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65-475: Most terrier breeds were refined from the older purpose-bred dogs. The gameness of the early hunting terriers was exploited by using them in sporting contests. Initially, terriers competed in events such as clearing a pit of rats. The dog that was the fastest in killing all the rats won. In the eighteenth century some terriers were crossed with hounds to improve their hunting, and some with fighting dog breeds to "intensify tenacity and increase courage". Some of

130-546: A bull, dogs were trained to grab onto the bull's nose and pin the bull's head to the ground. If the dog failed to do this, the bull would fling the dog out of the ring with its horns. The British therefore decided to selectively breed fighting dogs for shorter legs and a more powerful jaw. These efforts resulted in the Old English Bulldog . However, when countries started outlawing bull- and bear-baiting, dog fighters started pitting dogs against other dogs. With

195-737: A common winter weekend pastime, especially in Kabul , where the fights are public and often policed to maintain safety to the spectators. Dogs are not fought to the death, but to submission. Dog fighting has been legal in Albania for over 25 years in professional fights . Article 3.8 of Law 14.346 on the Ill-Treatment and Acts of Cruelty to Animals of 1954 explicitly prohibits 'carrying out public or private acts of animal fights, fights of bulls and heifers, or parodies [thereof], in which animals are killed, wounded or harassed.' Dog fighting and

260-407: A concern for children who are routinely exposed to dog fighting and are forced to accept the inherent violence as normal. The routine exposure of the children to unfettered animal abuse and neglect is a major contributing factor in their later manifestation of social deviance. Animal advocates consider dog fighting to be one of the most serious forms of animal abuse , not only for the violence that

325-451: A dog's motivation to fight other dogs, and prey drive refers to a dog's motivation to hunt prey. The factors that produce gameness are not well understood. Though the selective pressures involved in breeding dogs for dogfighting appear to be a significant component of gameness, dogfighters disagree about the importance of genetics to the trait. While dogs that exhibit a high degree of gameness are more prone to have offspring who are also game,

390-701: A fight. Today, a person can visit the Bear Garden Museum near the Shakespeare Global Complex in Bankside, Southwark. With the popularity of bull- and bear-baiting, bears needed for such fights soon became scarce. With the scarcity of the bear population, the price of bears rose and, because of this, bull-baiting became more common in England over time. Bulls who survived the fights were slaughtered afterwards for their meat, as it

455-437: A fighting dog a felony. While dog fighting was previously seen as isolated animal welfare issues — and therefore rarely enforced, the last decade has produced a growing body of legal and empirical evidence that has revealed a connection between dog fighting and other crimes within a community, such as organized crime, racketeering, drug distribution, and/or gangs. Within the gang community, fighting dogs compete with firearms as

520-905: A form of entertainment amongst their ranks. In fact, the Police Gazette served as a go-to source for information about where one could attend a fight. When Henry Bergh , who started the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), witnessed police involvement in these fights, he was motivated to seek and receive authority for the ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Agents to have arresting power in New York. Additionally, Bergh's 1867 revision to New York's animal cruelty law made all forms of animal fighting illegal. However, According to

585-426: A hunt, and to control large, unmanageable domestic animals. These dogs were also sometimes equipped with metal plates, chains, and collars with sharp spikes or hooked knives in order to be used in wars throughout history. When bull-baiting became popular in England due to the shortage of bears, bull-baiters soon realized that large fighting dogs were built too heavy and too slow for this type of combat. When fighting

650-470: A man can gain honor and status in his society. Yet, working class occupations, unlike middle or upper class occupations, provide limited opportunities to validate this culturally accepted definition of masculinity. So, working class men look for alternative ways to validate their masculinity and obtain honor and status. One way to do this is through dog fighting. This is supported by the Evans, et al. findings:

715-407: A misdemeanor; since 2014 and after a legal reform, they became a felony and are punished with up to three years of imprisonment. Dog fighting is prevalent in some parts of India, particularly in the state of Haryana . The practice is illegal under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. According to historical documents, Hōjō Takatoki , the 14th shikken ( shōgun ' s regent) of

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780-413: A national or even international level within highly secret networks. When a dog is not successful in a fight, a professional may dispose of it using a variety of techniques such as drowning, strangulation, hanging, gun shot, electrocution or some other method. Sometimes professionals and hobbyists dispose of dogs deemed aggressive to humans to street fighters. Dog fighting is a felony in all 50 states of

845-685: A new hairless breed of terrier derived from the Rat Terrier called the American Hairless Terrier . When competing in conformation shows , most kennel clubs including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale group pedigree terrier breeds together in their own terrier group. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale grouped Terriers in Group 3. Gameness Game or gameness

910-399: A street fight, the dogs are often discovered by police and animal control officers either dead or dying. Due to the spontaneity and secrecy of a street fight, they are very difficult to respond to unless reported immediately. Hobbyists and professionals often decry the techniques that street fighters use to train their dogs. Such techniques include starving, drugging, and physically abusing

975-467: A tremendous amount of money charging stud fees to breed their champions, in addition to the fees and winnings they collect for fighting them. They also tend to own a large number of dogs — sometimes 50 or more. Professionals also use trade journals, such as Your Friend and Mine , Game Dog Times , The American Warrior , and The Pit Bull Chronicle , to discuss recent fights and to advertise the sale of training equipment and puppies. Some fighters operate on

1040-460: Is a trait most often attributed to fighting dogs , working terriers , and fighting cocks that are selectively bred , referring to their ability to persevere in a fight even when losing. Dogs that demonstrate this trait can also be described as "ready and willing", "full of fight", "spirited", or "plucky", and are able to resist mental and physical challenges in order to win a fight. Gameness contrasts with prey drive insofar as gameness refers to

1105-399: Is a type of blood sport that turns game and fighting dogs against each other in a physical fight, often to the death, for the purposes of gambling or entertainment to the spectators. In rural areas, fights are often staged in barns or outdoor pits; in urban areas, fights are often staged in garages, basements, warehouses, alleyways, abandoned buildings, neighborhood playgrounds, or in

1170-716: Is also popular in Russia . Blood sports in general can be traced back to the Roman Empire . In 13 BC, for instance, the ancient Roman circus slew 600 African beasts. Dog fighting, more specifically, can also be traced to ancient Roman times. In AD 43, for example, dogs fought alongside the Romans and the British in the Roman Conquest of Britain . In this war, the Romans used a breed that originated from Greece called

1235-475: Is illegal throughout the entire European Union and most of South America . The American Pit Bull Terrier is by far the most common breed involved in the blood sport. The Dogo Cubano and Córdoba Fighting Dog were used for fighting a century ago, but both of these breeds have become extinct. Previously banned by the Taliban during their rule, dog fighting has made a resurgence throughout Afghanistan as

1300-781: Is native to Kōchi. Dog fighting is illegal throughout the European Union . In 2019, an investigation by Hidden-in-Sight for the League Against Cruel Sports and the BBC highlighted a global trade in fighting dogs centered in Bulgaria. Subsequently, in April, a raid took place where 58 people were arrested at the site of two fighting pits. In October 2018, Vice.Gr released an exposé into dog fighting in Greece and

1365-453: Is stated "The law stipulates penalties of up to one year imprisonment and a fine of KD 1,000 for anyone who abuses, neglects or offers animals for sale ". Dog fighting became illegal in Mexico on June 24, 2017. Some breeds of dog previously imported from France on the black market are now illegal. However, dogfighting as an activity has not been specifically banned. In accordance with

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1430-630: The Blue Paul Terrier , the Córdoba Fighting Dog , and the Dogo Cubano . The foundation breed of the fighting dog was, in its outward appearance, a large, low, heavy breed with a powerful build, strongly developed head, and tremendously threatening voice. Additionally, these foundation breeds were also bred for a powerful jaw that would enable them to defend and protect humans, to overpower and pull down large animals on

1495-1171: The Broholmer and the Boxer ), the Newfoundland , and the Saint Bernard (out of which came the Leonberger ). However, Dieter Fleig disagreed with Strebel and offered the following list as composing the foundation of modern fighting dogs: the Tibetan Mastiff, the Molossus , the Bullenbeisser , the Great Dane, the English Mastiff, the Bulldog , the bull and terrier , and the Chincha Bulldog. Other early dog types used for fighting included

1560-674: The Bull Terrier and Staffordshire Bull Terrier , into suitable family dogs and show terriers. Toy terriers have been bred from larger terriers and are shown in the Toy or Companion group. Included among these breeds are the English Toy Terrier and the Yorkshire Terrier . While small, they retain true terrier character and are not submissive " lap dogs ". Other descendants of the bull and terrier types, such as

1625-566: The Kamakura shogunate was known to be obsessed with dog fighting, to the point where he allowed his samurai to pay taxes with dogs. During this period, dog fighting was known as inuawase ( 犬合わせ ) . Dog fighting was considered a way for the samurai to retain their aggressive edge during peaceful times. Several daimyōs (feudal lords), such as Chōsokabe Motochika and Yamauchi Yōdō , both from Tosa Province (present-day Kōchi Prefecture ), were known to encourage dog fighting. Dog fighting

1690-638: The Molossus ; the Britons used broad-mouthed Mastiffs, which were thought to descend from the Molossus bloodline and which also originated from Greece. Though the British were outnumbered and ultimately lost this war, the Romans were so impressed with the English Mastiffs that they began to import these dogs for use in the Colosseum , as well as for use in times of war. While spectators watched,

1755-875: The Perro de Presa Canario and the American Pit Bull Terrier . Of these, the American Pit Bull Terrier and the Perro de Presa Canario are the only breeds currently known to exist in Australia and there are strict regulations on keeping these breeds, including a prohibition on transferring ownership. Bolivia passed a law in 2003 or 2004 criminalising dog fighting. In Brazil , Federal Decree 24.645 promulgated in 1934 by president Getúlio Vargas specifically prohibited 'to cause an animal to fight with another'. Additionally, article 32 of

1820-825: The Staffordshire Bull Terrier . When the Staffordshire Bull Terrier came to America in 1817, Americans began to selectively breed for gameness and created the American Pit Bull Terrier (originally known as the Pit Bull Terrier), which is a unique breed due to its absence of threat displays when fighting. Bull Terriers , Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Pit Bull Terriers, and American Staffordshire Terriers , are all breeds that are commonly labeled as "pit bulls". The fact that pit bulls were historically bred to fight dogs, bulls, and bears has been used as one of

1885-642: The Tosa . After interviewing 31 dogmen and attending 14 dog fights in the Southern United States, Evans, Gauthier, and Forsyth theorized on what attracts men to dog fights. In their study, Evans, et al., discussed dog fighting's attractiveness in terms of masculinity and class immobility. In the United States, masculinity embodies the qualities of strength, aggression, competition, and striving for success. By embodying these characteristics,

1950-598: The United States of America , the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. While dog fighting statutes exist independently of general anti-cruelty statutes and carry stiffer penalties than general state anti-cruelty statutes, a person can be charged under both or can be charged under one, but not the other — depending on the evidence. In addition to felony charges for dog fighting, 48 states and

2015-420: The "professional pits" that flourished during the 1860s came from England and Ireland — where citizens had turned to dogs when bull-baiting and bear-baiting became illegal in their countries. In 20th century America, despite the expansion of laws to outlaw dog fighting, dog fighting continued to flourish underground. Aiding in the expansion of dog fighting were the police and firemen, who saw dog fighting as

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2080-637: The 1750s, it was not until the end of the Civil War (1861–1865) that widespread interest and participation in the blood sport began in the United States. For instance, in 1881, the Mississippi and Ohio railroads advertised special fares to a dog fight in Louisville; public forums such as Kit Burns' Tavern, "The Sportman's Hall", in Manhattan regularly hosted matches. Many of these dogs thrown into

2145-718: The ASPCA website, the Humane Law Enforcement department of ASPCA has been disbanded and NYPD has taken over its duty. As laws were passed to outlaw the activity, high-profile organizations, such as the United Kennel Club, who once endorsed the sport by formulating rules and sanctioning referees, withdrew their endorsement. On July 8, 2009, one of the largest dog fighting raids in U.S. history occurred. Law enforcement seized over 350 dogs, mostly pit bulls , and arrested 26 people across eight states. Most of

2210-488: The Asian Gull Terrier , are among the dogs still raised for dog-fighting. Terriers range greatly in appearance from very small, light bodied, smooth coated dogs such as the English Toy Terrier (Black and Tan) , which weighs as little as 2.7 kg (6 lb), to the very large rough-coated Airedale Terriers , which can be up to 25 kg (56 lb) or more. As of 2004, the United Kennel Club recognized

2275-664: The Balkans. This covered how dog fighting is linked to serious organised group in the country. The piece was advised by Hidden-in-Sight. Dog fighting has been illegal in Ireland for over 150 years, although the sport is still popular in underground circles. Article 62 §h of decree no. 5-2017 – Animal Protection and Welfare Act of Guatemala, enacted in April 2017, explicitly prohibits the promotion of, participation in and organisation of shows that include fighting between dogs. Dog fighting had previously been popular for decades amongst

2340-609: The British royalty. For instance, Queen Elizabeth I , who reigned from 1558 to 1603, was an avid follower of bull- and bear-baiting; she bred Mastiffs for baiting and would entertain foreign guests with a fight whenever they visited England. In addition to breeding Mastiffs and entertaining foreign guests with a fight, Queen Elizabeth, and later her successor, King James I, built a number of bear gardens in London. The garden buildings were round and roofless, and housed not only bears, but also bulls and other wild animals that could be used in

2405-412: The District of Columbia have provisions within their dog fighting statutes that explicitly prohibit attendance as a spectator at a dog fighting exhibition. Since Montana and Hawaii do not have such provisions, a person can pay an entrance fee to watch a dog fight in either state and not be convicted under these statutes. Additionally, 46 states and the District of Columbia make possessing, owning or keeping

2470-637: The Federal Environmental Crimes Law (9.605 of 12 February 1998) prohibits abuse and cruelty against animals under the penalty of imprisonment from three months to one year, and a fine. Dog fighting has been illegal in Canada since 1892; however, the current law requires police to catch individuals during the unlawful act, which is often difficult. Dog fighting is allowed under Chinese law, although gambling remains illegal . In Costa Rica , dog fights were illegal for decades as

2535-618: The Honduran National Congress approved the Animal Welfare Act which banned the use and ownership of fighting dogs. Anyone found subjecting a dog to, assisting in the management or organization of any form of dog fight training, matches or breeding programs can be imprisoned for 3–6 years. Honduras Bans Use Of Animals In Circuses And Dog Fighting Dog fighting became illegal in Kuwait as well as animal abuse as

2600-650: The Humane Act of 1835. The official ban on all fights, however, actually served to promote dog fighting in England. Since a small amount of space was required for the pit where a dog fight took place, as compared to the ring needed for bull- or bear-baiting, authorities had a difficult time enforcing the ban on dog fighting. In 1817, the bull and terrier crossbreeds were brought to America and dog fighting slowly became part of American culture. Yet, though historical accounts of dog fighting in America can be dated back to

2665-487: The Netherlands, the British pitted dogs against bulls and bears. In 12th century England during the feudal era, the landed aristocracy, who held direct military control in decentralized feudal systems and thus owned the animals necessary for waging war, introduced bull baiting and bear baiting to the rest of the British population. In later years, bull-baiting and bear-baiting became a popular source of entertainment for

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2730-431: The average dog fight could easily net more money than an armed robbery or a series of isolated drug transactions. "Bait" animals are animals used to test a dog's fighting instinct; they are often mauled or killed in the process. Many of the training methods involve torturing and killing of other animals. Often "bait" animals are stolen pets such as puppies, kittens, rabbits, small dogs and even stock (pit bulls acquired by

2795-604: The bait animals are still alive after the training sessions, they are usually given to the dogs as a reward and the dogs finish killing them. Often associated with gang activity, street fighters fight dogs over insults, turf invasions, or simple taunts like "my dog can kill your dog". These type of fights are often spontaneous; unorganized; conducted for money, drugs, or bragging rights; and occur on street corners, back alleys, and neighborhood playgrounds. Urban street fighters generally have several dogs chained in backyards, often behind privacy fences, or in basements or garages. After

2860-527: The bull and terrier. For instance, Joseph L. Colby claimed that it was the old English White Terrier that the bull and terrier is descended from, while Rhonda D. Evans and Craig J. Forsyth contend that its ancestor is the Rat Terrier. Carl Semencic, on the other hand, held that a variety of terriers produced the bull and terrier. Eventually, out of crossbreeding Bulldogs and terriers, the English created

2925-798: The crosses with fighting dogs, bull and terrier crosses, were used in the blood sport of dog-fighting. Modern pet breeds such as the Miniature Bull Terrier are listed by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) under Bull type terriers. Today, most terriers are kept as companion dogs and family pets. They are generally loyal and affectionate to their owners. In the 18th century in Britain, only two types of terriers were recognized, long- and short-legged. Today, terriers are often informally categorized by size or by function. Hunting-types are still used to find, track, or trail quarry, especially underground, and sometimes to bolt

2990-489: The dog fighting ring which appear to be passive or less dominant). Other sources for bait animals include wild or feral animals, animals obtained from a shelter or animals obtained from "free to good home" ads. The snouts of bait animals are often wrapped with duct tape to prevent them from fighting back and they are used in training sessions to improve a dog's endurance, strength or fighting ability. A bait animal's teeth may also be broken to prevent them from fighting back. If

3055-465: The dog. Hobbyists fight dogs for supplemental income and entertainment purposes. They typically have one or more dogs participating in several organized fights and operate primarily within a specific geographic network. Hobbyists are also acquainted with one another and tend to return to predetermined fight venues repeatedly. Professional fighters breed generations of skilled "game dogs" and take great pride in their dogs' lineage. These fighters make

3120-700: The dogs endure during and after the fights, but because of the suffering they often endure in training, which ultimately can lead to death. According to a filing in U.S. District Court in Richmond by federal investigators in Virginia, which was obtained under the Freedom of Information Act and published by The Baltimore Sun on July 6, 2007, a losing dog or one whose potential is considered unacceptable faces "being put to death by drowning, strangulation, hanging, gun shot, electrocution or some other method". Some of

3185-704: The dogs were expected to have to be euthanized, as their harsh upbringing did not prepare them to be able to be safely placed in an adoptive home. According to one scholar, Richard Strebel, the foundation for modern fighting dogs came from five dog types : the Tibetan Mastiff , the English Mastiff (out of which came the Dogue de Bordeaux , the Bulldog , and the Pug ), the Great Dane (out of which came

3250-431: The imported English Mastiffs were pitted against animals such as elephants, lions, bears and bulls, and also against gladiators. Later, the Romans bred and exported fighting dogs to Spain, France and other parts of Europe until eventually these dogs made their way back to England. Though bull-baiting and bear-baiting were popular throughout the Middle Ages up to the 19th century in Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and

3315-437: The inheritance of the trait is not consistent. In dog fighting pitbulls bred for gameness are valued as the ability to not quit, despite injury, dehydration , exhaustion or broken bones . As one writer describes it, "Game is the dog that won't quit fighting, the dog that'll die in the ring, the dog that'll fight with two broken legs." The scope and method of training to develop a game dog varies dramatically depending on

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3380-410: The justifications in some US cities to implement breed-specific legislation . Other breeds in which dogs at various stages of the breed history have sometimes been used as fighters include the Akita Inu , the Boston terrier , the Bully Kutta , the Ca de Bou , the Dogo Argentino , the Gull Dong , the Gull Terrier , the Neapolitan Mastiff , the Presa Canario , the Spanish Mastiff , and

3445-518: The killing of foxes) and the Hunt Terrier (developed in southern England to locate, kill or bolt foxes during a traditional mounted fox hunt). The various combinations of bulldog and terrier that were used for bull-baiting and dog-fighting in the late 19th century were later refined into separate breeds that combined both terrier and bulldog qualities. Except for the Boston Terrier , they are generally included in kennel clubs' Terrier Group. Breeders have bred modern bull-type terrier breeds, such as

3510-774: The level and experience of the dog-fighter. Most "gamebred" dogs have a high pain threshold. Pertaining to working terriers and other small hunting dogs , earthdog trials are used to determine the dog's gameness in hunting dangerous pest species underground. The American Working Terrier Association currently offers a Certificate of Gameness (CG) title which is more of a basic prey drive test. All working terriers, including but not limited to: Bedlington Terrier , Cairn Terrier , Dandie Dinmont Terrier , Fox Terrier , Glen of Imaal Terrier , Jack Russell Terrier , Patterdale Terrier , Plummer Terrier , Rat Terrier , Scotch Terrier , Sealyham Terrier and Skye Terrier display gameness. List of dog fighting breeds Dog fighting

3575-467: The majority of committed dogmen were mostly drawn from the working class, while the middle and upper classes were barely represented. Men from middle and upper classes have opportunities to express their masculinity through their occupations; dog fighting, therefore, is just a hobby for them while it plays a central role in the lives of working class men. Aside from enjoyment of the sport and status, people are also drawn to dog fighting for money. In fact,

3640-478: The poorest people of Honduras. The most common dog of choice for trainers was the American Pit Bull Terrier. Matches were held in the shanty towns of Tegucigalpa, with fights taking place in a simple sand pit surrounded by bleachers, often with only a few dozen spectators. Dog Fighting was more of a spectating pastime for those living in poverty than a form of gambling for locals. Dog Fighting On The Rise Among Poor Of Honduras | The Seattle Times On November 12, 2015,

3705-415: The possession of any fighting equipment designed for dog fighting is illegal in all Australian states and territories. The illegal nature of dog fighting in Australia means that injured dogs rarely get veterinary treatment, placing the dog's health and welfare at even greater risk. "Restricted Breed Dogs" cannot be imported into Australia. These include the Dogo Argentino , the Tosa , the Fila Brasileiro ,

3770-402: The prevalence of such combat, dog fighters soon realized Bulldogs were inadequate and began to breed Bulldogs with terriers for more desired characteristics. Terriers were most likely crossbred with Bulldogs due to their "generally rugged body structure", speed, aggression, and "highly developed gameness". Yet, there is a debate over which type of terrier was bred with Bulldogs in order to create

3835-412: The quarry. Modern examples include the Jack Russell Terrier , the Jagdterrier , the Rat Terrier , and the Patterdale Terrier . There are also the short-legged terriers such as the Cairn Terrier , the Scottish Terrier , and the West Highland White Terrier , which were also used to kill small vermin. The original hunting terriers include the Fell Terrier (developed in northern England to assist in

3900-475: The streets. Dog fights usually last until one dog is declared a winner, which occurs when one dog fails to scratch, dies, or jumps out of the pit. Sometimes dog fights end without declaring a winner; for instance, the dog's owner may call the fight. Dog fighting generates revenue from stud fees, admission fees and gambling . Most countries have banned dog fighting, but it is still legal in some countries, such as Honduras , Japan , and Albania . The sport

3965-409: The time limit. There are various other rules, including one that specifies that a dog will lose if it attempts to copulate . Champion dogs are called yokozuna , as in sumo . Dog fighting is not banned at a nationwide level, but the prefectures of Tokyo , Kanagawa , Fukui , Ishikawa , Toyama and Hokkaidō all ban the practice. Currently, most fighting dogs in Japan are of the Tosa breed, which

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4030-455: The training of fighting dogs may entail the use of small animals (including kittens) as prey for the dogs. Dog fighting has been popular in many countries throughout history and continues to be practiced both legally and illegally around the world. In the 20th and 21st centuries, dog fighting has increasingly become an unlawful activity in most jurisdictions of the world, despite the fact that in cultural practice it may be common. Dog fighting

4095-406: The weapon of choice; indeed, their versatile utility arguably surpasses that of a loaded firearm in the criminal underground. Drug dealers distribute their illicit merchandise, wagers are made, weapons are concealed, and the dogs mutilate each other in a bloody frenzy as crowds cheer them on. Violence often erupts among the usually armed gamblers when debts are to be collected and paid. There is also

4160-451: Was also popular in Akita Prefecture , which is the origin of the Akita breed. Dog fighting evolved in Kōchi to a form that is called tōken ( 闘犬 ) . Under modern rules, dogs fight in a fenced ring until one of the dogs barks, yelps, or loses the will to fight. Owners are allowed to admit defeat, and matches are stopped if a doctor judges that it is too dangerous. Draws usually occur when both dogs will not fight or both dogs fight until

4225-441: Was believed that the fight caused bull meat to become more tender. In fact, if a bull was offered for sale in the market without having been baited the previous day, butchers were liable to face substantial fines. Animal fights were temporarily suspended in England when Oliver Cromwell seized power, but were reinstated again after the Restoration . Dog fighting, bull-baiting, and bear-baiting were officially outlawed in England by

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