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98-494: During the 1890s, publications were inserted into Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal . Hearst had the eight-page Women's Home Journal and the 16-page Sunday American Magazine , which later became The American Weekly . In November 1896, Morrill Goddard, editor of the New York Journal from 1896 to 1937, launched Hearst's Sunday magazine, later commenting, "Nothing

196-549: A "coward." Slayback entered the Post-Dispatch offices on October 13, armed with a gun, and threatened Cockerill; Cockerill shot him dead. The story became a national sensation and turned many conservative Democrats vehemently against Pulitzer and the Post-Dispatch . After a grand jury inquest, Cockerill was never put on trial. Pulitzer replaced him with John Dillon, former owner of the Post and unlike Pulitzer and Cockerill,

294-564: A French squadron bombarded the Mexican Pacific port of Acapulco and on 3 February, Forey finally set out for Puebla. González Ortega had meanwhile been building up the town's fortifications, and on 10 March he declared martial law. The French arrived on the 16 March and began the siege . On 8 May 1863 at Battle of San Lorenzo , Bazaine and Márquez defeated Ignacio Comonfort who intended to provide reinforcements to Puebla. Having run out of ammunition and food, González Ortega held

392-507: A bullet-riddled carriage. The triumphant Vidaurri then headed towards the capital where he was made a councilor of Emperor Maximilian. By the end of the year the imperialists controlled Nuevo León and the greater part of Coahuila to the banks of the Rio Grande. On 28 October 1864, imperialist Generals Leonardo Márquez and Douay attacked the army of Republican General Arteaga in the ravine of Atenquique, routing them. A few days later,

490-738: A civil war, the Reform War , had just concluded, and the intervention allowed the Conservative opposition against the liberal social and economic reforms of President Juárez to take up their cause once again. The Mexican Catholic Church, Mexican conservatives , much of the upper-class and Mexican nobility , and some Native Mexican communities invited, welcomed and collaborated with the French empire's help to install Maximilian of Habsburg as Emperor of Mexico . The emperor himself however proved to be of liberal inclination and continued some of

588-433: A conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz. The proposal to disembark most of the troops was rejected, but negotiations then resulted in an agreement, ratified on 23 January, to move the forces inland and hold a conference at Orizaba. The agreement also officially recognized the government of Juárez along with Mexican sovereignty. On 9 April 1862, agreements at Orizaba between

686-402: A council of war, and it was agreed, with the republican situation hopeless, to surrender on 17 May, after destroying the remaining armaments. All of the officers were taken prisoner and were intended to be transported to France. González Ortega and Porfirio Díaz escaped before being sent out of the country as prisoners. Upon hearing of the fall of Puebla, President Juárez prepared to evacuate

784-488: A crusade to reform the corrupt St. Louis County Court. His fight against the court angered Captain Edward Augustine, Superintendent of Registration for St. Louis County. Their rivalry became so heated that on the night of January 27, Augustine confronted Pulitzer at Schmidt's Hotel and called him a "damned liar." Pulitzer left the building, returned to his room, and retrieved a four-barreled pistol. He returned to

882-462: A delegate to the 1874 Missouri Constitutional Convention representing St. Louis, arguing successfully for true home rule for the city. In 1876, Pulitzer, by now completely disillusioned with the corruption of the Republicans and their nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes , gave nearly 70 speeches in favor of Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden throughout the country; Schurz, who saw Hayes as

980-561: A few years. Material aid from the United States, whose four-year civil war ended in 1865, invigorated the Republican fight against the regime of Maximilian, and the 1866 decision of Napoleon III to withdraw military support for Maximilian's regime accelerated the monarchy's collapse. Maximilian and two Mexican generals were executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867, ending this period of Mexican history. The intervention came as

1078-483: A formidable hold. The Imperialists now focused on capturing the rest of the north, with troops under General Mejía campaigning along the northern Gulf Coast, supported by Charles Dupin 's anti-guerrilla corps at Tampico , and Aymard's brigade at San Luis Potosí . Castagny supported the rear, and the entire operation was headquartered at Querétaro . On the Pacific Coast, a naval squadron under de Kergrist

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1176-492: A lifelong friend there in the librarian Udo Brachvogel. He often played in the library's chess room, where Carl Schurz noticed his aggressive style. Pulitzer greatly admired the German-born Schurz, an emblem of the success attainable by a foreign-born citizen through his own energies and skills. In 1868, Pulitzer was admitted to the bar , but his broken English and odd appearance kept clients away. He struggled with

1274-736: A line. When he was done, the lawyers gave him desk space and allowed him to study law in their library to prepare for the bar. Pulitzer displayed a flair for reporting. He would work 16 hours a day – from 10 am to 2 am. He was nicknamed "Joey the German" or "Joey the Jew". He joined the Philosophical Society and frequented a German bookstore where many intellectuals hung out. Among his new group of friends were Joseph Keppler and Thomas Davidson . Pulitzer joined Schurz's Republican Party . On December 14, 1869, Pulitzer attended

1372-570: A major victory against the French at the Battle of Puebla while the latter were trying to ascend the hill towards the fortified positions of the city. The French retreated to Orizaba to await reinforcements. Mexico's victory was a pause in the French push to capture the capital of Mexico City, delaying the French for a year. In Mexican history, Cinco de Mayo is a day to commemorate Mexican nationalism. Conservative Mexican Generals Florentino López , Leonardo Márquez , and Juan Vicario sought to join

1470-477: A manifesto disavowing rumors that the allies had come to conquer or to impose a new government. It was emphasized that the three powers merely wanted to open negotiations regarding their claims of damages. On 14 January 1862, a bill of claims was presented to the government in Mexico City. Foreign Minister Manuel Doblado invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for

1568-701: A million copies a day and opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue (rather than cover price or political party subsidies) and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, gossip, entertainment and advertising. Pulitzer's name is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes established in 1917 as a result of the specified endowment in his will to Columbia University . The prizes are given annually to recognize and reward excellence in American journalism, photography, literature, history, poetry, music, and drama. Pulitzer also funded

1666-404: A multinational coalition of Spain, Great Britain, and France, sought to enforce debt collection on the republican government of Benito Juárez, following his suspension of payments on Mexican government bonds. On 14 December 1861, Spanish ships took possession of Mexico's main port, Veracruz . French and British forces arrived on 7 January 1862. On 10 January 1862 Spanish General Juan Prim issued

1764-597: A reformer with integrity, returned to the Republican fold. In his speeches, Pulitzer denounced Schurz and urged reconciliation between North and South. While on his speaking tour, Pulitzer also wrote dispatches to the New York Sun on behalf of the Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign . After Tilden's narrow defeat under dubious circumstances , Pulitzer became disillusioned with his candidate's indecision and timid response; he would oppose Tilden's 1880 run for

1862-459: A well-respected, conservative native of the city. However, the incident permanently damaged Pulitzer's reputation in the city, and he began to seek opportunities elsewhere. In April 1883, the Pulitzer family traveled to New York, ostensibly to start a European vacation, but actually so that Joseph could make an offer to Jay Gould for ownership of the morning New York World . Gould had acquired

1960-509: A year in office. In 1895, William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival New York Journal , which at one time had been owned by Pulitzer's brother, Albert . Hearst had once been a great admirer of Pulitzer's World . The two embarked on a circulation war. This competition with Hearst, particularly the coverage before and during the Spanish–American War , linked Pulitzer's name with yellow journalism . Pulitzer and Hearst were also

2058-415: Is so stale as yesterday's newspaper, but The American Weekly may be around the house for days or weeks and lose none of its interest." Magazine and illustration historian Jim Vadeboncoeur Jr. outlined the contents and detailed the publication's leading illustrators: The name was changed to Pictorial Living in 1963 before it was finally cancelled in 1966. Due to the low quality of the paper on which it

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2156-459: The St. Louis Post and Dispatch (soon renamed the Post-Dispatch ) on December 12. With his own paper, Pulitzer developed his role as a champion of the common man, featuring exposés and a hard-hitting populist approach. The paper was considered a leader in the field of sensational journalism . The circulation of the Post-Dispatch steadily rose during Pulitzer's early tenure (aided by the collapse of

2254-529: The 1880 Democratic National Convention , over Hyde's objection. Though Pulitzer could not convince Horatio Seymour , his preferred candidate, to run, the Democrats did not renominate Tilden. In March 1882, the two men even came to physical blows on Olive Street but were separated by a crowd before either was injured. In 1880, Pulitzer made a second run for public office, this time for United States Representative from Missouri's second district . However, he

2352-533: The Columbia School of Journalism with his philanthropic bequest; it opened in 1912. He was born as Pulitzer József (name order by Hungarian custom) in Makó , about 200 km south-east of Budapest , the son of Elize (Berger) and Fülöp Pulitzer (born Politzer). The Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Joseph's father

2450-745: The Lincoln Cavalry on September 30, 1864. He was a part of Sheridan's troopers , in the 1st New York Cavalry Regiment in Company L, joining the regiment in Virginia in November 1864, and fighting in the Appomattox Campaign , before being mustered out on June 5, 1865. Although he spoke German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war, as his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants. After

2548-564: The New York World, through 1915. When Pulitzer purchased the World , New York City, though overwhelmingly Democratic, did not have a major Democratic newspaper. The Tribune (under Whitelaw Reid) and Times were ardently Republican and the Sun (under Charles Dana ) and Herald were independent. In the first issue under his ownership, Pulitzer announced the paper would be "dedicated to

2646-596: The Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was a military invasion of the Republic of Mexico by the French Empire of Napoleon III , purportedly to force the collection of Mexican debts in conjunction with Great Britain and Spain. Mexican conservatives supported the invasion, since they had been defeated by the liberal government of Benito Juárez in a three-year civil war . Defeated on

2744-771: The United States due to the Monroe Doctrine , a concern that would be rendered null with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Juárez's debt moratorium finally provided a pretext for intervention. Napoleon III would also claim that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade and that the establishment of a European-derived monarchy in Mexico would ensure European access to Mexican resources, particularly French access to Mexican silver. However, Emperor Maximilian disagreed with

2842-735: The World the largest newspaper in the country. Pulitzer emphasized broad appeal through short, provocative headlines and sentences; the World's self-described style was "brief, breezy and briggity." His World featured illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men. Crusades for reform and entertainment news were two main staples for the World . Pulitzer explained that: The American people want something terse, forcible, picturesque, striking, something that will arrest their attention, enlist their sympathy, arouse their indignation, stimulate their imagination, convince their reason, [and] awaken their conscience. In 1887, he recruited

2940-598: The British that France's aim was to seize Mexico, the United Kingdom separately negotiated an agreement with Mexico to settle the debt issues and withdrew from the country. Spain subsequently left as well. The resulting French invasion established the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867). France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Spain recognized the political legitimacy of the newly created monarchy, but

3038-468: The Democratic nomination. Pulitzer returned to St. Louis to practice law and search for future opportunities in news. On his thirtieth birthday, Pulitzer's home at the old Southern Hotel burned to the ground, likely destroying most of his personal belongings and papers. On December 9, 1878, Pulitzer bought the moribund St. Louis Dispatch and merged it with John Dillon's St. Louis Post , forming

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3136-476: The Democratic ticket. Pulitzer's own views were in line with Democratic orthodoxy on low tariffs, and limited federal powers; his prior opposition to the Democrats was out of disgust for slavery and the Confederate rebellion. Pulitzer campaigned for the Democratic ticket throughout the state and published a damaging rumor (leaked by future Senator George Vest ) that Gentry had sold a slave. He also served as

3234-459: The French emperor on Mexican resources going to anyone but Mexicans. More importantly, Napoleon III wanted to establish Mexico as a monarchist ally in the Americas in order to restrain the growing power of the United States. To realize his ambitions without interference from other European states, Napoleon III entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. The Tripartite Expedition,

3332-842: The French invaders and republican Mexican defenders, the start of a protracted warfare. The French defeated a small Mexican force at Escamela, and then captured Orizaba. Mexican Generals Porfirio Díaz and Ignacio Zaragoza retreated to El Ingenio , and then headed towards Puebla. Almonte now attempted to consolidate the Mexican pro-French movement. The town of Orizaba joined him and so did the port of Veracruz and Isla del Carmen. Colonel Gonzáles, Manuel Castellanos, Desiderio Samaniego, Padre Miranda , Haro Tamariz , and General Taboada arrived in Orizaba to support Almonte. On 28 April 1862, French forces headed towards Puebla . On 5 May 1862, Mexican forces commanded by Ignacio Zaragoza and Porfirio Díaz won

3430-483: The French since the beginning of the intervention. On 16 April 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government. On 17 April 1862, Mexican general Juan Almonte , who had been a foreign minister of the conservative government defeated in the Reform War , and who was brought back to Mexico by the French, issued his own manifesto, assuring the Mexican people of benevolent French intentions. Armed conflict broke out between

3528-559: The French, and Mexican republican forces suffered defeats at Barranca Seca and Cerro del Borrego in the vicinity of Orizaba. With the defeat of the small French force at Puebla in May 1862, in July Napoleon III sent reinforcements of 30,000 troops under the command of General Forey . The French Emperor gave Forey instructions laying out France's occupation policy, directing the French commander to work with Mexican supporters in

3626-571: The German Henry C. Brockmeyer ; and William Torrey Harris . Pulitzer studied Brockmeyer, who was famous for translating Hegel , and he "would hang on Brockmeyer's thunderous words, even as he served them pretzels and beer." He was fired after a tray slipped from his hand and a patron was soaked in beer. Pulitzer spent his free time at the St. Louis Mercantile Library on the corner of Fifth and Locust, studying English and reading voraciously. He made

3724-626: The Imperialist commander Jesús María Visoso defeated Republican guerrillas at Puebla. Franco-Mexican forces under Leonardo Márquez and de Berthier entered Morelia , Michoacan unopposed on 30 November, after Republican forces had evacuated the city. After reinforcements arrived, the Republican forces led by José López Uraga attempted to recapture Morelia but were defeated by Márquez. General Mejía captured Querétaro on 17 November, while Republican forces there retreated further north to Guanajuato . Imperialist forces pursued them and Guanajuato

3822-651: The Imperialists. Santiago Vidaurri , the governor of Nuevo León and Coahuila , had broken with Juárez as early as March 1864 over the administration and finances of his state, and had even held a referendum on joining the Empire. Republican troops drove him into Texas, but troops loyal to Viduarri remained active in the region. As Republican forces in the north were diverted by Imperial advances, Vidaurrist troops captured Monterrey on 15 August 1864, with President Juárez barely escaping, and pursued as far as Parras in

3920-544: The Juárez government's most notable liberal measures. Some liberal generals defected to the Empire, including the powerful, northern governor Santiago Vidaurri , who had fought on the side of Juárez during the Reform War. The French army landed in 1861, aiming to rapidly take the capital of Mexico City, but Mexican republican forces defeated them in the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862, Cinco de Mayo , delaying their taking

4018-625: The Mexican Empire. Although Republican guerrilla forces in the countryside around the capital counted no victories against the French, they maintained a presence. Cuernavaca was captured by imperial forces on 29 July 1863. Republican guerrilla commanders Catarino Fragoso , León Ugalde , and others continued to wage warfare against towns occupied by the French. Franco-Mexican forces captured Pachuca and Tulancingo in July to serve as bases for expanding operations. Imperialist Juan Chávez under

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4116-526: The Republican guerrilla chiefs Simón Gutiérrez and Antonio Rojas , routing the former, and destroying two factories for arms and powder near Cocula . In March, Douay entered Colima. Republican General Ortega and several guerrilla bands were driven back into the Sierra Hermosa after Manuel Doblado was repulsed by Mejía in Doblado's attempted assault on Monterrey . Doblado fled the country for

4214-530: The Republican meeting at the St. Louis Turnhalle on Tenth Street, where party leaders needed a candidate to fill a vacancy in the state legislature. After their first choice refused, they settled on Pulitzer, nominating him unanimously, forgetting he was only 22, three years under the required age. However, his chief Democratic opponent was possibly ineligible because he had served in the Confederate army. Pulitzer had energy. He organized street meetings, called personally on

4312-485: The Republicans, Simón Gutiérrez and Antonio Rojas were defeated near the U.S. border by the Imperialist Carlos Rivas , with French reinforcements. Márquez occupied Colima and by 18 November 1864, Márquez had captured the port of Manzanillo . On 12 November 1864, a French squadron under de Kergrist arrived at Mazatlán and demanded a surrender under the threat of bombardment. At the same time,

4410-641: The Union in the American Civil War in August 1864. Pulitzer could not speak English when he arrived in Boston Harbor in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lion's share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer left the Deer Island recruiting station and made his way to New York . He was paid $ 200 to enlist in

4508-621: The United States and died a year later. Mejía was subsequently granted the cross of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon III. The Emperor and Empress of Mexico arrived in Veracruz in the summer of 1864 and were later crowned in the Cathedral of Mexico City . Republican General Porfirio Díaz , with three thousand troops defeated the imperialists commander Marcos Toledo at the silver mining town of Taxco on 26 October 1864. Díaz then besieged

4606-504: The United States refused to do so, since it was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine , prohibiting European powers' interference in the Americas. The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Juárez 's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. Napoleon III's France sought not just debt collection, but rather regime change. Through

4704-462: The acquaintance of attorneys William Patrick and Charles Phillip Johnson and surgeon Joseph Nash McDowell. Patrick and Johnson referred to Pulitzer as " Shakespeare " because of his extraordinary profile. They helped him secure a job with the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad . His work was to record the railroad land deeds in the twelve counties in southwest Missouri where the railroad planned to build

4802-576: The administration at the Westliche Post . He eventually became its managing editor, and obtained a proprietary interest. On August 31, 1870, Schurz (now a U.S. Senator), Pulitzer, and other reformist anti-Grant Republicans bolted from the state convention at the Capitol and nominated a competing Liberal Republican ticket for Missouri, led by the former Senator Benjamin Gratz Brown . Brown

4900-515: The administration of Mexican president Benito Juárez placed a moratorium on foreign debt payments in 1861, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain agreed to the Convention of London , a joint effort to ensure that debt repayments from Mexico would be forthcoming. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of Veracruz , on the Gulf of Mexico. When it became clear to

4998-548: The aid of French emperor Napoleon III. With the United States embroiled in its Civil War (1861–65) against secessionist southern states, its focus was on domestic turmoil rather than exerting its power against the intervention of the French in violation of the Monroe Doctrine . A Mexican monarchy backed by France would, in Napoleon III's estimation, lead to the exertion of French power in Mexico and Latin America . After

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5096-485: The allies broke down, as France made it increasingly clear that it intended to invade Mexico and interfere in its government in violation of previous treaties. The British informed the Mexican government that they now intended to exit the country, and an arrangement was made with the British government to settle its claims. Minister Doblado on 11 April made it known to the French government that its intentions would lead to war. Certain Mexican officers had been sympathetic to

5194-492: The battlefield, conservatives sought the aid of France to effect regime change and establish a monarchy in Mexico , a plan that meshed with Napoleon III's plans to re-establish the presence of the French Empire in the Americas. Although the French invasion displaced Juárez's Republican government from the Mexican capital and the monarchy of Archduke Maximilian was established, the Second Mexican Empire collapsed within

5292-498: The boat churned away, the men concluded the promised plantation jobs had been a ruse. They walked back to the city, where Pulitzer wrote an account of the fraud and was pleased when it was accepted by the Westliche Post , edited by Emil Preetorius and Carl Schurz , evidently his first published news story. On March 6, 1867, Pulitzer became a naturalized American citizen . In the Westliche Post building, Pulitzer made

5390-450: The brigade of Juan Vicario in the town of Iguala until imperialist reinforcements forced him to abandon the siege. Díaz headed south to his home state of Oaxaca and increased his troops to eight thousand. The Imperialists now controlled the central Mexican states, containing its major cities, two thirds of the population, rich mines and agricultural lands, and the main centers of manufacturing and trade. The Republicans still controlled

5488-510: The capital and move the republican government to San Luis Potosí . Congress closed its session on 31 May after granting Juárez emergency powers. The French entered the capital on 10 June 1863. On 16 June the French government nominated 35 Mexican citizens to constitute a Junta Superior de Gobierno who were then tasked with electing a triumvirate that was to serve as the executive of the new government. The three elected were Juan Almonte , Archbishop Labastida , and José Mariano Salas . The Junta

5586-479: The capital for a year. The French and Mexican Imperial Army captured much of Mexican territory, including major cities, but guerrilla warfare by supporters of the republic remained a significant factor and Juárez himself never left the national territory. The intervention was increasingly using up troops and money at a time when the recent Prussian victory over Austria was inclining France to give greater military priority to European affairs. The liberals also never lost

5684-408: The cause of the newsboys' strike of 1899 , a youth-led campaign to force change in the way that Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst's newspapers compensated their child newspaper hawkers. Second French intervention in Mexico 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 The second French intervention in Mexico ( Spanish : segunda intervención francesa en México ), also known as

5782-469: The cause of the people rather than that of purse-potentates." In 1884, he joined the Manhattan Club, a group of wealthy Democrats including Tilden, Abram Hewitt , and William C. Whitney . Through the World , he supported the campaign of New York Governor Grover Cleveland for president. Pulitzer's campaign for Cleveland and against Republican James G. Blaine may have been pivotal in securing

5880-552: The city's other daily English-language paper, the Star ). At the time of merger, the Post and Dispatch had a combined circulation of under 4,000. By the end of 1879, circulation was up to 4,984 and Pulitzer doubled the size of the paper to eight pages. By the end of 1880, circulation was up to 8,740. Circulation rose dramatically to 12,000 by March 1881 and to 22,300 by September 1882. Pulitzer bought two new presses and increased staff pay to

5978-481: The city, he recalled, "The lights of St. Louis looked like a promised land to me." In the city, his German was as useful as it was in Munich because of the large ethnic German population, due to strong immigration since the revolutions of 1848 . In the Westliche Post , he saw an ad for a mule hostler at Benton Barracks . The next day he walked four miles and got the job, but held it for only two days. He quit due to

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6076-469: The command of Tómas Mejía defeated the Republican forces of Tomás O'Horán on the road to Guanajuato. O'Horan would then switch sides and join the imperialists. Imperialist colonel José Antonio Rodríguez then captured San Juan de los Llanos in Puebla . The Gulf Coast port of Tampico was captured by French vessels on 11 August 1863. French control of the country still centered on Veracruz and Mexico City but

6174-420: The execution of minor papers and the collecting of debts. That year, when the Westliche Post needed a reporter, he was offered the job. Soon after, he and several dozen men each paid a fast-talking promoter five dollars, after being promised good-paying jobs on a Louisiana sugar plantation . They boarded a steamboat , which took them downriver 30 miles south of the city, where the crew forced them off. When

6272-725: The family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States. Pulitzer tried to join the military but was rejected by the Austrian Army . He then tried to join the French Foreign Legion to fight in Mexico but was similarly rejected, and then the British Army and was again rejected. He was finally recruited in Hamburg, Germany, to fight for

6370-520: The famous investigative journalist Nellie Bly . Pulitzer also constructed the New York World Building , designed by George B. Post and completed in 1890. Pulitzer dictated several aspects of the design, including the building's triple-height main entrance arch, dome, and rounded corner at Park Row and Frankfort Street. In 1895, the World introduced the immensely popular The Yellow Kid comic by Richard F. Outcault , one of

6468-637: The first strips to be featured in the newly launched Sunday color supplement shortly after. After the World exposed an illegal payment of $ 40,000,000 by the United States to the French Panama Canal Company in 1909, Pulitzer was indicted for libeling Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan . The courts dismissed the indictments. Newspaper writer and editor of The San Francisco Call, John McNaught went to New York to work under Pulitzer as his personal secretary from 1907 to 1912. When McNaught left The Evening World, he became editor of

6566-550: The highest in the city, though he also crushed an attempt to unionize. Pulitzer's primary political rival at this time was Bourbon Democrat William Hyde , publisher of the (misleadingly named) Missouri Republican . Pulitzer's much smaller paper won a series of early political skirmishes over Hyde. First, George Vest was elected to the Senate in 1879 with Pulitzer's backing over Bourbon Samuel Glover. Next, Pulitzer secured election for an anti-Tilden delegation (including himself) to

6664-574: The imperialist Manuel Lozada besieged the town on land leading to a successful capture. The imperialist Juan Vicario was repulsed at Chilapa de Álvarez , while on the way to replace the French garrison in the southern Pacific port of Acapulco, and subsequently the port had to be evacuated and left to the Republicans in December. French vessels succeeded in recapturing Acapulco on 11 September 1864. The Imperialists however hoped to soon begin operations to dislodge Porfirio Díaz from his stronghold in

6762-402: The influence of the emperor's wife, Eugénie de Montijo , the emperor had come into contact with Mexican monarchist exiles, José María Gutiérrez de Estrada and José Manuel Hidalgo who exposed Napoleon to the decades long effort to import a European prince to ascend a Mexican throne. He was initially not interested in the project due to the inevitable opposition that the effort would invite from

6860-660: The mounting pressure both at home and abroad, the French army began to redeploy to Europe in 1866, and the Second Mexican Empire collapsed in 1867. Mexican monarchists long had hopes of restoring Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre- independence and at its inception as an independent nation-state from the Spanish Empire in 1821, in the First Mexican Empire ruled by Emperor Agustín I . Mexican conservatives sought

6958-416: The newspaper as a throw-in in one of his railroad deals, and it had been losing about $ 40,000 a year, possibly because of the stigma the unpopular Gould's ownership brought. In return for the paper, Gould asked Pulitzer for a sum well over a half-million dollars, as well as the retention of the World's staff and building. After some frustration at this demand and disagreement with his brother Albert , Pulitzer

7056-528: The official recognition of the United States of America in spite of their ongoing civil war, and following the defeat and surrender of the Confederate States of America in April 1865 the reunited country began providing materiel support to the republican forces. Invoking the Monroe Doctrine , the U.S. government asserted that it would not tolerate a lasting French presence on the continent. Facing

7154-558: The parlor and approached Augustine, renewing the argument. When Augustine advanced on Pulitzer, the young Representative aimed his pistol at the Captain's midriff. Augustine tackled Pulitzer, and the gun fired two shots, tearing through Augustine's knee and the hotel floor. Pulitzer suffered a head wound. Contemporary accounts conflict on whether Augustine was also armed. While in Jefferson City, Pulitzer also moved up one notch in

7252-442: The poor food and the whims of the mules, stating "The man who has not cared for sixteen mules does not know what work and troubles are." Pulitzer had difficulty holding jobs; he was too scrawny for heavy labor and likely too proud and temperamental to take orders. He worked as a waiter at Tony Faust, a famous restaurant on Fifth Street. It was frequented by members of the St. Louis Philosophical Society, including Thomas Davidson ,

7350-437: The presidency for Cleveland, who won New York's decisive votes by just 0.1%. The campaign also boosted the World 's circulation dramatically; by Election Day, it averaged about 110,000 copies per day and its Election Day special ran 223,680 copies. Pulitzer also attacked young Republican Assemblyman Theodore Roosevelt as a "reform fraud," beginning a long and heated rivalry with the future President. In 1884, Pulitzer

7448-858: The presidency with Gratz Brown as his running mate. Pulitzer and Schurz were expected to boost Governor Brown for the presidential nomination, but Schurz preferred the more idealistic Charles Francis Adams Sr. A loyal Brown man alerted the Governor of this betrayal, and Governor Brown and his cousin Francis Preston Blair sped to Cincinnati to rally their supporters to Greeley. While in Cincinnati, he met fellow reformist newspapermen Samuel Bowles , Murat Halstead , Horace White , and Alexander McClure . He also met Greeley's assistant and campaign manager Whitelaw Reid , who would become Pulitzer's journalistic adversary. However, Greeley's campaign

7546-482: The pursuit of both military and political goals. The aim was to establish a new government friendly to French interests, and the geopolitical aim of preventing the United States from becoming too powerful in the Americas was also emphasized. Forey reached Orizaba on 24 October 1862, and began planning another siege of Puebla, the defense of which had now passed on to Jesús González Ortega after General Zaragoza had died of typhoid fever on 8 September. On 10 January 1863,

7644-484: The siege of Oaxaca City in person and by the end of January 1865, the besieging forces numbered seven thousand men. The use of artillery began on 4 February, and an assault was ordered for February 9th. The massing of forces produced a panic in Díaz' men. Díaz was not willing to engage in a hopeless last stand and surrendered. Díaz was sent to Puebla and imprisoned, however he escaped seven months later and raised an army in

7742-604: The south, and began to survey the land and build roads. Towards the end of 1864, General Courtois d'Hurbal entered Oaxaca by way of Yanhuitlan and other columns followed from Orizaba and Mexico City . Díaz was based in Oaxaca City with three thousand regulars, three thousand troops in the mountains, and had converted the city into a fortified camp. Commander in Chief of the French Forces, Bazaine decided to lead

7840-487: The southern state of Chiapas . The nearby state capital of Tabasco , San Juan Bautista was recaptured by the Republicans on 27 February. The success inspired a republican incursion into Veracruz, succeeding in capturing Minatitlán on 28 March. On 19 March 1864, the western Mexican commander Manuel Lozada , at the head of indigenous troops of the Tepic district sided with the imperialists. Douay headed south, pursuing

7938-565: The sparsely populated frontier states of the north, where President Juárez still led his government-in-exile in the city of Monterrey . These northern states granted them the considerable revenue coming into the Pacific ports of Manzanillo , Mazatlán , and Guaymas . Arms also flowed in from the U.S. states California and Texas along with mercenaries. The Republicans also still held the southern states of Guerrero , Oaxaca , Tabasco , and Chiapas , where troops led by Porfirio Díaz maintained

8036-488: The vicinity but carried out no attacks. After French assaults led by General Abel Douay , González Ortega retreated towards Fresnillo , and Uraga westward. Mexican General Felipe Navarrete of Yucatán proclaimed his support of the Empire, and invaded the state capital of Mérida with the support of French forces, capturing it on 22 January 1864. Douay, with General Castagny headed north, succeeding in capturing Aguascalientes and Zacatecas by 7 February 1864. Castagny

8134-488: The voters, and exhibited such sincerity along with his oddities that he had pumped a half-amused excitement into a campaign that was normally lethargic. He won 209–147. His age was not made an issue and he was seated as a state representative in Jefferson City at the session beginning January 5, 1870. During his time in Jefferson City, Pulitzer voted in favor of the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment and led

8232-459: The war, Pulitzer returned to New York City, where he stayed briefly. He moved to New Bedford , Massachusetts, for the whaling industry, but found it was too boring for him. He returned to New York with little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets. He decided to travel by "side-door Pullman" (a freight boxcar) to St. Louis, Missouri . He sold his one possession, a white handkerchief, for 75 cents. When Pulitzer arrived at

8330-630: Was a Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World . He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal caused both to develop the techniques of yellow journalism , which won over readers with sensationalism , sex, crime and graphic horrors. The wide appeal reached

8428-495: Was a respected businessman, regarded as the second of the "foremost merchants" of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Police ( German : Pullitz ) in Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century. In 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest , where he had the children educated by private tutors, and taught French and German. In 1858, after Fülöp's death, his business went bankrupt, and

8526-584: Was also to choose 215 Mexican citizens who together with the Junta Superio r were to constitute an Assembly of Notables that was to decide upon the form of government. On 11 July, the Assembly published its resolutions, that Mexico was to be a constitutional monarchy and that Ferdinand Maximilian was to be invited to accept the Mexican throne. The executive was then officially changed into the Regency of

8624-735: Was appointed. During his term in office, Pulitzer led a crusade to place the newly gifted Statue of Liberty in New York City. He was a member of the Committee on Commerce . During his time in Washington, Pulitzer lived at the luxurious hotel run by John Chamberlin at the corner of 15th and I streets, N.W. However, Pulitzer soon determined that his position at the World was both more powerful and more enjoyable than Congress. He began to spend less and less time in Washington, and ultimately resigned on April 10, 1886, after little over

8722-548: Was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's ninth district as a Democrat and entered office on March 4, 1885. Though inundated with office-seekers hoping for appointment by President-elect Cleveland, Pulitzer recommended only the appointments of Charles Gibson for Minister to Berlin and Pallen as consul general in London. But Pulitzer did not secure a meeting with the President-elect, and neither man

8820-535: Was gradually expanding. By October, advancing combined forces were spreading across the central regions of Mexico from Jalisco to San Luis Potosí to Oaxaca . In August 1863, Imperialist Mejía captured the town of Actopan, Hidalgo in the state of Mexico in September, and more Imperialist victories in that state followed. Imperialist commander Gavito, managed to disperse republican guerrillas in Cuayuca , and

8918-457: Was left in charge of Zacatecas, while Douay went to the relief of Colonel Garnier at Guadalajara. On 16 February, Castagny won a victory at Colotlán in which he took eighty prisoners and Republican General Luis Ghilardi was executed. Republican General and governor of Aguascalientes José María Chávez Alonso was also executed after being captured in Jerez . Imperialists struggled to hold on to

9016-693: Was prepared to give up. At the urging of his wife Kate, however, he returned to negotiations with Gould. They agreed to a sale for $ 346,000 with Pulitzer retaining full freedom in the selection of staff. The Pulitzers moved to New York full time, leasing a home in Gramercy Park . The World immediately gained 6,000 readers in its first two weeks under Pulitzer and had more than doubled its circulation to 39,000 within three months. As he had in St. Louis, Pulitzer emphasized sensational stories: human-interest, crime, disasters, and scandal. Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, making

9114-487: Was printed, many issues have been lost despite the large circulation. As a result, it has become a collectors item. Here is a partial list of newspapers that carried The American Weekly as a supplement, which often can be viewed archivally online and by microfilm. Joseph Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer ( / ˈ p ʊ l ɪ t s ər / PUUL -it-sər ; born Pulitzer József , Hungarian: [ˈpulit͡sɛr ˈjoːʒɛf] ; April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911)

9212-561: Was ready to cooperate with Douay's troops in Jalisco and sweep north towards Sinaloa . They were aided by quarrels within the Republican military leadership that resulted in José López Uraga being demoted and subsequently joining the Imperialists. On 26 September 1864, the Imperialists captured the port of Bagdad and now controlled every major port in the Gulf. The commander of troops at Bagdad, Juan Cortina , then defected to

9310-552: Was resoundingly defeated for the Democratic nomination (tantamount to victory in heavily Democratic St. Louis) by Bourbon Thomas Allen , 4,254 to 709. When Thomas Allen died during his first term, Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch strongly opposed the Republican 's endorsed candidate, James Broadhead , an attorney working for the railroad magnate Jay Gould . The election became heated, and Post-Dispatch managing editor John Cockerill called Broadhead's law partner Alonzo Slayback

9408-484: Was successful in the November election over the mainline Republican ticket, presenting a serious threat to President Grant's re-election chances. On January 19, 1872, Brown appointed Pulitzer to the St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners. In May 1872, Pulitzer was a delegate to the Cincinnati convention of the Liberal Republican Party , which nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley for

9506-466: Was taken on 9 December. On 22 December, the Republican government evacuated the city of San Luis Potosí and intended to relocate north to the state of Coahuila . Imperialist forces led by Mejía captured the city on 25 December, only to face an assault by Republican forces on the 27 December, which was ultimately defeated. French general Bazaine occupied the city of Guadalajara on 5 January 1864. The liberal generals Uraga and Ortega remained in

9604-523: Was ultimately a disaster, and the new party collapsed, leaving Schurz and Pulitzer politically homeless. In 1874, Pulitzer promoted a reform movement christened the People's Party, which united the Grange with dissident Republicans. However, Pulitzer was disappointed with the party's tepid stances on the issues and mediocre ticket, led by gentleman farmer William Gentry. He returned to St. Louis and endorsed

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