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28-573: Tarki ( Kumyk : Таргъу , Tarğu ; Russian : Тарки́ ) formerly also spelled Tarkou and also known as Tarku , is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement ) under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan , Russia , located on the Tarki-tau ( Kumyk : Tarğu-taw ) mountain. As of the 2010 Census , its population

56-421: A different community without their consent. Urban-type settlement status was granted to Tarki in 1958. Within the framework of administrative divisions , the urban-type settlement of Tarki is in jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala . Within the framework of municipal divisions , Tarki is a part of Makhachkala Urban Okrug. Kumyk language Kumyk language belongs to

84-631: A professor of the "Caucasian Tatar" (Kumyk) Timofey Makarov published the first ever grammatical book in the Russian language for one of the Northern Caucasian languages, which was international Kumyk. Makarov wrote: From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on

112-606: A relatively large number of them in Turkic languages, and in Kumyk in particular (8 or 9 vowels) were rarely and irregularly written in the Arabic script, with the use of matres lectionis , the three letters ʾalif ا , wāw و and yāʾ ي . This meant that, overall, this script was far from being adapted to Kumyk phonology. In the beginning of the 20th century, parallel with other Turkic-Muslim minority ethnic groups within

140-625: A subject of greater contention in recent years. In an attempt to settle an unrelated land dispute between local Chechen and Lak communities, the Dagestan government announced in 2017 that it had built 3,000 houses for the Laks, on land which formerly belonged to Kumyks in Tarki. This led to a protest camp being established by the Kumyk community, in an attempt to finally secure restitution for their deportation in 1944, and prevent this land from being given to

168-430: A variety of scripts. "в пределах Дагестана кумыкский язык был известен также под названием «бумурман тил» "мусульманский язык", при этом данный лингвоним обозначал только кумыкский язык, в отличие от многочисленных народов, населявший горный Дагестан." ["within Dagestan, the Kumyk language was also known under the name "бумурман тил" - "Muslim language", and this linguonym denoted only the Kumyk language, in contrast to

196-545: A week. The Kumyk language was learned by Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy and Mikhail Lermontov , both of whom served in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as " The Raid ", Cossacks , Hadji Murat , and Lermontov's - " A Hero of Our Time ", Bestuzhev-Marlinsky 's - "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek". Below is the translation of the Christian Lord's Prayer in Kumyk, in

224-608: Is the Latin alphabet for Kumyk, derived from Yañalif , and having an official status between 1928 and 1938. Below table is the Latin alphabet developed for Kumyk since 1991, derived from modern Turkish orthography and the Common Turkic alphabet . Below table is the last standard iteration of the Arabic alphabet for Kumyk language, being compiled in 1921, and being the official alphabet until 1928: Compiled from: Irchi Kazak (Ийрчы Къазакъ Yırçı Qazaq ; born 1839)

252-484: Is usually considered to be the greatest poet of the Kumyk language. The first regular Kumyk newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917–18 under the editorship of Kumyk poet, writer, translator, and theatre figure Temirbolat Biybolatov (Temirbolat Biybolat). Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш ( Yoldash , "Companion"), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу ( Lenin yolu , "Lenin's Path"), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times

280-820: The Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages . It's a descendant of the Cuman language , with likely influence from the Khazar language , and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum . The closest languages to Kumyk are Karachay-Balkar , Crimean Tatar , and Karaim languages. Nikolay Baskakov , based on a 12th-century scripture named Codex Cumanicus , included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and

308-518: The 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages was started. In 1938 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted, which remains the official alphabet for Kumyk up till today. With the fall of the Soviet Union, with an increased prospect in international connection among Turkic peoples, a project to develop Latin alphabet again, but derived from modern Turkish orthograhpy

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336-572: The Great 's 1722 Persian Expedition and during Catherine the Great 's 1796 Persian Expedition . Tarki finally came under Russian control under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. Eight years later, the Russians built Burnaya Fortress there, which was succeeded by Fort-Petrovsk (on the grounds of original Kumyk town called Andzhi-kala (or Anji), now known as Makhachkala . On 12 April 1944,

364-465: The Kumyks of Tarki and adjacent villages of Kyakhulay and Alborukent were rounded up and deported from their homes on the orders of the Dagestan communist authorities. They were forcibly relocated to land belonging to neighboring Chechen, Karachay, Balkar and Crimean Tatar populations, who had themselves also been forcibly deported to Central Asia two months prior, on Stalin's orders. The rationale given for

392-535: The Kumyks, according to 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant speak Turkish and Arabic . Kumyk has been used as a lingua franca in Dagestan and Caucasus for some time. The historic literary culture of Kumyks and the entire region of Dagestan, North Caucasus , and Southern Ukraine was the Cuman language . Kumyk is a direct descendant of Cuman, and its centuries-long literaray tradition

420-654: The Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk. During the Soviet era, the role of Kumyk was consolidated when in 1923, it was declared to be the state language of Dagestan ASSR due to the fact that "the majority of the population of indigenous Dagestan speaks and understands the Turkic-Kumyk language...

448-592: The Russian Empire , Kumyk speaking literaturists decided to undertake the task of standardization and improvement of the Arabic script. It was in this era that Kumyk literature flourished, and many poets, educators, and publishers rose. The first attempt at compiling an improved orthographic convention was done in 1915, by Abdulhalim Jengutaevsky" in the preface of his Kumyk translation of the poem Layla and Majnun , published in Temir-Khan-Shura . In

476-637: The bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda , until the 1930s and was an official language of communication between the North-Eastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration. The language was known in Dagestan as simply Muslim language ( Kumyk : бусурман тил , busurman til , بوسورمان تیل) due to its domniant role as the intertribal language of communication among various Muslim communities of

504-556: The capital of the Kumyk state at least from the 16th century. This state was not abolished until 1867. Tarki is mentioned by Armenian chronicles of the 7-8th century, by Giovanni Carpini in the Catalan Atlas of 1375, and by Timurid historians. The shamkhals submitted to Russian authority more than once, first in the early 17th century. In 1668, the town was sacked by Cossacks under Stepan Razin . The shamkhals were again obliged to submit to Russian suzerainty during Peter

532-436: The deportation of the Kumyks was that the authorities hoped to use the area to support the agricultural needs of the highland peoples who had resettled in Tarki. As a result of this exodus, the local Kumyk population lost for years their traditional capital of Tarki, which led to the destruction of some of their cultural inheritance. The deportation of the Kumyks is still not acknowledged by the Russian government, and has become

560-407: The experience of teaching the Turkic language in the schools of Mountainous Dagestan gave brilliant results... it was noted... that the “Turkic-Kumyk” language is the only language of communication of the citizens of indigenous Dagestan." Over the decades, this has changed, and Russian has displaced Kumyk as the language of education and inter-ethnic communication in Dagestan. Today, more than 90% of

588-475: The following years, vowel representations were standardized, and Arabic letters that had the same pronunciation in Karachay-Balkar were dropped and consolidated (For example, the letters ث and ص were dropped in favour of the letter س ). Later, as part of a new state campaign of Latinisation , a Latin alphabet was developed for Kumyk, derived from Yañalif , being officially adopted in 1928. In

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616-467: The language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the linguistic family of the Cuman-Kipchak language. Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar. Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag , Terek (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk ( Temir-Khan-Shura ) and Xasavyurt . The latter two became basis for the literary language. Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of

644-622: The numerous peoples who inhabited mountainous Dagestan."] Kipchak languages The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak , Qypchaq , Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages ) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe , spanning from Ukraine to China . Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh , Kyrgyz , and Tatar . The Kipchak languages share

672-484: The region. The historian Georgi Derluguian made the following analogy with regards to the role of Turkic languages in the Caucasus and beyond: “... For almost a thousand years, the Turkic languages that dominated the peoples of the steppe – Kumyk and Tatar – served, like Swahili in East Africa or French among the aristocracies of Europe, as a common lingua franca in the multinational North Caucasus...” In 1848,

700-588: Was 15,356. Tarki had been the capital of Kumyk historical states before they were abolished by Russia. According to some scholars, Tarki sits on the site of Samandar , the capital of Khazaria until the early 8th century. In 1396, Timur passed through Tarki during the Tokhtamysh–Timur war . In the Middle Ages the Shamkhalate state is formed, lately becoming Shamkhalate of Tarki . Tarki had been

728-565: Was a direct continuation of Cuman. The oldest record of Kumyk language being written in the Arabic script, goes back to the mid-17th century. From the beginning of the 19th century, Kumyk literary language began to expand and grow, with an increase in the number of publications and books. The orthography of Kumyk was derived from the Arabic script, although with minor modifications, only several additional letters, same as in Persian alphabet , to represent consonants. Vowels, of which there exists

756-405: Was also to introduce a letter ў to represent the sound [ β ] and distinguish said sound with the sound [ v ] both written with the letter в ; and to introduce a letter җ to represent the sound [ dʒ ] and distinguish said sound with the sound [ ʒ ] both written with the letter ж . None of these policies were adopted in Kumyk orthography. Below table

784-618: Was undertaken. Several online publications, as well as many individuals using social media, have adopted this script as well. Below is the Kumyk Cyrillic alphabet, adopted in 1938, and remaining in use in its original composition up till today. Over the decades, proposals to further improve the Cyrillic script have been raised. For example, it was proposed to have the digraphs гъ , гь , къ , нг , оь/ё , and уь/ю with single letters ғ , һ , қ , ң , ө , and ү respectively; it

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