist opposition would die a natural death. Aquino decided to go back to

10290-553: Was first baptized and raised into the Philippine Independent Church . He subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism in later life to marry Imelda Trinidad Romualdez . Marcos lived with a common-law wife , Carmen Ortega, an Ilocana mestiza who was 1949 Miss Press Photography. They had three children and resided for about two years at 204 Ortega Street in San Juan . In August 1953, their engagement

10395-405: Was getting impatient in Boston, he felt isolated by the flow of events in the Philippines. In early 1983, Marcos was seriously ailing, the Philippine economy was just as rapidly declining, and insurgency was becoming a serious problem. Ninoy thought that by coming home he might be able to persuade Marcos to restore democracy and somehow revitalize the Liberal Party. Although Aquino was recognized as

10500-538: Was killed with a single rifle shot at his home in Batac on September 21, 1935, the day after he had defeated Marcos a second time for a seat in the National Assembly . In December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Nalundasan. He was not the only accused from the Marcos clan. Also accused were his father, Mariano, and his uncles, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo. According to two witnesses,

10605-556: Was later cast into doubt after a United States military investigation exposed many of his claims as either false or inaccurate. Another controversy arose in 1947, when Marcos began signing communications with the rank of lieutenant colonel, instead of major. This prompted US officials to note that Marcos was only "recognized as a major in the roster of the 14th Infantry USAFIP, NL as of 12 December 1944 to his date of discharge". The biggest controversy arising from Marcos's service during World War II, however, would concern his claims during

10710-609: Was missing at the time and the National Bureau of Investigation had evidence that it was the one used in the murder of Nalundasan. Of all the accused, only Ferdinand Marcos had access to the U.P. armory. Later in the year, Ferdinand and Lizardo were convicted of murder. Ferdinand was sentenced to 10 to 17 years in prison. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines . According to Primitivo Mijares , Justice Jose P. Laurel , who penned

10815-532: Was not able to deliver, he said, "I have returned on my free will to join the ranks of those struggling to restore our rights and freedoms through non-violence. I seek no confrontation." Aquino was shot in the head after returning to the Philippines in the early afternoon on August 21, 1983. About 1,000 security personnel had been assigned by the Marcos government to ensure Aquino's safe return to his detention cell in Fort Bonifacio , but this did not prevent

10920-532: Was released from prison by the Japanese on August 4, 1942, and US military records show that he rejoined USAFIP forces in December 1944. Marcos's military service then formally ended with his discharge as a major in the 14th Infantry, US Armed Forces, in the Philippines Northern Luzon, in May 1945. Controversies regarding Marcos's military service revolve around: the reason for his release from

11025-679: Was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino . According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), the Marcos family stole US$ 5 billion–$ 10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines . The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking away billions of dollars from the Philippines between 1965 and 1986. His wife, Imelda Marcos , made infamous in her own right by

#817182