98-470: Tepatitlán de Morelos is a city and municipality founded in 1530, in the central Mexican state of Jalisco . It is located in the area known as Los Altos de Jalisco (the 'Highlands of Jalisco'), about 70 km east of state capital Guadalajara . It is part of the macroregion of the Bajío . Its surrounding municipality of the same name had an area of 1,400 km (500 sq mi). Its most distinctive feature
196-436: A crucifix. He was so amazed, he decided it he wanted everyone to see his "Father" as he called it, and so, decided to chop the tree down, and take it into the city. Pedro Medina was a poor man, so to get it from up on the mountain, to his ranch, he had to ask his neighbor for a couple of oxen to bring it down. However, when they cut the image down and attached it to the oxen, it would not move, so Medina told his "compadre" to turn
294-525: A failed attack on Guadalajara in late March 1929. The rebels managed to take Tepatitlán on 19 April, but Vega was killed. The rebellion was met with equal force, and the Cristeros were soon facing divisions within their own ranks. Another difficulty facing the Cristeros and especially the Catholic Church was the extended period without a place of worship. The clergy faced the fear of driving away
392-447: A fine of 500 pesos (then the equivalent of US$ 250), and priests who criticized the government could be imprisoned for five years. Some states enacted their own anticlerical measures. Chihuahua enacted a law permitting only one priest to serve all Catholics in the state. To help enforce the law, Calles expropriated church property, expelled all foreign priests and closed monasteries, convents and religious schools. In response to
490-490: A master's degree in animal nutrition. There is another public university with a focus on technology, "Tecnológico Mario Molina" and private universitites like Universidad América Latina, Universidad Nueva Ciencia, Universidad Solidaria de los Altos de Jalisco (USAJ), Universidad de las Culturas and Universidad Interamericana para el Desarrollo. The city also has 213 basic education schools, 35 secondary schools, and 13 "high schools. Mexican state The states are
588-448: A more radical and anti-clerical mindset. Article 24 stated: "Every man shall be free to choose and profess any religious belief as long as it is lawful and it cannot be punished under criminal law. The Congress shall not be authorized to enact laws either establishing or prohibiting a particular religion. Religious ceremonies of public nature shall be ordinarily performed at the temples. Those performed outdoors shall be regulated under
686-468: A pharmacist; Victoriano Ramírez , a ranch hand; and two priests, Aristeo Pedroza and José Reyes Vega . Reyes Vega was renowned, and Cardinal Davila deemed him a "black-hearted assassin". At least five priests took up arms, and many others supported them in various ways. Many of the rebel peasants who took up arms in the fight had different motivations from the Catholic Church. Many were still fighting for agrarian land reform , which had been years earlier
784-572: A poor, old farmer, saw from the outside of his home in the countryside an intense light, coming from the Cerro Gordo. The first few days, he thought it must have been some kind of coal or wood furnace. But he kept seeing the light for a few more days, so he decided he would climb the mountain up to the place to see what was going on. When he finally got to the place where he had seen the light, he found nothing, until he turned his head towards an oak tree, and found in it, an image slightly reminiscent to
882-507: A popular, nationwide boycott in 1925 to protest the government's treatment of Catholics and the ongoing anti-religious sentiment present throughout the government. The Knights of Columbus also helped to generate propaganda and support for the Cristero War, framing the war as a story of martyrs and heroes, standing up for their religion in the face of an oppressive government. American councils and Mexican councils, mostly newly formed, of
980-432: A significant city outside of the capital, providing the most important university in the region of Los Altos , and an important economic and business center. Around 81% of the population of the municipality is urban, concentrated mostly in the municipal seat, and other large towns. The annual growth rate is at about 18.9%, placing it among the fastest growing populations in the state. The Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís
1078-575: A state monopoly on education, which suppressed Catholic education and introduced secular education in its place: "We must enter and take possession of the mind of childhood, the mind of youth." Calles's military persecution of Cristeros after the truce would be officially condemned by Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas and the Mexican Congress in 1935. Between 1935 and 1936, Cárdenas had Calles and many of his close associates arrested and forced them into exile soon afterwards. Freedom of worship
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#17327760706261176-436: A visit. It was in 1727, that the older "town hall" was expanded with the terrain donated by Mrs. Elena de la Rua, and after it started functioning as city hall, it was completely remodeled from 1905 to 1908 under the direction of Don Francisco de Paula Palomar, who designed it with a near-neoclassic style, mixed with French Baroque in its decor; and in 1954, it was added to the design its current aspect, so jolly, and unique in
1274-638: A wholesale overturning of the previous order were potential sources of danger to the Church's position. In the democratizing wave of political activity, the National Catholic Party ( Partido Católico Nacional ) was formed. After president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown and assassinated in a February 1913 military coup which was led by General Victoriano Huerta , supporters of the Porfirian regime were returned to their posts. After
1372-554: Is a paradise for citrus. It was announced, in 2009, that the Federal Government would spend around 350 million pesos on the construction of the Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos , which is a part of an ecological preserve. The Government of the municipality of Tepatitlán de Morelos is organized into the H. Ayuntamiento (City Council), which is composed of 17 members from a number of agencies. These include
1470-444: Is celebrated on 30 April, day on which he was brought into his current shrine, and grand festivities are held, for he is the patron of the city. According to the 2020 Census by INEGI , the municipality has a population of 150,190, of which 98,842 live within the city limits of the municipal seat, Tepatitlán, and the rest in the outlying communities and ranches. The city is the state's seventh-largest incorporated community and serves as
1568-499: Is home to the public university "Centro Universitario de los Altos" (CUAltos), a regional branch of the University of Guadalajara , opened in 1994. The campus offers 15 undergraduate degrees, including business administration, law (LLB), international business, accounting, livestock engineering systems, computer engineering, agribusiness, medicine, nursing, nursing in nutrition, dentistry, psychology and veterinary medicine, as well as
1666-525: Is its clock, located on the south tower, facing the Plaza de Armas, which has been giving the time to the residents 141 years non-stop. The Santuario del Señor de la Misericordia, the temple of San Antonio, with a great history during the second Cristero War , the building that houses the City Museum, and various constructions of the 19th century, are many other attractive sites in the city which are worth
1764-570: Is known for the Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc , a brigade of women who assisted the rebels in smuggling guns and ammunition, and for certain priests who were tortured and murdered in public and later canonized by Pope John Paul II . The rebellion eventually came to an end following a settlement brokered by the American Ambassador Dwight W. Morrow , with financial relief and logistical assistance provided by
1862-431: Is neoclassic in style, with baroque reminiscence. This temple was built from 1742 to 1775, from piedra braza . It is topped with two slender neoclassical towers, 63m in height each, and three airy domes, all designed by the tepatitlense mason, Don Martín Pozos. The façade is dominated by a curious architectural element: a semi-hexagonal pórtico , which was added as a support for the heavy and slender towers which, as Pozos
1960-602: Is the Baroque -style parish church in the centre of the city dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi . Other notable sites include the kiosk that sits on the Plaza de Armas in downtown (ornamented with iron, it was built in France, and brought to the city), the Temple of San Antonio, and the city hall ( Palacio Municipal ). The latter is one of the most distinctive features in the city, built in neoclassic-baroque style. The nickname of
2058-521: The Constitution of 1917 . It strengthened the anticlerical provisions of the previous document, but President Carranza and his successor, General Alvaro Obregón , were preoccupied by their struggles with their internal enemies and as a result, they were lenient in their enforcement of the Constitution's anticlerical articles, especially in areas where the Church was powerful. Carranza was
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#17327760706262156-495: The Cristero Rebellion or La cristiada [la kɾisˈtjaða] , was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of secularist and anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution . The rebellion was instigated as a response to an executive decree by Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles to strictly enforce Article 130 of
2254-518: The Knights of Columbus , both opposed the persecution by the Mexican government. So far, nine of those who were beatified or canonized were Knights. The American Knights collected more than $ 1 million to assist exiles from Mexico, fund the continuation of the education of expelled seminarians, and inform U.S. citizens about the oppression. They circulated five million leaflets about the war in
2352-675: The Knights of Columbus . On 3 August, four days after the Calles Law came into force, in Guadalajara, Jalisco , some 400 armed Catholics shut themselves in the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe ("Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe"). They exchanged gunfire with federal troops and surrendered when they ran out of ammunition. According to American consular sources, the battle resulted in 18 dead and 40 wounded. The following day, in Sahuayo , Michoacán , 240 government soldiers stormed
2450-786: The Los Altos region, became part of the Department of Aguascalientes. By decree number 41, published 20 September 1883, the town was conceded the title of city, with the denomination Tepatitlán de Morelos in honor of the Revolutionary insurgent José María Morelos y Pavón . Tepatitlán has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) that is close to a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw ), with dry, mild winters and warm, wet summers. The land and soils are "skinny", as described by Agustín Yáñez , but have been transformed productively due to decades of efforts by humans. The canyon of
2548-480: The Ten Tragic Days . After Huerta seized power, Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres from Morelia published a letter condemning the coup and distancing the Church from Huerta. The newspaper of the National Catholic Party, representing the views of the bishops, severely attacked Huerta and so the new regime jailed the party's president and halted the publication of the newspaper. Nevertheless, some members of
2646-612: The Calles government and the Church. The government made some concessions, the Church withdrew its support for the Cristero fighters, and the conflict ended in 1929. The rebellion has been variously interpreted as a major event in the struggle between church and state that dates back to the 19th century with the War of Reform and as the last major peasant uprising in Mexico after the end of
2744-589: The Calles government was supplied with arms and ammunition by the American government later in the war. In at least one battle, American pilots provided air support for the Federal Army against the Cristero rebels. The Calles government failed at first to take the threat seriously. The rebels did well against the agraristas , a rural militia recruited throughout Mexico, and the Social Defense forces,
2842-574: The Cerro Gordo. Around the same time Almíndez Chirinos arrived, a group of Franciscan Friars Christened the area, built the first church by the name of San Francisco de Asís , and evangelized the natives. Because of this settlement, the village took the name of San Francisco de Tecpatitlán (The ancient way of spelling the city's name). During the Mexican War of Independence , the village's population, composed and dominated by some Creoles and Mestizos , showed itself to be indecisive about joining
2940-460: The Church than Calles had been and allowed Morrow and Burke to restart the peace initiative. Portes told a foreign correspondent on 1 May 1929, that "the Catholic clergy, when they wish, may renew the exercise of their rites with only one obligation, that they respect the laws of the land." The next day, the exiled Archbishop Leopoldo Ruíz y Flores issued a statement that the bishops would not demand
3038-554: The Church. Cárdenas's government continued to suppress religion in the field of education during his administration. The Mexican Congress amended Article 3 of the Constitution in October 1934 to include the following introductory text: "The education imparted by the State shall be a socialist one and, in addition to excluding all religious doctrine, shall combat fanaticism and prejudices by organizing its instruction and activities in
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3136-644: The Constitution, a decision known as the Calles Law . Calles sought to limit the power of the Catholic Church in Mexico , its affiliated organizations and to suppress popular religiosity. The rural uprising in north-central Mexico was tacitly supported by the Church hierarchy, and was aided by urban Catholic supporters. The Mexican Army received support from the United States. American Ambassador Dwight Morrow brokered negotiations between
3234-459: The Cristero War. These attendees would also help generate sympathy in the United States for the Cristero War by printing newspaper articles about the war and would create religious nationalistic organizations such as Unión Nacionalista Mexicana ( Nationalist Mexican's Union in English) to gather funds for the war effort. There were some within these groups that would contribute more military aid to
3332-443: The Cristeros defeated federal troops for the first time at San Francisco del Rincón , Guanajuato , followed by another victory at San Julián, Jalisco . However, they quickly began to lose in the face of superior federal forces, retreated into remote areas, and constantly fled federal soldiers. Most of the leadership of the revolt in the state of Jalisco was forced to flee to the U.S. although Ramírez and Vega remained. In April 1927,
3430-437: The Cristeros, with actions including smuggling arms across the U.S.-Mexican border , providing espionage against the Mexican government, recruiting new troops to aid the Cristeros, and inciting armed revolts within Mexico. Despite all of these efforts, their contribution to the war was largely limited due to distrust from the United States government who saw an armed Catholic movement as dangerous and would send more troops to
3528-488: The Guadalajara church uprising, exploded. Bands of rebels moving in the " Los Altos " region northeast of Guadalajara began seizing villages and were often armed with only ancient muskets and clubs. The rebels had scarce logistical supplies and relied heavily on the Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc and raids on towns, trains, and ranches to supply themselves with money, horses, ammunition, and food. By contrast,
3626-607: The Knights of Columbus would also be involved with other Catholic organizations such as the Young Men's Catholic Association and La Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Religiosa ( National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty in English). The Knights of Columbus would create religious schools throughout Mexico in 1923 as a way to create a "National Crusade in Defense of Catholicism". Furthermore, La Liga would create
3724-511: The Mexican city and its similarly named sister city across the border in Arizona) to escape persecution from authorities because of its involvement in the Church and the rebels. The Cristeros maintained the upper hand throughout 1928, and in 1929, the government faced a new crisis: a revolt within army ranks that was led by Arnulfo R. Gómez in Veracruz . The Cristeros tried to take advantage by
3822-451: The Mexican government. In response, the Knights of Columbus published posters and magazines which presented Cristero soldiers in a positive light. In the mid-1920s, the anti-Catholic Ku Klux Klan denounced the Knights of Columbus's Mexican Fund. The government often did not abide by the terms of the truce. For example, it executed some 500 Cristero leaders and 5,000 other Cristeros. Catholics continued to oppose Calles's insistence on
3920-468: The Persecution of the Church in Mexico") to denounce the violent anticlerical persecution in Mexico. Despite the government's promises, the persecution of the Church continued. In response, Pius issued Acerba animi on 29 September 1932. The bishops asked to have the offending articles of the Constitution amended. Pope Pius XI explicitly approved the plan. The Calles government considered
4018-486: The Presidential Coordination (C. María Elena de Anda), General Secretary, Higher Administrative Office and other departments. The municipality of Tepatitlán de Morelos is divided into 7 subdivisions: 6 Delegaciónes (delegations) and a Municipal Seat as follows: As well as one of the most important cities in the state, it is one of the most educated, with a literacy rate that exceeds 97%. The city
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4116-528: The Rio Verde, with its tropical climate at the bottom, about 500 m deep, contains isolated hot springs, visited by animals in colder months. Similar to other parts of México, mammals found in the region include species such as the badger , cacomistle , coatimundi , coyote, hare, gray fox , opossum, peccary , rabbit, raccoon, red brocket deer , spotted and striped skunk , squirrels, and white-tailed deer . Elusive, and present in smaller numbers, are
4214-571: The U.S. state of New Mexico . That was followed by a 29 September uprising in Durango , led by Trinidad Mora, and an 4 October rebellion in southern Guanajuato, led by former General Rodolfo Gallegos. Both rebel leaders adopted guerrilla tactics since their forces were no match for federal troops. Meanwhile, rebels in Jalisco, particularly the region northeast of Guadalajara, quietly began assembling forces. Led by 27-year-old René Capistrán Garza ,
4312-780: The USA and southern Canada. Tarantulas and several arachnids are endemic to the area. Among the varied flora are many succulents and trees, such as agave , avocado , conifers , echeveria , and many cactus (especially opuntia ) species. Ash trees grow in abundance, as opposed to the once-plentiful oak groves; demand for firewood has depleted their previously vast numbers. Also seen growing are introduced species, including several types of acacia , eucalyptus , pineapple guava , pomegranate , and walnut trees. Herbs and perennials include epazote , hoja santa , Mexican fleabane , tithonia , and wild chives , as well as fennel , licorice (anise), and Cuban oregano (also called Mexican mint). It
4410-552: The United States, held hundreds of lectures, spread the news via radio, and paid to "smuggle" a friendly journalist into Mexico so he could cover the war for an American audience. In addition to lobbying the American public, the Knights met United States President Calvin Coolidge and pressed him for US intervention on behalf of the rebels. According to former Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, Carl A. Anderson , two-thirds of Mexican Catholic councils were shut down by
4508-760: The United States. Many of them made their way to Los Angeles, where they were received by John Joseph Cantwell , bishop of what was then the Los Angeles-San Diego diocese." Under Archbishop Cantwell's sponsorship, the Cristero refugees became a substantial community in Los Angeles, California, in 1934 staging a parade some 40,000-strong throughout the city. Additionally, several other cites such as Chicago, Illinois , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and San Antonio, Texas . Many cities saw an increase in Mexican Catholics fleeing because of
4606-595: The Vatican and accepting of the secularist Constitution. Calles applied the anticlerical laws stringently throughout the country and added his own anticlerical legislation. In June 1926, he signed the "Law for Reforming the Penal Code", which was popularly called the Calles Law . It provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated the provisions of the 1917 Constitution. For instance, wearing clerical garb in public, outside church buildings, earned
4704-449: The area, annually, during winter. Reptiles and amphibians include both venomous and harmless snakes, lizards such as alligator , beaded , and fence lizards , skinks , hognose snakes , milk snakes , kingsnakes , and rattlesnakes . The common Mexican tree frog ( Smilisca baudinii ) can be seen and heard on warm nights. Monarch butterflies can be observed in the region during (or upon completion of) their great migration to México from
4802-542: The bishops' activism to be sedition and had many more churches closed. In September 1926, the episcopate submitted a proposal to amend the Constitution, but the Mexican Congress rejected it on 22 September. The government called the rebels Cristeros since they invoked the name of Jesus Christ under the title of "Cristo Rey" or Christ the King , and the rebels soon took to using the name themselves. The rebellion
4900-594: The border, which would cause more persecution and discrimination to Mexican Catholics, Cristero exiles, and refugees. Created in New Haven, Connecticut in 1882, the Knights of Columbus would establish its first chapter in Mexico called Caballeros de Colón (Knights of Columbus in Spanish) in Mexico City in 1905. Established by California railroad mogul and Knight John B. Frisbie , a resident of Mexico City,
4998-473: The city is "Tepa". It is also the largest producer of eggs in Mexico, the largest pork producer in the state, and the primary milk basin in the country, as well as a large producer of tequila . The fleur-de-lys can be seen in a number of public spaces and buildings, including the Santuario de Guadalupe and the Santuario del Señor de la Misericordia, which houses an oak-carved crucifix that, according to
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#17327760706265096-416: The clergy by ordering all local churches in and around Jalisco to be bolted shut. The places of worship remained shut for two years. On 14 July, Catholic bishops endorsed plans for an economic boycott against the government, which was particularly effective in west-central Mexico (the states of Jalisco , Michoacán , Guanajuato , Aguascalientes , and Zacatecas ). Other states that saw minor uprising were
5194-421: The clergy, would be allowed to make petitions to reform the laws. However, the most important parts of the agreement were that the Church would recover the right to use its properties, and priests would recover their rights to live on the properties. Legally speaking, the Church was not allowed to own real estate, and its former facilities remained federal property. However, the Church effectively took control over
5292-547: The conflict to end for regional security and to help find a solution to the oil problem in the U.S. He was aided in his efforts by Father John J. Burke of the National Catholic Welfare Conference . Calles's term as president was coming to an end, and ex-President Álvaro Obregón had been elected president and was scheduled to take office on 1 December 1928. Obregón had been more lenient to Catholics during his time in office than Calles, but it
5390-566: The constitutional provisions, which triggered a ten-year-long religious conflict in which thousands of armed civilians were killed by the Mexican Army. Some have characterized Calles as the leader of an atheist state and his program as being one to eradicate religion in Mexico, although Calles also supported the creation of the Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church in 1925, a national church independent from
5488-428: The desecration of religious objects as well as the persecution and the murder of members of the clergy. When Calles and his Labor Party came to power in 1924, the administration believed that the Church was challenging its revolutionary initiatives and legal basis and resolved to strictly enforce the Constitution's secularist articles. To confront the Church's influence, laws were brought into force to execute on
5586-716: The end of the war, it numbered some 25,000. Several female Catholic activists groups formed during this women were instrumental in the formation of activist groups to promote a movement in response to the anticlerical campaigns of the period. With close ties to the Church and the clergy, the De La Torre family was instrumental in bringing the Cristero Movement to northern Mexico. The family, originally from Zacatecas and Guanajuato, moved to Aguascalientes and then, in 1922, to San Luis Potosí. It moved again to Tampico for economic reasons and finally to Nogales (both
5684-469: The faithful masses by engaging in war for so long. They also lacked the overwhelming sympathy or support from many aspects of Mexican society, even among many Catholics. In October 1927, the American ambassador, Dwight Morrow , initiated a series of breakfast meetings with Calles at which they would discuss a range of issues from the religious uprising to oil and irrigation. That earned him the nickname "the ham and eggs diplomat" in U.S. papers. Morrow wanted
5782-506: The first Women's Brigade was formed in Zapopan . It began with 16 women and one man, but after a few days, it grew to 135 members and soon came to number 17,000. Its mission was to obtain money, weapons, provisions, and information for the combatant men and to care for the wounded. By March 1928, some 10,000 women were involved in the struggle, with many smuggling weapons into combat zones by carrying them in carts filled with grain or cement. By
5880-579: The first chapter would be made up of mostly Irish and Irish-Mexicans before more Mexicans would join the organization. The Knights of Columbus would eventually become one of Mexico's biggest and most monumental Catholic organizations, with a total of 5,102 members across 45 councils nationwide. The Knights of Columbus would start out in western states, an area where the Catholic Church was widespread, such as Puebla , Hidalgo , Michoacán , Guanajuato , and Jalisco , before spreading to Nayarit , Veracruz , Coahuila , Durango , and Chihuahua . Mexican members of
5978-565: The first president under the 1917 Constitution but he was overthrown by his former ally Álvaro Obregón in 1919. Obregón took over the presidency in late 1920 and effectively applied the Constitution's anticlerical laws in areas in which the Church was fragile. The uneasy truce with the Church ended with Obregón's 1924 handpicked succession of the atheist Plutarco Elías Calles . Mexican Jacobins , supported by Calles's central government, engaged in secularization campaigns to eradicate what they called "superstition" and "fanaticism", which included
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#17327760706266076-791: The first, known as Pueblo Viejo in the Raumalelí hill; afterward, they moved to the Cerrito de la Cruz , which today is home to a hilltop chapel, and finally, under the leadership of Mapelo, to its current location. In the year of 1530, the Spanish captain Pedro Almíndez Chirinos arrived at the area, sent by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán to explore the region up to the state of Zacatecas , and so he arrived in Zapotlán del Rey , Acatic , Zapotlán el Grande , and Tepatitlán, ending up in
6174-997: The first-level administrative divisions of Mexico and are officially named the United Mexican States . There are 32 federal entities in Mexico (31 states and the capital, Mexico City , as a separate entity that is not formally a state). States are further divided into municipalities . Mexico City is divided into boroughs , officially designated as demarcaciones territoriales or alcaldías , similar to other states' municipalities but with different administrative powers. Mexico's post agency, Correos de México , does not offer an official list of state name abbreviations, and as such, they are not included below. A list of Mexican states and several versions of their abbreviations can be found here . Notes: Cristero War Ceasefire [REDACTED] Mexican Government [REDACTED] Cristeros The Cristero War (Spanish: La guerra cristera ), also known as
6272-512: The focal point of the Mexican Revolution. The peasantry was still upset of the usurpation of its rightful title to the land. The Mexican episcopate never officially supported the rebellion, but the rebels had some indications that their cause was legitimate. Bishop José Francisco Orozco of Guadalajara remained with the rebels. Although he formally rejected armed rebellion, he was unwilling to leave his flock. On 23 February 1927,
6370-415: The following Oaxaca , Colima , Sonora, and Nayarit . Catholics in those areas stopped attending movies and plays and using public transportation, and Catholic teachers stopped teaching in secular schools. The fomenting conflict attracted the attention of Pope Pius XI , who issued a series of papal encyclicals from 1925 to 1937. On 18 November 1926, he issued Iniquis afflictisque ("On
6468-470: The government to serve 15 million Catholics. The rest had been eliminated by emigration, expulsion, assassination, or not obtaining licenses. In 1935, 17 states had no registered priests. The end of the Cristero War affected emigration to the United States. "In the aftermath of their defeat, many of the Cristeros ;– by some estimates as much as 5 percent of Mexico's population – fled to
6566-510: The height of the rebellion, they held a region including the entire northern part of Jalisco. Luis Navarro Origel, mayor of Pénjamo , Guanajuato , led another uprising on 28 September. His men were defeated by federal troops in the open land around the town but retreated into the mountains, where they engaged in guerrilla warfare . In support of the two guerrilla Apache clans, the Chavez and Trujillos helped smuggle arms, munitions and supplies from
6664-462: The image face up, and as soon as they did this, the oxen moved with immense ease. In town, the veneration to the holy image grew so big, that Don Pantaleon Leal offered Don Pedro Medina his home as a shrine to the image. And after a few years, in 1831, the Shrine erected in his honor stands, and every year, the city fills with over 2 million visitors to venerate the image and ask God for favors. His feast
6762-421: The law. In 1992, the Mexican government amended the constitution by granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them property rights, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country. While the war was raging on in Mexico, Cristero exiles and other Mexican immigrants and refugees would attend sermons by banished Cristero priests denouncing President Plutarco Elías Calles ' regime and
6860-565: The law." The Mexican Revolution was the costliest conflict in Mexican history . The overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz caused political instability, with many contending factions and regions. The Catholic Church and the Díaz government had come to an informal modus vivendi in which the state formally maintained the anticlerical articles of the liberal Constitution of 1857 but it failed to enforce them. A change of leadership or
6958-537: The leader of the Mexican Association of Catholic Youth, the region would become the main focal point of the rebellion. The formal rebellion began on 1 January 1927, with a manifesto sent by Garza, A la Nación ("To the Nation"). It declared that "the hour of battle has sounded" and that "the hour of victory belongs to God." With the declaration, the state of Jalisco, which had been seemingly quiet since
7056-542: The leader of the civilian wing of the Cristiada, Anacleto González Flores , was captured, tortured, and killed. The media and the government declared victory, and plans were made for a re-education campaign in the areas that had rebelled. As if to prove that the rebellion was not extinguished and to avenge his death, Vega led a raid against a train carrying a shipment of money for the Bank of Mexico on 19 April 1927. The raid
7154-691: The legend, was found by a poor farmer on the Cerro Gordo in 1835; every year from 25 to 30 April, the city hosts the Feria Tepabril which celebrates the Señor de la Misericordia. Tepatitlán means "Hard Stone Place", in the Nahuatl language. But recent artifactual discoveries indicate that the name may actually have a different meaning than the one that is conventionally accepted. The matter has yet to be settled conclusively by scholars and officials. According to popular legend, in 1835, Don Pedro Medina,
7252-418: The lives of some 90,000 people: 56,882 federals, 30,000 Cristeros, and numerous civilians and Cristeros who were killed in anticlerical raids after the war had ended. As promised by Portes Gil, the Calles Law remained on the books, but there were no organized federal attempts to enforce it. Nonetheless, in several localities, officials continued persecution of Catholic priests, based on their interpretation of
7350-535: The local militia, but were at first always defeated by regular federal troops, who guarded the main cities. The Federal Army then had 79,759 men. When the Jalisco federal commander, General Jesús Ferreira, moved in on the rebels, wired to army headquarters that "it will be less a campaign than a hunt". That sentiment was held also by Calles. However, the rebels planned their battles fairly well considering that most of them had little to no previous military experience. The most successful rebel leaders were Jesús Degollado,
7448-526: The measures, Catholic organizations began to intensify their resistance. The most important Catholic group was the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty , founded in 1924, which was joined by the Mexican Association of Catholic Youth, founded in 1913, and the Popular Union, a Catholic political party founded the previous year. Later in 1926, Calles intensified tensions against
7546-550: The military phase of the Mexican Revolution in 1920. The Mexican Revolution started in 1910 against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and for the masses' demand of land for the peasantry. Francisco I. Madero was the first revolutionary leader. He was elected president in November 1911 but was overthrown and executed in 1913 by conservative General Victoriano Huerta in a series of events now known as
7644-400: The nation's policies regarding the Church still fell into federal jurisdiction. Under Camacho, bans against Church anticlerical laws were no longer enforced anywhere in Mexico. The effects of the war on the Church were profound. Between 1926 and 1934, at least 40 priests were killed. There were 4,500 priests serving the people before the rebellion, but by 1934, there were only 334 licensed by
7742-587: The necessary assets to achieve their objectives." The first paragraph of Article 130 stated: "The rules established at this article are guided by the historical principle according to which the State and the churches are separated entities from each other. Churches and religious congregations shall be organized under the law." The Constitution also provided for mandatory registration of all churches and religious congregations and forbade priests to involve themselves in politics or inherit from anyone other than close relatives. It also allowed each state to control
7840-507: The number of priests in its territory (some reduced it to zero), forbade the wearing of religious garb outside of church premises, and excluded offenders from a trial by jury. Carranza declared himself opposed to the final draft of Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, 123 and 130, but the Constitutional Congress contained only 85 conservatives and centrists who were close to Carranza's moderate liberalism. Against them were 132 delegates of
7938-489: The other hand, since the rebels themselves had not been consulted in the talks, many felt betrayed, and some continued to fight. The Church threatened those rebels with excommunication and the rebellion gradually died out. The officers, fearing that they would be tried as traitors, tried to keep the rebellion alive. Their attempt failed, and many were captured and shot, and others escaped to San Luis Potosí , where General Saturnino Cedillo gave them refuge. The war had claimed
8036-458: The ouster of Huerta in 1914, members of the National Catholic Party and high-ranking Church figures were accused of collaborating with the Huerta regime, and the Catholic Church was subjected to revolutionary hostilities and fierce anticlericalism by many northern revolutionaries. The Constitutionalist faction won the revolution and its leader, Venustiano Carranza , had a new constitution drawn up,
8134-533: The parish church. The priest and his vicar were killed in the ensuing violence. On 14 August, government agents staged a purge of the Chalchihuites , Zacatecas , chapter of the Association of Catholic Youth and executed its spiritual adviser, Father Luis Bátiz Sainz. The execution caused a band of ranchers, led by Pedro Quintanar, to seize the local treasury and to declare themselves in rebellion. At
8232-452: The party participated in Huerta's regime, such as Eduardo Tamariz. The revolutionary generals Venustiano Carranza , Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata , who won against Huerta's Federal Army under the Plan of Guadalupe , had friends among Catholics and the local parish priests who aided them but also blamed high-ranking Catholic clergy for supporting Huerta. The 1917 Constitution
8330-403: The peasants were allowed to return to the harvest, and there was now more support than ever for the Cristeros. By August 1927, they had consolidated their movement and had begun constant attacks on federal troops garrisoned in their towns. They would soon be joined by Enrique Gorostieta , a retired general hired by the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty . On 21 June 1927,
8428-456: The properties. In the convenient arrangement for both parties, the Church ostensibly ended its support for the rebels. Over the previous two years, anticlerical officers, who were hostile to the federal government for reasons other than its position on religion, had joined the rebels. When the agreement between the government and the Church was made known, only a minority of the rebels went home, mainly those who felt their battle had been won. On
8526-495: The religious liberties established under article 24, educational services shall be secular and, therefore, free of any religious orientation. II. The educational services shall be based on scientific progress and shall fight against ignorance, ignorance's effects, servitudes, fanaticism and prejudice." The second section of Article 27 stated: "All religious associations organized according to article 130 and its derived legislation, shall be authorized to acquire, possess or manage only
8624-528: The repeal of the laws but only their more lenient enforcement. Morrow managed to bring the parties to agreement on 21 June 1929. His office drafted a pact called the arreglos ("agreement"), which allowed worship to resume in Mexico and granted three concessions to the Catholics. Only priests who were named by hierarchical superiors would be required to register; religious instruction in churches but not in schools would be permitted; and all citizens, including
8722-597: The title of villa . From that same year, it became part of the Third Canton, seated in La Barca , a situation in which it remained until the early 20th Century, when the state's territorial division in cantons disappeared. During the regime of the Second Mexican Empire under Maximilian I of Mexico , according to the provincial statute of 10 April 1862, Tepatitlán, together with most other villages in
8820-460: The war effort, but after Independence Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla entered triumphantly in Guadalajara , the indifference turned into enthusiasm for the cause. One Tepatitlense, Col. Albino Barajas took part as an insurgent in the Battle of Calderón Bridge . By decree of 27 March 1824, Tepatitlán turned into one of the 26 departments into which the state of Jalisco was divided, and was conceded
8918-521: The war. Immigration to other countries such as Canada, Rome, Cuba occurred as well. The Calles Law was repealed after Cárdenas became president in 1934. Cárdenas earned respect from Pope Pius XI and befriended Mexican Archbishop Luis María Martínez , a major figure in Mexico's Catholic Church who successfully persuaded Mexicans to obey the government's laws peacefully. The Church refused to back Mexican insurgent Saturnino Cedillo's failed revolt against Cárdenas although Cedillo endorsed more power for
9016-620: The western Mexico . Of neoclassic style, the City Hall is a two-story building that holds on the walls of the staircase, a mural of the history of the city, measuring 80m². The area was primitively inhabited by the Otomi people , a hunter-gatherer society. After that, the Tecuexe arrived in the area, also known as the tecuanni , which means cruel or sanguinary, as a reference to their fighting nature. The city had various locations across time:
9114-412: The wild felines, the bobcat , jaguar , jaguarundi , ocelot , and puma (mountain lion or cougar). Many birds are common or migrate to the area, including caracara , crows, doves, eagles, egrets, falcons, grouse, guan , hawks, jays, owls, ravens, vultures, wild turkey , as well as numerous hummingbirds, passerine species, pigeons, starlings and songbirds . Many northerly species of birds migrate to
9212-407: Was a success, but Vega's brother was killed in the fighting. The "Reconcentración" policy, was a policy of forced resettlement by the government during the cristero period of villages destroyed during the numerous battles . rather than suppressing the revolt, gave it new life, as thousands of men began to aid and join the rebels in resentment for their treatment by the government. When rains came,
9310-407: Was also generally accepted among Mexicans, including the Cristeros, that Calles was his puppet leader . Two weeks after his election, Obregón was assassinated by a Catholic radical, José de León Toral , which gravely damaged the peace process. In September 1928, Congress named Emilio Portes Gil as interim president with a special election to be held in November 1929. Portes was more open to
9408-564: Was drafted by the Constituent Congress convened by Venustiano Carranza in September 1916, and it was approved on 5 February 1917. It was based on the previous 1857 Constitution , which had been instituted by Benito Juárez . Articles 3, 27, and 130 of the 1917 Constitution contained articles that restricted the power and the influence of the Catholic Church. The first two sections of Article 3 stated: "I. According to
9506-411: Was no longer suppressed, but some states refused to repeal Calles's policy. Relations with the Church improved under President Cárdenas. The government's disregard for the Church, however, did not relent until 1940, when President Manuel Ávila Camacho , a practicing Catholic, took office. During Cárdenas presidency, Church buildings in the country continued in the hands of the Mexican government, and
9604-503: Was told, would collapse if he did not add support. On the inside, it is decorated by the main altar, constructed entirely of white marble from Carrara, and the sculptures of the four Evangelists, sculpted by the Italian architect Augusto C. Volpi, whose depiction of St. John is very detailed. Another example of the local craftsmanship is the sculptural group of La Piedad , carved in oak wood by Agustín Espinoza. Another feature of this church
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