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75-485: The play satirizes the hypocrisies of French aristocratic society, but it also engages a more serious tone when pointing out the flaws that afflict all humans. The play differs from other farces of the time by employing dynamic characters like Alceste and Célimène as opposed to the flat caricatures of traditional social satire. It also differs from most of Molière's other works by focusing more on character development and nuances than on plot progression. The play, though not

150-403: A quixotic fool. Molière has been the target of much criticism for The Misanthrope over the years. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau claimed in his Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles that it was Molière's best work, but hated that it made Alceste the butt of its humor. He believed the audience should support Alceste's high ideals rather than laugh at his misadventures. Much to

225-415: A broader category of morally objectionable conduct–for example, deceit? Is hypocrisy necessary or desirable for the sake of certain valuable activities–most notably, politics? Recently, hypocrisy has emerged as a key focus in philosophical discussions of the ethics of blame. It seems that even if a person has violated some moral norm and is genuinely blameworthy for doing so, it is open to them to challenge

300-479: A commercial success in its time, survives as Molière's best-known work today. Because both Tartuffe and Don Juan , two of Molière's previous plays, had already been banned by the French government, Molière may have softened his ideas to make the play more socially acceptable. As a result, there is much ambiguity about whether the main character Alceste is intended as a hero for his uncompromising honesty, or as

375-423: A consistency that one cannot sustain, claims to a loyalty that one does not possess, claims to an identity that one does not hold". American political journalist Michael Gerson says that political hypocrisy is "the conscious use of a mask to fool the public and gain political benefit". Hypocrisy has been a subject of folk wisdom and wisdom literature from the beginnings of human history. Increasingly, since

450-584: A film adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream by Jean-Christophe Averty , Le Songe d'une nuit d'été . In 1970 she reprised her part as Christine from Stolen Kisses in Truffaut's Bed and Board as a married woman. The Truffaut films influenced her type as lovingly gentle modern young woman in contemporary cinema, which she contrasted in ambivalent figures: Critic Vincent Canby praised her in work in Gérard Brach 's The Boat on

525-911: A lack of "moral seriousness." More recently, some philosophers–notably, Benjamin Rossi and Fritz and Miller–have defined hypocrisy in terms of dispositions to blame others or to avow commitment to certain norms together with an unwillingness to accept blame from others or to blame themselves. Rossi's "Commitment Account of Hypocrisy" addresses paradigmatic cases of hypocrisy that Fritz and Miller's "Differential Blaming Disposition Account" does not include. Although there are many negatives to hypocrisy, there can be benefits from it as well. There are also benefits from ignoring it. Political theorist Judith N. Shklar argues, in "Let Us Not Be Hypocritical," we are all too eager to construe even minor deviations from our opponents' professed beliefs as hypocrisy, rather than understandable imperfections and weaknesses to which everyone

600-527: A large majority say they are above average. Power and privilege magnify the distortion: 94% of college professors think that they do above average work. This effect is weaker in Asian countries and in other cultures which value the group more highly than the self. Evolutionary psychologist Robert Kurzban argues that one's moral modules lead one to condemn infidelity while mating modules induce one to commit it. Robert Wright wrote that "Human beings are

675-555: A leading role as Linda in Sous le signe de Monte-Cristo ( Under the Sign of Monte Cristo ) by André Hunebelle , a modern version of Alexandre Dumas' novel. Here the 19 years young actress starred alongside French cinema's veterans like Pierre Brasseur and Michel Auclair . Jade starred in Édouard Molinaro 's My Uncle Benjamin ( Mon oncle Benjamin , 1969) alongside Jacques Brel . As Manette she refuses Brel's advances until he produces

750-515: A lifeboat in the historical movie The Raft of the Medusa ( Le Radeau de la Méduse , 1998). In her last decade, Jade's work included the TV movie Sans famille (2000); the series La Crim (episode "Le secret" in 2004), and Groupe Flag (episode "Vrai ou faux" in 2005). She also appeared in an episode of the short film series Drug Scenes ( Scénarios sur la drogue , episode "La rampe", 2000); and in

825-488: A little more self-knowledge can only have good results in respect for our neighbor; for we are all too prone to transfer to our fellows the injustice and violence we inflict upon our own natures. In New Paths in Psychology Jung pointedly referred to the "hypocritical pretenses of man". " Dream-analysis above all else mercilessly uncovers the lying morality and hypocritical pretences of man, showing him, for once,

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900-635: A longtemps que je t'aime ; her title role in Jules Supervielle 's Shéhérazade ; and her Louise de La Vallière in Le château perdu . Her last stage role was as Célimène in Jacques Rampal's Celimene and the Cardinal . Jade published her autobiography Baisers envolés in 2004. On 1 December 2006, Jade died of uveal melanoma , which had metastasised to metastatic liver disease. She wore

975-529: A marriage contract. At the End Manette realizes she prefers happiness to a marriage contract after all. Her career continued in Belgium, where she played a young English teacher who is fatally intrigued by a murderer ( Gérard Barray ) in the 1969 film The Witness . Her fiancé is this movie was played by Jean-Claude Dauphin , to whom she was engaged at this time. Also in 1969, she starred as Helena in

1050-588: A moral person is a struggle in which everyone repeatedly fails, becoming a hypocrite in each of those moments. A just and peaceful society depends on hypocrites who ultimately refused to abandon the ideals they betray. Claude Jade Claude Marcelle Jorré , better known as Claude Jade ( French: [klod ʒad] ; 8 October 1948 – 1 December 2006), was a French actress. She starred as Christine in François Truffaut 's three films Stolen Kisses (1968), Bed and Board (1970) and Love on

1125-552: A musical setting for The Misanthrope in 1934. Modern adaptations of the play have been written by Tony Harrison and Liz Lochhead . Lochhead's version is set in the early years of the revived Scottish Parliament and satirises Scottish Labour 's relationship with the media. Originally written in 1973, Harrison's version was updated and revived at the Bristol Old Vic in 2010. A 1996 verse adaptation by Martin Crimp for

1200-545: A nun in Kita No Misaki - Cap du Nord (1976) by Japanese director Kei Kumai . In the same year, she starred as Penny Vanderwood in Thinking Robots , based on a horror novel by George Langelaan . Among other films of the 1970s were Malicious Pleasure ( Le malin plaisir , 1975), Trop c'est trop (1975) and the romantic comedy The Pawn ( Le Pion , 1978), in which she starred as a young widow who wins

1275-589: A production by Sacha Pitoëff at the Théâtre Moderne , Jade was discovered by New Wave film director François Truffaut . He was "completely taken by her beauty, her manners, her kindness, and her joie de vivre ", and cast her in the role of Christine Darbon in Stolen Kisses ( Baisers volés , 1968). During the filming, Truffaut fell in love with her, and there was talk of marriage. Truffaut dubbed Claude Jade “French cinema’s little sweetheart” and

1350-832: A prosthetic eye in Celimene and the Cardinal , her last stage performance, in August 2006. Jade won an award in 1970 for "Révelation de la Nuit du cinéma", and in 1975 she received the Prix Orange  [ fr ] at the Cannes Film Festival . Her contributions to French culture were recognised in 1998, when was named a knight in the Légion d'honneur . In 2000 she won the New Wave Award at Palm Beach International Film Festival for her "trend-setting role in

1425-720: A species splendid in their array of moral equipment, tragic in their propensity to misuse it, and pathetic in their constitutional ignorance of the misuse." Humans are very good at challenging the beliefs of other people, but when it comes to their own beliefs, they tend to protect them, not challenge them. A consistent finding of psychological research is that humans are fairly accurate in their perceptions of others, but generally inaccurate in their perceptions of themselves. Humans tend to judge others by their behavior, but think they have special information about themselves – that they know what they are "really like" inside – and thus effortlessly find ways to explain away selfish acts, and maintain

1500-502: A thing is it to be a reasonable creature, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do." Benjamin Franklin 's observation has been confirmed by recent studies in self-deception . In everyday reasoning, humans do little to get real evidence when taking positions or making decisions, and do even less to get evidence for opposing positions. Instead, they tend to fabricate "pseudo-evidence" – often after

1575-419: Is ; nay, are often touched more nearly by appearances than by realities". Philosophical issues raised by hypocrisy can be broadly divided into two kinds: metaphysical/conceptual and ethical. Most philosophical commentary on hypocrisy is concerned with the ethical questions it raises: is hypocrisy morally wrong or bad? If it is, is there anything distinctly objectionable about it, or can it be easily subsumed under

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1650-403: Is a disagreement about the size and scope of moral community, while Kyle Fritz and Daniel Miller suggest that the rejection of the "No-hypocrisy" condition reflects a failure to distinguish between the right to blame and the value of blaming. The definition of hypocrisy itself is the fundamental question of the relatively new philosophical discussions on hypocrisy. Early answers tended to focus on

1725-480: Is a rather quiet young lady, but I wouldn't guarantee [that] about her behavior in a taxi". Jade recounted that they "talked in a Paris hotel about cooking, and I gave him my recipe for soufflé and told him I liked Strangers on a Train , and that was that." Hitchcock said she resembled his former star Grace Kelly , and in France she was a younger Danielle Darrieux . Some of her scenes were deleted and restored for

1800-479: Is from the Greek word ὑποκριτής ( hypokritēs ), the agentive noun associated with ὑποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai κρίση, "judgment" »κριτική (kritikē), "critics") presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment. Alternatively, the word is an amalgam of the Greek prefix hypo- , meaning "under", and the verb krinein , meaning "to sift or decide". Thus

1875-456: Is often titled " The Hypocrites ". Hypocrisy, called munafiq in Islam, is viewed as a serious sickness. The Qur'an rails against those who claim to be believers and peacemakers, thinking they are fooling God and others, but only fool themselves. Hypocrisy has long been of interest to psychologists . In Switzerland Carl Jung (1875–1961) attributed hypocrisy to those who are not aware of

1950-502: Is prone. Political journalist Michael Gerson notes that, "There is often hypocritical deception involved in political and diplomatic negotiations, which generally start with principled, nonnegotiable demands that are negotiated away in the process of finding a compromise." Gerson concludes: hypocrisy is unavoidable and necessary. If people were required, at all times, to live up to ideals of honesty, loyalty and compassion in order for those ideals to exist, there would be no ideals. Being

2025-418: Is that the hypocritical blamer in some way fails to treat the target of her blame as a moral equal. Other proposed explanations include the idea that standing in a moral community requires a reciprocal willingness to accept blame, a willingness that hypocrites lack. Patrick Todd argues that all and only those who are committed to the relevant norms possess the standing to blame, and hypocrites lack commitment in

2100-406: Is the characteristic attribute of "garden variety of hypocrisies." Roger Crisp and Christopher Cowten identify four types of hypocrisy: pretense of moral goodness, moral criticism of others by those possessing faults of their own, failure to satisfy self-acknowledged moral requirements, and a complacent, unreflective commitment to virtues feigned or preached. What unifies these types is a "metavice,"

2175-566: Is this later sense of hypokrisis as "play-acting", i.e., the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word hypocrisy its negative connotation. Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century. The Toleration Act 1688 allowed for certain rights, but it left Protestant nonconformists (such as Congregationalists and Baptists ) deprived of important rights, including that of office-holding. Nonconformists who wanted office ostentatiously took

2250-698: The Hebrew word chaneph is rendered as "hypocrite", though it usually means "godless" or "profane". In the Christian Bible , Jesus Christ condemns the scribes and Pharisees as hypocrites in the passage known as the Woes of the Pharisees . He also denounces hypocrites in more general terms in Matthew 7:5 . In the 16th century, John Calvin was critical of Nicodemites . In Islam , Quranic Chapter 63

2325-620: The Liverpool Playhouse in February 2013 prior to a national tour – this adaptation is largely in verse, but has Alceste speaking in prose. In June 2014, Andy Clark, Rosalind Sydney and Helen MacKay appeared in a three-handed 50-minute Classic Cuts version of The Misanthrope , written in rhyming couplets by Frances Poet, set and performed in the basement theatre of Glasgow's Òran Mór. The Scotsman noted 'the sheer, sharp-edged wit of Poet’s rhyming text, which pays perfect homage to

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2400-527: The Sydney Opera House Playhouse Theatre 2018. Hypocrisy This is an accepted version of this page Hypocrisy is the practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not. The word "hypocrisy" entered the English language c. 1200 with the meaning "the sin of pretending to virtue or goodness". Today, "hypocrisy" often refers to advocating behaviors that one does not practice. However,

2475-653: The Young Vic updated the play to the "media-celebrity complex" of contemporary London. Uma Thurman and Roger Rees starred in a run of this version for Classic Stage Company in New York in 1999 directed by Barry Edelstein. and it was revived by Thea Sharrock at the Comedy Theatre, London starring Damian Lewis and Keira Knightley in December 2009. Robert Cohen 's 2006 translation into heroic couplets

2550-668: The aristocracy , a supposed anti-intellectualism , and a pervasive hypocrisy that extended into such areas as social reform. In the propaganda battles of World War II , Japan attacked American hypocrisy by emphasizing the injustice of the incarceration camps for Japanese in the United States. Radio Tokyo emphasized that the camps revealed the hypocritical American claim to democratic ideals and fair play. The propaganda quoted American founding fathers, neutral sources, and dissenting opinions from major American newspapers. Radio Tokyo utilized fictitious sources as well. It proclaimed

2625-540: The 1979 series The Island of Thirty Coffins (L'île aux trente cercueils). In the 1980s, Jade moved to Moscow for three years with her husband Bernard Coste, a French diplomat, and her son Pierre Coste (born in 1976). She starred in two Soviet films. In Teheran 43 (1981) she played the mysterious terrorist Françoise, with Alain Delon and an international cast. For Sergei Yutkevich's Lenin in Paris (1981), she played

2700-523: The 1980s, it has also become central to studies in behavioral economics , cognitive science , cultural psychology , decision making , ethics , evolutionary psychology , moral psychology , political sociology , positive psychology , social psychology , and sociological social psychology . The word hypocrisy comes from the Greek ὑπόκρισις ( hypokrisis ), which means "jealous", "play-acting", "acting out", "coward" or "dissembling". The word hypocrite

2775-463: The 4th century BC, for example, the great orator Demosthenes ridiculed his rival Aeschines , who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a hypocrites whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. This negative view of the hypokrites, perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral hypokrisis. It

2850-607: The Anglican sacrament once a year to avoid the restrictions. High Church Anglicans were outraged and outlawed what they called "occasional conformity" in 1711 with the Occasional Conformity Act 1711 . In the political controversies using sermons, speeches, and pamphlet wars, high churchmen and Nonconformists attacked their opponents as insincere and hypocritical, as well as dangerously zealous, in contrast to their own moderation. In his famous book Fable of

2925-589: The Bees (1714) English author Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733) explored the nature of hypocrisy in contemporary European society. On the one hand Mandeville was a ‘moralist’ heir to the French Augustinianism of the previous century, viewing sociability as a mere mask for vanity and pride. On the other he was a ‘materialist’ who helped found modern economics. He tried to demonstrate the universality of human appetites for corporeal pleasures. He argued that

3000-599: The Enlightenment of the 18th century, discussions of hypocrisy were common in the works of Voltaire , Rousseau , and Montaigne . In the 1750 to 1850 era, Whig aristocrats in England boasted of their special benevolence for the common people. They claimed to be guiding and counseling reforms to prevent the outbreaks of popular discontent that caused instability and revolution in Europe. Tory and radical critics accused

3075-878: The French Bolshevik Inessa Armand , but without the rumored love affair with Vladimir Lenin . Among her other film roles in the 1980s were the arrested philosophy prof in Schools Falling Apart ( Le Bahut va craquer , 1981), the lawyer Valouin in A Captain's Honor ( L'honneur d'un capitaine , 1982), the Vicki Baum -heroine Evelyne Droste in Rendezvous in Paris (1982) and the mysterious Alice in René Féret 's thriller The Man Who Wasn't There ( L'homme qui n'était pas là , 1987). She also appeared in TV movies, such as

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3150-534: The Grass ( Le bateau sur l'herbe , 1971), in which she starred as Eleonore, a young girl between two friends ( Jean-Pierre Cassel , John McEnery ). She starred in Hearth Fires ( Les feux de la chandeleur , 1972) as Laura, a daughter who wants to reconcile her parents ( Annie Girardot , Jean Rochefort ) and who falls in love with her mother's best friend ( Bernard Fresson ). Alongside Robert Hossein she played

3225-539: The Run (1979). Some months after Truffaut's Stolen Kisses Claude Jade starred in Alfred Hitchcock 's Topaz (1969), as Michèle Picard, a secret agent's anxious daughter, married to a reporter ( Michel Subor ). Recommended to Hitchcock by Truffaut, she was 19 years old when cast, with Dany Robin playing her mother. Hitchcock said he chose the two actresses to provide glamor, and later quipped, "Claude Jade

3300-526: The Run (1979). Jade acted in theatre, film and television. Her film work outside France included the Soviet Union, the United States ( Alfred Hitchcock 's Topaz ), Italy, Belgium, Germany and Japan. She was most famous on television as the heroine of the mysterious adventure series The Island of Thirty Coffins . The daughter of university professors, Jade spent three years at Dijon's Conservatory of Dramatic Art. In 1964 she played on stage 40 times

3375-515: The TV series La tête en l'air and Fleur bleue , as guest star in Une femme d'honneur (ep. Mémoire perdue ), Inspecteur Moretti (ep. Un enfant au soleil ), Julie Lescaut (ep. Rumeurs ) and Navarro (ep. Sentiments mortels ). TV movies included L'Éternité devant soi , Le bonheur des autres , Eugénie Grandet and Porté disparu . From 1998 to 2000 she was the lead actress in the series Tide of Life ( Cap des Pins) . Her last U.S. acting part

3450-519: The Whigs of hypocrisy—alleging they were deliberately using the slogans of reform and democracy to boost themselves into power while preserving their precious aristocratic exclusiveness. Observers from the Continent commented on the English political culture. Liberal and radical observers noted the servility of the English lower classes, the obsession everyone had with rank and title, the extravagance of

3525-514: The arts of dissimulation. He assumes that politics is worthwhile, but since it is unavoidably linked to lying and hypocrisy, Jay concludes that lying must not be all that bad. Many belief systems condemn hypocrisy. In the Buddhist text Dhammapada , Gautama Buddha condemns a man who takes the appearance of an ascetic but is full of passions within. In some translations of the Book of Job ,

3600-401: The blame leveled at them on the grounds that it is hypocritical; a typical expression of this idea is the phrase, "You have no right to blame me!" Accordingly, some philosophers argue that in order to have the standing or entitlement to blame others, one's blame must not be hypocritical. Defenses of this position have usually focused on the connection between hypocrisy and fairness: the basic idea

3675-597: The coquette and playful Célimène, a consummate flirt whose wit and frivolity epitomize the courtly manners that Alceste despises. Though he constantly reprimands her, Célimène refuses to change, charging Alceste with being unfit for society because he hates humanity. Despite his sour reputation as the misanthrope, Alceste does have women pining for him, particularly the prudish Arsinoé and the honest Éliante. Though he acknowledges their superior virtues, his heart still lies with Célimène. His deep feelings for her primarily serve to counter his negative expressions about mankind, since

3750-519: The dark or shadow-side of their nature. Jung wrote: Jung went on: It is under all circumstances an advantage to be in full possession of one's personality, otherwise the repressed elements will only crop up as a hindrance elsewhere, not just at some unimportant point, but at the very spot where we are most sensitive. If people can be educated to see the shadow-side of their nature clearly, it may be hoped that they will also learn to understand and love their fellow men better. A little less hypocrisy and

3825-497: The deceptive or inconsistent qualities of hypocrisy. For Eva Kittay , for example, the fundamental attribute of hypocrites is "self-referential deception," and for Gilbert Ryle , to be hypocritical is to "try to appear activated by a motive other than one's real motive." On Dan Turner's view, by contrast, the fundamental feature is "conflict or disparity" between a person's attitudes, where this may or may not involve deception. Bela Szabados and Daniel Statman argue that self-deception

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3900-737: The decision had already been made ("post hoc fabrication"). Humans take a position, look for evidence that supports it, then, if they find some evidence – enough so that the position "makes sense" – they stop thinking altogether (the "makes-sense stopping rule"). And, when pressed to produce real evidence, they tend to seek and interpret "evidence" that confirms what they already believe (the " confirmation bias "). Moreover, humans tend to think highly of themselves, highlighting strengths and achievements, and overlooking weakness and failures (the " self-serving bias "). When asked to rate themselves on virtues, skills, or other desirable traits (including ethics, intelligence, driving ability, and sexual skills),

3975-677: The director and his muse were soon a couple in real life, although Truffaut changed his mind about marrying her the night before their wedding. American critic Pauline Kael wrote that Jade "seems a less ethereal, more practical Catherine Deneuve ". Playing the same character at different stages of her life, Jade appeared in three Truffaut films: loved from a distance in Stolen Kisses ; married and misled in Bed and Board ( Domicile Conjugal , 1970); and divorced but still on good terms in Love on

4050-548: The director's cut of Topaz in 1999. Topaz was Jade's only Hollywood film. Universal Pictures offered her a seven-year contract, which she turned down reportedly because she preferred to work in French. Director Tony Richardson 's film Nijinsky (a.k.a. The Dancer ) (1970), based on a screenplay by Edward Albee , was canceled during pre-production by producer Harry Saltzman . It was to have starred Jade as Vaslav Nijinsky 's wife, with Rudolf Nureyev as Nijinsky and Paul Scofield as his lover Sergei Diaghilev . She had

4125-436: The efforts of self-seeking entrepreneurs are the basis of emerging commercial and industrial society, a line of thought that influenced Adam Smith (1723–1790) and 19th century utilitarianism . The tension between these two approaches, modes, ambivalences and contradictions—concerning the relative power of norms and interests, the relationship between motives and behaviours, and the historical variability of human societies. In

4200-888: The fact that he has such feelings includes him amongst those he so fiercely criticizes. When Alceste insults a sonnet written by the powerful noble Oronte, he is called to stand trial. Refusing to dole out false compliments, he is charged and humiliated and resolves on self-imposed exile. Arsinoé, in trying to win his affection, shows him a love letter Célimène wrote to another suitor. He discovers that Célimène has been leading him on. She has written identical love letters to numerous suitors (including to Oronte) and broken her vow to favor him above all others. He gives her an ultimatum: he will forgive her and marry her if she runs away with him to exile. Célimène refuses, believing herself too young and beautiful to leave society and all her suitors behind. Philinte, for his part, becomes betrothed to Éliante. Alceste then decides to exile himself from society, and

4275-827: The heart of her son's teacher ( Henri Guybet ). One year later Claude Jade played the part of Christine Doinel for the third time in Truffaut's Love on the Run . In 1970 she starred as Orphan Françoise in mini-series Mauregard , directed by Truffaut's co-writer Claude de Givray . Other TV roles in the decade were Sheherazade (in Shéhérazade ) and Louise de La Vallière (in Le chateau perdu ), Lucile Desmoulins (in La passion de Camille et Lucile Desmoulins ). She starred in such television movies as Mamie Rose , La Mandragore , Monsieur Seul , Fou comme François , Les anneaux de Bicêtre , Ulysse est revenu , and, in her biggest success of that decade, as heroine Veronique d'Hergemont in

4350-533: The horror of his friends and companions, Alceste rejects la politesse , the social conventions of the seventeenth-century French ruelles (later called salons in the 18th century). His refusal to "make nice" makes him tremendously unpopular and he laments his isolation in a world he sees as superficial and base, saying early in Act I, "... Mankind has grown so base, / I mean to break with the whole human race." Despite his convictions, however, Alceste cannot help but love

4425-403: The illusion that they are better than others. Social psychologists have generally viewed hypocrisy as an instantiation of attitudinal and/or behavioral inconsistency. Accordingly, many social psychologists have focused on the role of dissonance in explaining individuals' aversion to hypocritical thinking and behavior. Individuals are motivated to avoid hypocritical stances in order to forestall

4500-576: The moral superiority of Japan while threatening to mistreat American POWs in retaliation. American historian Martin Jay in The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics (2012) explores how writers over the centuries have treated hypocrisy, deception, flattery, lying and cheating, slander, false pretenses, living on borrowed glory, masquerading, conventions of concealment, playacting before others and

4575-562: The negative drive state of dissonance. For example, a dissonance-based study on the use of condoms among young adults showed that induced hypocrisy can lead to increased purchase and use of condoms. Alternatively, some social psychologists have suggested that individuals view hypocrisy negatively because it suggests that hypocrites are providing a false signal regarding their moral goodness. Hypocrisy has been an intermittent topic of interest to philosophers. Niccolò Machiavelli famously noted that "the mass of mankind accept what seems as what

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4650-416: The original meaning implied a deficiency in the ability to sift or decide. This deficiency, as it pertains to one's own beliefs and feelings, informs the word's contemporary meaning. Whereas hypokrisis applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric), hypokrites was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens during

4725-642: The original, while diving boldly into the new world of fall-outs and friendships conducted on social media.' The School for Lies by David Ives (2011) was described by the New York Times as a "freewheeling rewrite of The Misanthrope ". Justin Fleming has translated and adapted The Misanthrope in varied rhyme scheme with Alceste as a woman and Celimene as a young man for Bell Shakespeare Company and Griffin Theatre Company co-production in

4800-569: The other side of his character in the most vivid light". Jung omitted this characterization from his later essay On the Psychology of the Unconscious , which developed out of the former. The best way to cultivate a reputation for fairness is to really be fair. But since it is much harder to be fair than to seem fair, and since laziness is built deep into human nature, humans more often choose appearance over reality. "So convenient

4875-719: The part of Agnès in Molière 's L'école des femmes . In 1966 she won the Prix de Comédie for Jean Giraudoux 's stage play Ondine , performed at the Comédie Boulogne. She moved to Paris and became a student of Jean-Laurent Cochet at the Edouard VII theater, and began acting in television productions, including a leading role in TV series Les oiseaux rares . While performing as Frida in Pirandello 's Henri IV , in

4950-615: The play ends with Philinte and Éliante running off to convince him to return. There have been five known productions on Broadway: The Misanthrope was first performed at the Stratford Festival in 1981. The most recent production ran from August 12 - October 29, 2011, at the Festival Theatre using the Richard Wilbur translation; Ben Carlson starred as Alceste and Sara Topham as Celimene. Brian Bedford

5025-918: The priest's love Françoise in Forbidden Priests ( Prêtres interdits , 1973). In Home Sweet Home (1973), she played a hardened nurse who is changed by a love affair with a social worker ( Jacques Perrin ). Jade played a dual role in The Choice , 1976). She starred in three Italian films: as a private investigator in Number One (1973), as Tiffany, the girlfriend of a private eye ( Frederick Stafford , her father from Topaz ) in La ragazza di via Condotti (1973), and as Maria Teresa, an unhappily married woman in Eriprando Visconti 's A Spiral of Mist ( Una spirale di nebbia , 1977). She played

5100-430: The relevant sense. Other philosophers reject the "No-hypocrisy" condition on standing altogether. Typically, these philosophers do not deny that sometimes the wrongness of hypocrisy can outweigh a would-be blamer's entitlement to blame others; but they will insist that this is not invariably the case, and some hypocrites do have standing to blame. R.A. Duff suggests that underlying the disagreement between these two views

5175-874: The short À San Remo (2004). Jade was a member of Jean Meyer's theatre company in Lyon, appearing in plays by Jean Giraudoux ( Helena in The Trojan War Will Not Take Place , and Isabelle in Intermezzo ); Henry de Montherlant ( Port Royal ); James Joyce ( The Exiles ); Racine ( Britannicus ); and Balzac ( Le Faiseur ). She took roles in plays by Vladimir Volkoff ( The Interrogation ); Catherine Decours ( Regulus 93 ); Michel Vinaver ( Dissident il va sans dire ), Alfred de Musset ( Lorenzaccio ) and others. She worked onstage in Lyon, Nantes, Dijon and Paris. Many plays were adapted for TV, such as her performances as Helena in Shakespeares Midsummer Night's Dream ; her Sylvie in Marcel Aymés Les oiseaux de lune ; her Colomba in Jules Romains 's adaptation of Ben Johnson's Volpone ; her Clarisse in Jacques Deval's Il y

5250-468: The term can also refer to other forms of pretense, such as engaging in pious or moral behaviors out of a desire for praise rather than out of genuinely pious or moral motivations. Definitions of hypocrisy vary. In moral psychology , it is the failure to follow one's own expressed moral rules and principles. According to British political philosopher David Runciman , "other kinds of hypocritical deception include claims to knowledge that one lacks, claims to

5325-442: The thriller La grotte aux loups (1980); the drama Nous ne l'avons pas assez aimée (1980); Treize (1981); a dual role in Lise et Laura (1982); A Girl in the Sunflowers (1984); the Italian miniseries Voglia di volare (1984); the French-Spanish-Canadian-German miniseries Le grand secret (1989) and in episode L'amie d'enfance of the series Commissaire Moulin . During the 1990s Jade worked mainly in television, such as

5400-568: Was a guest appearance on The Hitchhiker : in the episode Windows she is Monique, who shoots her neighbor David Marshall Grant at the end. Jade's film roles in cinemas in 1990s included Gabrielle Martin, a mother betrayed by her husband, in Tableau d'honneur . This was followed by her performance as shy lesbian Caroline in Jean-Pierre Mocky 's Bonsoir . In 1998, she played a governor's wife, Reine Schmaltz, who saves herself on

5475-475: Was first performed at West Yorkshire Playhouse in February 2008. It is set in contemporary London, and most of the characters' names are recognisably linked to Molière's: in the sequence of the above cast list they are Alan, Celia, Phil, Eileen, Orville, Fay (Arsinoe), Lord Arne, Chris, and manservant Bates. Another adaptation by Roger McGough was premiered by the English Touring Theatre at

5550-748: Was originally slated to direct and perform as Oronte but was forced to step down due to illness, so the production was directed instead by David Grindley. In 1992, the playwright Jacques Rampal 's sequel Célimène and the Cardinal was published, which - written in Alexandrians - continues the story of Célimène and Alceste 20 years later. The play received three Molière Awards , France's highest theatre prize, in 1993. Well-known actresses such as Ludmila Mikaël (1992-1993) and Claude Jade (2006) embodied Célimène on French stages. The play has also been performed on English stages. [1] [2] [3] [4] German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova composed

5625-502: Was praised by the Los Angeles Times as "highly entertaining... with a contemporary flavor full of colloquial yet literate pungency." Professor Cohen's version has been popular in productions staged by his former students, and it is the version staged by Keith Fowler in 2011 for UC Irvine 's celebration of Cohen's fifty years at the university. The Grouch , a more modern verse version of The Misanthrope by Ranjit Bolt

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