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142-429: Fujiwara no Sadaie ( 藤原定家 ) , better-known as Fujiwara no Teika (1162 – September 26, 1241), was a Japanese anthologist, calligrapher, literary critic, novelist, poet, and scribe of the late Heian and early Kamakura periods . His influence was enormous, and he is counted as among the greatest of Japanese poets , and perhaps the greatest master of the waka form – an ancient poetic form consisting of five lines with

284-410: A ko threat . Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called komi , which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules (number of points varies by rule set). Under handicap play, White receives only

426-530: A travelogue ; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 's essay " In Praise of Shadows " (1933), which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures. Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854, some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan; they include Bushido: The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō (1900), concerning samurai ethics, and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzō (1906), which deals with

568-414: A 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie ( jigo ). Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner. Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called dead stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones

710-654: A base for the collection). In order to compile it, Go-Toba had resurrected the defunct institution, the Poetry Bureau in the seventh month of 1201, with fifteen yoryudo , or "contributing members", and three added later), who participated in the many poetry contests and similar activities that soon began taking place in the Bureau; of the Fellows, six ( Minamoto Michitomo , Fujiwara Ariie , Teika, Fujiwara Ietaka, Fujiwara Masatsune and Jakuren, who would not live to finish

852-447: A black stone. Such a point is often called a false eye . There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called seki (or mutual life ). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on

994-404: A circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player. Tactics deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to

1136-441: A compiler of two Imperial anthologies. This favorable patronage and collaboration eventually soured even as Teika's relation with Emperor Juntoku and Minamoto no Sanetomo deepened, over many things such as differences in how one should use "association and progression" (as Brower terms it) in poetic sequences. In 100-poem sequences and the like, the poems were usually in one of several groups (the four seasons were common ones, as

1278-501: A consequent rise in the fortunes of the Nijō, as Tamehide's son, Iametuni, became a Buddhist monk. However, the Nijō soon suffered setbacks of their own under the wastrel Nijō no Tameshige (b. 1325, d. 1385), whose promising son, Nijō no Tametō (b. 1341, d. 1381), died comparatively young, killed by a brigand. Japanese people Japanese people ( Japanese : 日本人 , Hepburn : Nihonjin ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to

1420-575: A foundation for mythology , traditions and neighborhood activities, rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one's life. A significant proportion of members of the Japanese diaspora practice Christianity ; about 60% of Japanese Brazilians and 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholics , while about 37% of Japanese Americans are Christians (33% Protestant and 4% Catholic ). Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include

1562-399: A group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called joseki and are often studied independently. However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of

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1704-490: A handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end. Basic strategic aspects include the following: The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and

1846-746: A larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately 2.1 × 10 , which is far greater than the number of atoms in the observable universe , which is estimated to be on the order of 10 . The name Go is a short form of the Japanese word igo ( 囲碁 ; いご ), which derives from earlier wigo ( ゐご ), in turn from Middle Chinese ɦʉi gi ( 圍棋 , Mandarin : wéiqí , lit.   ' encirclement board game ' or ' board game of surrounding ' ). In English,

1988-411: A man he greatly respected (the second time Shunzei had so interceded on Teika's behalf; the first time was in 1185 when Teika had lost his temper and struck a superior – the lesser general Masayuki – with a lamp). He allowed Teika, along with two other "young" poets, Fujiwara no Ietaka (1159–1237; 1158–1237, according to Brower), adopted son of Jakuren and pupil to Shunzei, and Takafusa (1148–1209) to enter

2130-490: A move is not suicide because the Black stones are removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked a is not actually an eye. White can play there and take

2272-416: A novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly. Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage. Novices often start by randomly placing stones on

2414-496: A number of preeminent poets to compose some 100 waka in a particular thematic progression, known as the hyakushu genre of poem sequences. The first contest ( Go-Toba In shodo hyakushu 後鳥羽院初度百首 ; "Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's First Hundred-Poem Sequences") was considered a crucial political nexus; if a clan's poet did well and impressed the powerful (and youthful) Go-Toba, the clan would benefit considerably. Teika's diary records that he looked forward to this chance to improve himself. He

2556-432: A player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point. While not actually mentioned in

2698-573: A poet and a great diarist , especially remembered for her diary Isayoi Nikki ("Diary of the Waning Moon") chronicling her legal battles to get the Kamakura shogunate to stop Tameuji from disinheriting Tamesuke of the Hosokawa estate near the capital that Tameie had left Tamesuke). It is a testament to Teika's importance that the poetic history of the next centuries is in large part a story of

2840-553: A second wave of immigration, from East Asia to Japan during the Yayoi period (300 BC). Following a population expansion in Neolithic times, these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period. As a result, replacement of the hunter-gatherers was common in the island regions of Kyūshū , Shikoku , and southern Honshū , but did not prevail in the outlying Ryukyu Islands and Hokkaidō , and

2982-454: A situation in which the ko rule applies Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the ko rule , prevents unending repetition (a stalemate). As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at 1 (so the White stone has been removed). However, it

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3124-459: A situation it is no particular distinction for me to have forty-odd [46] poems chosen, or for Ietaka to have a score or more. The Ex-Sovereign's recent decisions make it appear he is choosing men rather than poems – a questionable procedure. Teika's displeasure manifested itself in more petty ways, such as refusing to attend a banquet in 1205 (300 years after the Kokinshū was completed) celebrating

3266-491: A specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as Strategy and are covered in the Strategy section above. There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques

3408-400: A stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured . A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored . Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of

3550-403: A stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed. This rule is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on

3692-406: A thing as choosing only senior poets [writes Teika about the pretext used to exclude him]. I can just see Suetsune at the bottom of this, contriving by some bribe that I be left out. It has to be Suetsune, Tsuneie, that whole family. Well, I have no regrets, for there is no possible hope for me now. But I did write in confidence to Kintsune so this may all come out eventually. He has replied that there

3834-433: A time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular. The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played,

3976-570: A total of 31 syllables . Teika's critical ideas on composing poetry were extremely influential and studied until as late as the Meiji era . A member of a poetic clan, Teika's father was the noted poet Fujiwara no Shunzei . After coming to the attention of the Retired Emperor Go-Toba (1180–1239; r. 1183–1198), Teika began his long and distinguished career, spanning multiple areas of aesthetic endeavor. His relationship with Go-Toba

4118-666: A way as to construct territories rather than kill. The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other, with the exception of ko fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of

4260-498: Is a Japanese national. However, Japanese law states that children who are dual citizens must choose one nationality before the age of 20. Studies estimate that 1 in 30 children born in Japan are born to interracial couples , and these children are sometimes referred to as hāfu (half Japanese). The term Nikkeijin ( 日系人 ) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. Emigration from Japan

4402-515: Is a fulfillment of all my hopes and prayers for this life and the next. Teika furiously worked for more than two weeks to complete the full sequence, and when he finally turned his Shoji hyakushu in a day late, Go-Toba was so eager he read the poems immediately. Go-Toba's personal secretary, Minamoto Ienaga, kept a diary (the Minamoto Ienaga nikki ) which eulogistically concerned itself with Go-Toba's poetic activities, and he records that it

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4544-753: Is a traditional, spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce. In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh, kabuki , an "explosion of color", uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect. Plays include sensational events such as suicides, and many such works were performed both in kabuki and in bunraku puppet theater. Since the Meiji Restoration , Japanese art has been influenced by many elements of Western culture. Contemporary decorative, practical, and performing arts works range from traditional forms to purely modern modes. Products of popular culture, including J-pop , J-rock , manga , and anime have found audiences around

4686-423: Is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color. A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a liberty for that stone. Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board. An example of

4828-658: Is both a fine example of the jukkai ("personal grievances") genre and as Minamoto no Ienaga first pointed out, also an allusion to the poem (preserved, along with Go-Shirakawa's reply, in the Imperial anthology Senzai Wakashū ) Shunzei had sent Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa 14 years previously, imploring him to forgive Teika for striking a superior with a candlestick; "the allusion conveys the hope that just as Shunzei's poem obtained his erring son's restoration to rank and office under Go-Shirakawa, now Teika's own poem will win him admission to Go-Toba's Court despite his connection with

4970-550: Is characterized by a relatively small number of vowel phonemes , frequent gemination and a distinctive pitch accent system. The modern Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using hiragana , katakana and kanji . The language includes native Japanese words and a large number of words derived from the Chinese language . In Japan the adult literacy rate in the Japanese language exceeds 99%. Dozens of Japanese dialects are spoken in regions of Japan. For now, Japanese

5112-473: Is classified as a member of the Japonic languages or as a language isolate with no known living relatives if Ryukyuan is counted as dialects. Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto ( Shinbutsu-shūgō ). Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japan's native religion. Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for

5254-421: Is readily apparent that now Black's stone at 1 is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the ko rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at 1 , White must attack Black somewhere else on

5396-477: Is still room for hope." I gather that it was probably not the Emperor who decided on the rules for the hundred-poem competition. It was due entirely to the machinations of Michichika. One feels like flicking him away in disgust. Teika's appeals to the unrelenting Michichika failed, and so Shunzei stepped in with an eloquent letter (the well-known Waji sojo ; "Appeal in Japanese" – writing in Japanese as opposed to

5538-425: Is surrounded by the opponent on the outside, because each eye constitutes a liberty that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally alive , so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be dead and can be captured. The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack

5680-517: The Shinchokusen Wakashū ("New Imperial Collection"; completed c. 1234). While it was a great honor, it was poorly received except by conservatives. According to Donald Keene , Shunzei's Daughter "declared that if it had not been compiled by Teika she would have refused even to take it into her hands." (From a letter sent to Fujiwara no Tameie , Teika's son). She and others also criticized it for apparently deliberately excluding any of

5822-657: The Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji , two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture . After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China. Extravagant art and clothing were commissioned by nobles to decorate their court, and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power, many of these pieces are still extant. After

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5964-424: The Japanese archipelago . Japanese people constitute 97.4% of the population of the country of Japan . Worldwide, approximately 125 million people are of Japanese descent, making them one of the largest ethnic groups . Approximately 120.8 million Japanese people are residents of Japan, and there are approximately 4 million members of the Japanese diaspora , known as Nikkeijin ( 日系人 ) . In some contexts,

6106-542: The Jōmon people had more ethnic diversity than originally suggested or that the people of Japan bear significant genetic signatures from three ancient populations, rather than just two. Some of the world's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period, dating back as far as 16,000 years. The name "Jōmon" (縄文 Jōmon ) means "cord-impressed pattern", and comes from

6248-627: The Philippines , East Malaysia , Peru , the U.S. states of Hawaii , California , and Washington , and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto . Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Go (board game) The playing pieces are called stones . One player uses the white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on

6390-661: The Shukushin . Later, Philipp Franz von Siebold argued that the Ainu people were indigenous to northern Japan. Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin, based on his 1906 research on the Ryukyuan languages . In the Taishō period , Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery. After World War II , Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that

6532-590: The Tibetan plateau , ancient Taiwan , and Siberia . Beginning around 300 BC, the Yayoi people originating from Northeast Asia entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the Jōmon. The Yayoi brought wet-rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan. The more productive paddy field systems allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time, in turn becoming

6674-651: The Tōdai-ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War , a special office of restoration was founded, and the Tōdai-ji became an important artistic center. The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei . Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink wash painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō . Zen Buddhist tenets were also incorporated into

6816-469: The Yayoi period , artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku . Later burial mounds, or kofun , preserve characteristic clay figures known as haniwa , as well as wall paintings. Beginning in the Nara period , painting, calligraphy , and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China . Among the architectural achievements of this period are

6958-462: The haiku , tanka , and I Novel , although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles. Historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji (1021), about Heian court culture; Miyamoto Musashi 's The Book of Five Rings (1645), concerning military strategy; Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi (1691),

7100-472: The lute , considered an authority on traditional learning and courtly precedent, excellent at playing Go , and fond of equestrian pursuits such as horseback archery, shooting at running dogs, and swordsmanship. Go-Toba regarded all these pursuits as hobbies, taking one up and dropping another. One of these was his support of poetry, especially the waka . Immediately after his abdication, he had announced that he would hold two poetry contests, each requiring

7242-419: The score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation. The standard Go board has a 19×19 grid of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that the game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by

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7384-605: The tea ceremony during the Sengoku period . During the Edo period , the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were influential thanks to their powerful patrons (including the Tokugawa clan ). Popular artists created ukiyo-e , woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities. Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe. In theater, Noh

7526-412: The "disgraced" Kujō faction." Ashitazu no Kumoji mayoishi Toshi kurete Kasumi o sae ya Hedatehatsubeki Now that the year Has closed in which it lost its way Upon the cloudland path, Must the crane still be kept apart Even from the haze of a new spring? Teika and Go-Toba would have a close and productive relationship; Teika was favored in such ways as being appointed by Go-Toba as one of

7668-423: The Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.) If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such

7810-554: The Emperor, using Michichika as a go-between – contrary to the Shōgun's usual policy of favoring Kujo Kanezane. The Shōgun's lack of confidence allowed Michichika to push Go-Toba into firing Kanezane as kampaku in 1196) became Go-Toba's concubine (making Michichika the Retired Emperor Go-Toba's father in law), and they had his first heir in 1195. The shame of this usurpation led Go-Toba's first wife, Ninshi, to retire from

7952-632: The Imperial court during the Hōgen Rebellion . His branch of the clan sought prestige and power in the court by aligning itself with the Mikohidari family, and by specializing in artistic endeavors, principally poetry. Such specialization was not unusual; branches of extended clans were not in a position to compete directly in politics with the head branch of the clan (or indeed other clans because of their junior status), but could compete in more restricted aesthetic pursuits. (The Mikohidari, also known as

8094-525: The Imperial court, claimed it was actually a horse, and saw that more of the officials sycophantically agreed with him, rather than the emperor who pointed out that the horse was actually a stag.) Donald Keene believes that as Teika grew more important, he resented Go-Toba's peremptory use of him. In his later years, Go-Toba took issue not merely with Teika's personality, but also with his poetry, complaining of Teika's more liberal style that Teika (among other things) "by contrast, paid no attention whatsoever to

8236-613: The Japanese Preface only existed in rough drafts and because Go-Toba would continue revising the selection of poems for some time thereafter, only releasing the final edition approximately 6 years later, sometime after the ninth month of 1210; indeed, Go-Toba would continue revising it until his death, although the later revisions are not extant). In addition, there apparently were serious personality conflicts, which lead Go-Toba to write once, after praising Teika's poetry, that: The way Teika behaved, as if he knew all about poetry,

8378-464: The Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago. Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge, and nomadic hunter-gatherers crossed to Japan. Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan. In the 18th century, Arai Hakuseki suggested that the ancient stone tools in Japan were left behind by

8520-634: The Miko, were a cadet branch of the Fujiwaras, through Fujiwara no Michinaga 's sixth son, Fujiwara no Nagaie (1005–1064); the Mikohidari were themselves aligned with the more senior Kujō branch of the original Fujiwara, who opposed the Rokujō family .) Teika's grandfather was the venerable poet Fujiwara no Toshitada . His father was Fujiwara no Shunzei (1114–1204), a well known and greatly respected poet (and judge of poetry competitions), who had compiled

8662-467: The Ryukyuan and Ainu people show mixed characteristics. Mark J. Hudson claims that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE. Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese people formed from both the Yayoi rice-agriculturalists and the various Jōmon period ethnicities. However, some recent studies have argued that

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8804-418: The basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period . The estimated population of Japan in the late Jōmon period was about eight hundred thousand, compared to about three million by the Nara period . Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account, it is calculated that about one-and-a-half million immigrants moved to Japan in

8946-472: The battles between the rival branches; indeed, it is this rivalry that is chiefly responsible for the great number of forgeries attributed to Teika. When the Reizei lost a court case concerning possession of the Hosokawa estate Tameie had willed to Tamesuke, they were ordered to hand over the valuable manuscripts and documents inherited from Teika and Tameie over to the Nijō; they outwardly complied, but along with

9088-437: The black group with false eye a can be killed by white in two turns. When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or unsettled . A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if

9230-413: The board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured. Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are: In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on

9372-428: The board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the sente "; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at 1 , and the ko continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a ko fight . To stop the potential for ko fights , two stones of

9514-457: The board to capture more territory. Dame are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. Seki are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. Ko (Chinese and Japanese: 劫 ) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore

9656-456: The board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in

9798-411: The board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic common opening sequences may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of weak groups . A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display kiai , or fighting spirit, in

9940-481: The characteristic markings found on the pottery. The Jōmon people were mostly hunter-gatherers, but also practicized early agriculture, such as Azuki bean cultivation. At least one middle-to-late Jōmon site (Minami Mizote ( 南溝手 ) , c.  1200 –1000 BC) featured a primitive rice-growing agriculture , relying primarily on fish and nuts for protein. The ethnic roots of the Jōmon period population were heterogeneous, and can be traced back to ancient Southeast Asia ,

10082-507: The conservative elder Nijō branch (founded by Tameie's elder son, Nijō Tameuji (1222–1286); the middle branch of the Kyōgoku founded by Fujiwara no Tamenori (1226–1279), which, before it became extinct in 1332 with the death of Fujiwara no Tamekane , merged with the Reizei at the prompting of Nun Abutsu-ni ; and the younger, more liberal Reizei branch, founded by Tameie' younger son Fujiwara no Tamesuke (b. 1263) by Abutsu (d. circa 1283;

10224-524: The contest. Teika was overjoyed at this turn of events: Early this morning came a message from Lord Kintsune that last evening the Ex-Emperor ordered my inclusion among the participants for the hundred-poem sequences.....To have been added to the list for this occasion fills me with inexpressible joy. Though they can hinder me no more, I am still convinced that the trouble was all due to the machinations of those evil men. And that it has turned out this way

10366-412: The court). While his life was marked by repeated illness and wildly shifting fortunes – only partially moderated by his father's long-lasting influence in court (Shunzei would live to the advanced age of 90), the young and poetically inclined Retired Emperor Go-Toba 's patronage lead to some of Teika's greatest successes. The Retired Emperor Go-Toba announced, in the second year of his abdication (1200,

10508-470: The court. As Ninshi was the daughter of the Kujō's leader Kujō Kanezane , the Kujō's influence in court diminished considerably, even to the extent of Kanezane and Yoshitsune (d. 1206; once the regent and prime minister) being driven from the court in 1196; with the diminution of their influence, so dimmed Teika's prospects. Teika expressed his disappointment through poetry, such as this example, written when he

10650-432: The elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go. In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by

10792-476: The ex-emperor, saying that I was not the hold back on account of the defilement, but was to come in any case. I continued to refuse, but after the ex-emperor had sent two more letters insisting on my presence, I hastily wrote down the following two poems and took them with me. The first waka was critical of Go-Toba but otherwise fairly innocuous, but the second was quite pointed, obliquely attacking Go-Toba both for forcing Teika to attend Go-Toba's contest when Teika

10934-414: The expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the sente (that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play. Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As

11076-410: The few genuine documents whose existence the Nijō had already learned of, they mostly included forgeries which the Nijō had little choice but to accept. In retaliation, the Nijō manufactured a number of forgeries of their own, the better to buttress their claims. After a period of Reizei ascendancy under Reizei Tamehide ( 冷泉為秀 , great-grandson of Teika) (b. 1302?, d. 1372), they suffered a decline and

11218-417: The game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time. The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory. In

11360-467: The game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game. Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect

11502-549: The game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations. Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation. An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as eyes to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it

11644-480: The game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board. Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go: Almost all other information about how

11786-406: The game. In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need. From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by extending along the side of the board. The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of

11928-578: The good fortune of being selected in 1209 as a poetry teacher to the new and young shōgun , Minamoto no Sanetomo ; the Shogunate was a rival and superior authority to that of the Emperors and the Imperial court. It was probably to the unhappy Sanetomo that Teika addressed the prefatory essay to his didactic collection, Kindai shūka ("Superior Poems of Our Time"), and his treatise on poetry Maigetsusho ("Monthly Notes"). Go-Toba would become an enemy of

12070-596: The honor of helping to compile the Shin Kokinshū and of having a remarkable 46 of his poems (including three from the Shoji hyakushu ) included were not enough, Teika was later appointed in 1232 by the Retired Emperor Go-Horikawa to compile – by himself – the ninth Imperial Anthology, the Shinchokusen Wakashū (c. 1235; "New Imperial Collection"). Teika was the first person to have ever been

12212-417: The joining of Bat , meaning 'field', and Dok , meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of Badukdok , referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese páizi ( 排子 ), meaning 'to arrange pieces'. Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of

12354-475: The life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as picnic kos when only one side has a lot to lose. In Japanese, it is called a hanami ko. Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by

12496-509: The middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary two eyes for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board. It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet, with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such

12638-664: The most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki , Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Osamu Dazai , Fumiko Enchi , Akiko Yosano , Yukio Mishima , and Ryōtarō Shiba . Popular contemporary authors such as Ryū Murakami , Haruki Murakami , and Banana Yoshimoto have been translated into many languages and enjoy international followings, and Yasunari Kawabata and Kenzaburō Ōe were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation. In

12780-552: The name Go when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word go . In events sponsored by the Ing Chang-ki Foundation, it is spelled goe . The Korean name baduk (바둑) derives from the Middle Korean word Badok , the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix dok added to Ba to mean 'flat and wide board', or

12922-503: The next in 1220. In 1207, Go-Toba decided to organize the creation of 46 landscape screens for the Saishō Shitennō Temple which he had built in 1205 (apparently "in order to enlist divine aid in the overthrow the feudal government"). Each of these screens would also have a waka on the landscape depicted, composed by a leading poet, who would compose the requisite 46, with the best poems for each landscape selected. Of course, Teika

13064-506: The objectively excellent poems produced by the three Retired Emperors exiled in the aftermath of the Jōkyū War This absence has been variously attributed to vengefulness on the part of Teika, or simply a desire to not potentially offend the Kamakura shogunate. In 1232, Teika was advanced at the age of 70 to the court rank of "Gon Chūnagon" ( Acting Middle Counselor ). But even Teika's improved fortunes could not insulate him entirely from

13206-523: The official Chinese was considered a mark of sincerity) addressed to Go-Toba, arguing that such an exclusion was without precedent, and motivated by base jealousy on their opponent's part: Of late the people who call themselves poets have all been mediocrities. The poems they compose are unpleasant to hear, wordy and lacking in finesse. As Keene writes, "He denounced by name Teika's enemy Suetsune, calling him an ignoramus, and urged Gotoba not to be misled by his machinations." Gotoba relented at this appeal from

13348-466: The official completion of the Shin Kokinshū because there was no precedent for such a banquet (apparently he was not convinced by the precedent of the banquet celebrating the completion of the Nihon Shoki ); Go-Toba reciprocated by cutting Teika out of the process of continually revising the Shin Kokinshū (while it was officially complete by the date of the banquet, it was de facto incomplete as

13490-448: The opening, players often play established sequences called joseki , which are locally balanced exchanges; however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste. The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During

13632-427: The opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the life status of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai . In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and

13774-481: The opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called komi ) wins the game. In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or bases ) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for life (self-viability for

13916-399: The origin of Japanese people was not newcomers in the Yayoi period (300 BCE – 300 CE) but the people in the Jōmon period . However, Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984 and a "dual structure model" in 1991. According to Hanihara, modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people , who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times, followed by

14058-506: The other hand, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that is related to the Ryukyuan languages and was treated as a language isolate in the past. The earliest attested form of the language, Old Japanese , dates to the 8th century. Japanese phonology

14200-433: The outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones). The Ing and New Zealand rules do not have this rule, and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning. In the example at right, it may be useful as

14342-413: The owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can kill it, depending on who gets to play first. An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture

14484-437: The period. According to several studies, the Yayoi created the "Japanese-hierarchical society". During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship , such as Taiwanese people and Korean people . The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period

14626-461: The philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony . Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well, to varying degrees of success; one of the most well-known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict 's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946). Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works. Some of

14768-405: The poems (he had to turn them in two days after he was first informed of the contest), began complaining about Go-Toba and attacking his poetic judgement, both with regard to the Shin Kokinshū and the poems selected from the screens. Nothing came of this incident, but nevertheless, the damage had been done. The second incident took place in the second month of 1220 and is described in a preface to

14910-431: The previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. Some of these ko fights may be important and decide

15052-415: The priest Jakuren or "Sadanaga" c. 1139–1202 was successful as a poet although his career was cut tragically short; he had been adopted by Shunzei when Shunzei's younger brother "retired from the world". Teika's goals as the senior male of his branch were to inherit and cement his father's position in poetry, and to advance his own reputation (thereby also improving the political fortunes of his own clan in

15194-418: The rankest sort and the culmination of a series of affronts, this latest being petty resentment at what Go-Toba would have seen as a flimsy pretext for attempting to get out of the poetry competition. Accordingly, he banished Teika from his court, a banishment that would last for more than a year; this feud distressed devotees of poetry. Possibly another a factor in this estrangement was politics – Teika had had

15336-622: The right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family and was codified as the state religion in 1868 ( State Shinto ), but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran . A large majority of Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese people's religion functions mostly as

15478-412: The rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a living group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game. Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked a is a false eye, thus

15620-410: The same color form a chain (also called a string or group ), forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided. Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that

15762-451: The same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones. While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an immediately previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See Rules of Go § Repetition for further information. A player may not place

15904-449: The second year of the Shōji era) that he would be conducting a poetry contest. Retired Emperors frequently became more influential after their retirement from the office of Emperor rather than as the actual Emperor, since they were free from the highly restricting ceremonial requirements and politics of the court. Go-Toba was 20 when he abdicated; he was the consummate amateur, skilled at playing

16046-438: The sequences Go-Toba commissioned were included in the Shin Kokinshū than from any other source except the enormous "Poetry Contest in 1,500 Rounds"). Kimi ga yo ni Kasumi o wakeshi Ashitazu no Sara ni sawabe no Ne o ya nakubeki. In our Lord's gracious reign, Will I still have cause to cry aloud As cries the crane That now stalks desolate in reedy marshes Far from its former cloudland of spring haze? This poem

16188-461: The seventh Imperial anthology of waka (the Senzai Wakashū ). His niece became a well-respected poet of waka and renga , known as Kengozen or Shunzei's Daughter , whom he occasionally sought out for poetic advice. His elder brother, Fujiwara no Nariee (sometimes romanized as "Nariie"; 藤原成家 ), was somewhat successful in court, but not nearly as much as his niece. Teika's foster-brother,

16330-466: The six compilers (and de facto head compiler by virtue of his dedication and force of personality in addition to his already established reputation as a poet) of the eighth Imperial Anthology of waka poetry, the esteemed Shin Kokinshū (c. 1205, "New Collection of Japanese Poetry, Ancient and Modern") which Go-Toba ordered to be written after the success of the hundred-poem sequences (which furnished

16472-462: The sky at dawn. In fact, Teika was initially not invited, the instigation of the rival Rokujō clan's leader, Suetsune and the connivance of Michichika. Suetsune and Teika were bitter enemies; just a few months before, Teika had humiliated Suetsune by calling him "that fake poet" and publicly refusing to participate in a poetry competition with Suetsune. His revenge was well-done; Teika was furious, writing in his Meigetsuki : :"I never heard of such

16614-454: The streets. Every day the numbers increase ... The stench has gradually reached my house. Day and night alike, people go by carrying the dead in their arms, too numerous to count. ( Meigetsuki , 2nd day of the 7th month, 1231) During the later portions of his life, Teika experimented with refining his style of ushin , teaching and writing it; in addition to his critical works and the manuscripts he studied and copied out, he experimented with

16756-411: The tactics and strategy of the game. Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names. The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at

16898-400: The task, and was not replaced. Minamoto Ienaga was apparently detached from being Go-Toba's personal secretary to instead serve as the secretary for the compilation committee; his and Teika's diaries have survived, affording an unprecedentedly good view of the inner workings of how an imperial anthology was created) were chosen to compile the Shin Kokinshū in the eleventh month of 1201. As if

17040-645: The term "Japanese people" may be used to refer specifically to the Yamato people from mainland Japan ; in other contexts the term may include other groups native to the Japanese archipelago, including Ryukyuan people , who share connections with the Yamato but are often regarded as distinct, and Ainu people . In recent decades, there has also been an increase in the number of people with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, including half Japanese people . Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in

17182-575: The then-bedridden Teika. Fortunately for Teika, Go-Toba would be exiled by the Kamakura shogunate in 1221 for the rest of life to the Oki Islands after Go-Toba led a failed rebellion against the Shogunate (the Jōkyū War ) which Go-Toba had long hated; Teika's political fortunes improved in this period, as it was after Go-Toba's exile that Teika was appointed compiler of the ninth imperial anthology,

17324-567: The then-very young and immature form of renga – "They are an amusement to me in my dotage." He died in 1241, in Kyoto , and was buried at a Buddhist temple named "Shokokuji". One of his 27 children by various women (and one of two legitimate sons), Fujiwara no Tameie (1198–1275; he is remembered as a reluctant heir, in youth inclining rather to court football at the encouragement of Go-Toba than to poetry), would carry on Teika's poetic legacy. Tameie's descendants would split into three branches:

17466-449: The time the game reached Korea in the 5th century CE and Japan in the 7th century CE. Go was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as the historical annal Zuo Zhuan ( c.  4th century BCE). Despite its relatively simple rules , Go is extremely complex. Compared to chess , Go has both

17608-458: The topic. For this reason in recent times even beginners have all come to be like this. It is outrageous. Only when one concentrates very hard upon a compound topic and composes a poem which centers upon the topic is the result of any interest. This modern style is sheer carelessness. It is absolutely essential to practice composing poems on compound topics in the correct way." In any event, the precipitating events were two incidents, one in 1207 and

17750-699: The two poems concerned as recorded in Teika's personal anthology, the Shū gusō ; during the six-year period covering such events as Teika's banishment from Go-Toba's court and Go-Toba's participation in the Jōkyū War of 1221, Teika's diary is silent. Teika was asked to participate in a poem competition on the 13th of the second month; Teika declined, citing as a reason the anniversary of his mother's death 26 years previous, in 1194. Go-Toba and his officials sent several letters to him, strongly urging him to come, and Teika eventually gave in, arriving with only two waka. The headnote to

17892-467: The two poems reads: Having been summoned to the palace for a poetry gathering on the thirteenth day of the second month in the second year of Shokyu [1220], I had begged to be excused because of a ritual defilement, it being the anniversary of my mother's death. I thought no more about it, but quite unexpectedly in the evening of the appointed day, the Archivist Iemitsu come with a letter from

18034-512: The vacant intersections ( points ) on the board . Once placed, stones may not be moved, but captured stones are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is captured when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all orthogonally adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move. When a game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (points added to

18176-496: The variety of ethnic groups in Japan . While this has contributed to or reinforced the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous, as shown in the claim of former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō that Japan is a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture", some scholars have argued that it is more accurate to describe the country of Japan as a multiethnic society. Children born to international couples receive Japanese nationality when one parent

18318-448: The various famines and disasters that wracked the country in this period, and which greatly exacberated his illnesses: Today I had my servants dig up the garden (the north one), and plant wheat there. Even if we only grow a little, it will sustain our hunger in a bad year. Don't make fun of me! What other stratagem does a poor old man have? ( Meigetsuki , 13th day of the 10th month, 1230) Starving people collapse, and their dead bodies fill

18460-564: The world. Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term "Japanese" based upon Japanese nationality (citizenship) alone, without regard for ethnicity. The Government of Japan considers all naturalized and native-born Japanese nationals with a multi-ethnic background "Japanese", and in the national census the Japanese Statistics Bureau asks only about nationality, so there is no official census data on

18602-564: Was "inland people" ( 内地人 , naichijin ) . Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity. After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union classified many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin , who had been Japanese imperial subjects in Karafuto Prefecture , as Japanese people and repatriated them to Hokkaidō . On

18744-402: Was "passed over for promotion in the spring list" in 1187 (he would eventually be promoted in 1190, but as his good and encouraging friend Saigyō died that year, it was cold comfort): toshi furedo kokoro no haru wa yoso nagara nagamenarenuru akebono no sora Another year gone by And still no spring warms my heart, It's nothing to me But now I am accustomed To stare at

18886-837: Was 38, and had reached middle age. While he was recognized as a talented poet, his career was stagnant; he had been in the Palace Guards of the Left for twenty years, and had not been promoted for nearly 10. He was "Lesser Commander of the Palace Guards of the Left" with little prospect of further advancement. Teika had wider political problems: the influence of his patrons, the Kujōs, over the Emperors had declined drastically. Minamoto no Michichika (d. 1202) had insinuated himself into Imperial circles through Go-Toba's former nursemaid; with this leverage, Michichika's adopted daughter (the then-Shōgun's daughter, who had decided to marry his daughter off to

19028-502: Was Teika's hundred-poem sequence, and more specifically, poem number 93 which was directly responsible for Teika's being granted the special permission necessary to be admitted to the Retired Emperor's court (distinct from the reigning emperor's court; this special admittance was crucial to any future patronage); this is scarcely surprising as the 100-poem sequences submitted were of uniformly high quality (more poems originating in

19170-726: Was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period, but most of these emigrants and settlers repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia . According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 4.0 million Nikkeijin living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná . There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in

19312-540: Was asked to contribute, but one (on the "Wood of Ikuta", a picturesque woodland attached to the Ikuta Shrine of Settsu Province , modern-day Kobe ; it was also a battlefield between the Minamoto and Taira clans) was rejected by Go-Toba; not because it was a bad poem, but because it was a "poor model", as Keene puts it. Teika, already annoyed by the minimal notice for the contest and the lack of time for composing

19454-529: Was at first cordial and led to commissions to compile anthologies, but later resulted in his banishment from the retired emperor's court. His descendants and ideas would dominate classical Japanese poetry for centuries afterwards. Teika was born to a minor and distant branch of the aristocratic and courtly clan, the Fujiwara , in 1162, sometime after the Fujiwara regents had lost their political pre-eminence in

19596-454: Was love); the poems generally formed an integrated sequence in which they dealt with the same subject matter, proceeding from stage to stage (for instance, a sequence on Love might proceed from loneliness, to falling in love, to a mature relationship, and then the sorrow when it ends) or which refer to elements of previous poems (a technique later central to renga sequences). Go-Toba used such techniques consistently and often, whereas Teika's use

19738-414: Was memorializing his mother and also for insufficiently promoting Teika (the final line is a variation on a phrase dealing with "double griefs"): Michinobe no Nohara no yanagi Shitamoenu Aware nageki no Keburikurabe. Under the willows In the field by the roadside The young sprouts burgeon In competition as to which, Alas, has most to bewail. Go-Toba saw this attack as both ingratitude of

19880-455: Was more erratic. During the compilation of the Shin Kokinshū , there were other differences, apparently over how wide-ranging a net to throw for poems: In a situation like the present, where he [Go-Toba] has included poems by a great many people one has never heard of, whose names have remained in almost total obscurity for generations, and persons who have only recently begun to attract attention had as many as ten poems apiece included – in such

20022-407: Was really quite extraordinary. Especially when he was defending his own opinion, he would act like the man who insisted a stag was a horse. He was utterly oblivious of others, and would exceed all reason, refusing to listen to anything other people had to say. (The stag and horse anecdote refers to the ancient Chinese Zhao Gao (d. 207 BCE), who revolted after an incident in which he brought a stag to

20164-565: Was recorded as early as the 15th century to the Philippines and Borneo , and in the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. However, migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji era , when Japanese people began to go to the United States , Brazil , Canada , the Philippines , China , and Peru . There

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