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101-570: Located in the central part of the state, it stands at an altitude of 915 metres (3,002 ft) above sea level, on the banks of the Río Mololoa and the Río Tepic , approximately 225 kilometres (140 mi) north-west of Guadalajara, Jalisco . Nearby are the volcanoes of San Juan, Las Navajas, and Sangangüey . Tepic is the primary urban center of this rich agricultural region; major crops include sugarcane, tobacco and citrus fruits. The city

202-723: A Ford plant. Bajío Shimbun is a monthly, Japanese-language newspaper founded in June 2015. The first Japanese consulate was inaugurated in January 2016 in León to serve the Bajío region. As of 2017 there were 1143 Japanese, 294 United-Statesians and 200 Spanish legal immigrants in Aguascalientes according to the immigration authorities, although the total number of immigrants is thought to be much higher. In 2015, authorities reported

303-453: A Japanese garden), ponds, a bird lake, instructional areas for school field days, playgrounds, camping areas, and horses to ride. Other places of interest around Guadalajara include Camachos Aquatic Natural Park, a commercial water park, and Barranca Colimilla, a beautiful canyon with hiking trails near Tonala, east of Guadalajara. Guadalajara's street plan has evolved over time into a radial urban plan , with five major routes into and out of

404-460: A basketball center and gym (with wooden flooring), several volleyball courts, and a bowling alley. In addition to common sports, in the city's main park there is an olympic swimming pool and a squash field. In Tepic, tennis is a popular sport, but the most popular is football ( soccer ). Futsal is also commonly played in the city. The city also has a bullring , as do most Mexican cities. Tepic has several state teams, one or more for each sport. Both

505-646: A coat of arms and the title of city to the new town and established it as the capital of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia , part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . After 1572, the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara , previously subordinate to Mexico City , became the only authority in New Spain with autonomy over Nueva Galicia, owing to rapidly growing wealth in the kingdom following the discovery of silver . By

606-635: A hub for the national industrial market, because it naturally sits between Mexico's three main cities: Mexico City to the south, Guadalajara to the west and Monterrey to the northeast. The region has attracted foreign companies due to its relative proximity to the United States, second only in American manufacturing plants to the Mexico-US border. Faster access to port cities such as Manzanillo , Tampico and Veracruz compared to border cities

707-443: A total of 6230 legally-registered immigrants in the state of Querétaro , most of them from the United States, Spain, Colombia, South Korea, Germany, Cuba, France, Canada, Japan and Venezuela. Now archetypal in the development plans of the local governments, these business partnerships with multinational corporations have been criticized for exploiting Mexico's weak labor laws and low wages, lacking long-term potential of benefiting

808-657: Is a Gamma+ global city , and one of Mexico's most important cultural centers. It is home to numerous mainstays of Mexican culture , including Mariachi , Tequila , and Birria and hosts numerous notable events, including the Guadalajara International Film Festival , one of the most important film festival in Latin America, and the Guadalajara International Book Fair , the largest book fair in

909-424: Is a National Park located just north of the municipality of Guadalajara. The barranca (canyon) borders two colonias (neighborhoods) of the city, Oblatos and Huentitan. It covers approximately 1,136 hectares (2,810 acres), and varies 600 meters (2,000 ft) in altitude. The funicular railway in the park starts at 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea level and rises to 1,520 meters (4,990 ft) above sea level. In

1010-795: Is a center of business, arts and culture, technology and tourism; as well as the economic center of the Bajío region. It usually ranks among the 100 most productive and globally competitive cities in the world. It is home to numerous landmarks, including Guadalajara Cathedral , the Teatro Degollado , the Templo Expiatorio , the UNESCO World Heritage site Hospicio Cabañas , and the San Juan de Dios Market —the largest indoor market in Latin America. A settlement

1111-417: Is a cultural and geographical region within the central Mexican plateau which roughly spans from northwest of Mexico City to the main silver mines in the northern-central part of the country. This includes (from south to north) the states of Querétaro , Guanajuato , parts of Jalisco (Centro, Los Altos de Jalisco ), Aguascalientes and parts of Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí and Michoacán . Located at

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1212-705: Is also attractive for Asian and European markets. The main investor was Japan, although the United States, South Korea, Germany, France, Italy and Spain also have important presence in the area. It is estimated that, by 2016, Asian foreign direct investment totaled over 1.5 billion dollars. Guanajuato ( León-Silao and Celaya ) hosts General Motors , Pirelli , Honda , Toyota , Mazda , Denso , Mitsubishi , and Sumitomo plants. Aguascalientes hosts Nissan , Renault , Mercedes , Yazaki and Jatco plants. Querétaro hosts Mitsubishi , Samsung , Bombardier and Safran plants. San Luis Potosí hosts BMW and Yazaki . The State of Mexico ( Cuautitlán Izcalli ) hosts

1313-629: Is best remembered from the Chichimeca nations, the name given by the Mexicas to a group of indigenous chiefdoms without clear states, boundaries or dwelling places, who inhabited the center and north of the country, such as Guachichiles , Guamares , Pames , Tecuexes , among others. By 1536 the Spanish and the Otomí leader Conín had founded the multi-ethnic city of Santiago de Querétaro . On

1414-689: Is located) contained no human settlements. To the east of the Atemajac Valley were the Tonallan and Tetlán peoples. At the extremes were the Zapopan, Atemajac, Zoquipan, Tesistan, Coyula, and Huentitán. The historic city center encompasses what was once four population centers, as the villages of the Mezquitán, Analco, and Mexicaltzingo were annexed to the Atemajac site in 1669. Guadalajara

1515-479: Is studied by national and international researchers as it contains great biological diversity due to its geographical location. On June 5, 1997, it was declared a Protected Natural Area, as an Area Subject to Ecological Conservation (Zona Sujeta a Conservación Ecológica). La Cascada Cola de Caballo (The Horse Tail Waterfall) is located on the Guadalajara to Zacatecas road (Highway 54, km 15) a few kilometers from

1616-610: Is unique to the region, particularly along the flood plains of the Lerma and the Laja Rivers. The Bajío Culture flourished from 300 to 650 CE , with cultural centers ranging from El Cóporo in the far north of Guanajuato to Plazuelas in the far southwest. More than 1,400 sites have been discovered throughout the state of Guanajuato, with only the sites of Cañada de la Virgen , El Cóporo , Peralta , and Plazuelas having received extensive study. The Bajio from pre-Columbian times

1717-510: The Battle of Calderón Bridge . New Galicia, now Jalisco, adhered to the Plan de Iguala on June 13, 1821. In 1823, Guadalajara became the capital of the newly founded state of Jalisco. In 1844, General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga initiated a revolt against the government of President Antonio López de Santa Anna . Santa Anna personally ensured that the revolt was quelled. However, while Santa Anna

1818-636: The Hospital Real de San Miguel de Belén  [ es ] , or simply the Hospital de Belén, was opened. In 1793, Mariano Valdés Téllez Giron ran the city's first printing press, whose first publication was a funeral eulogy for Fray Antonio Alcalde. Guadalajara remained the capital of Nueva Galicia with some modifications until the Mexican War of Independence . Miguel Hidalgo entered San Pedro (now Tlaquepaque ) on November 25, 1810, and

1919-693: The Immaculate Conception , is the cathedral episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tepic , a suffragan see in the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara . Nayarit had small stadiums built for football and baseball. Both now demolished, there are plans to construct new, modern, and bigger stadiums ; the state has three sport private clubs. There are multiple football fields and places to play "cascaritas" (pick-up games), indoor football courts,

2020-628: The Siege of Querétaro . Maximilian of Austria (emperor of Mexico) was captured, tried and sentenced, being shot on June 19 at Cerro de las Campanas, along with the Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía . In the Bajío in April 1915, during the Mexican Revolution , General Álvaro Obregón provoked decisive battles against Pancho Villa , whose troops lost in June that year outside

2121-522: The University of Guanajuato (1732) and the University of Guadalajara (1792) can be traced back to this era. The war that led to the independence of New Spain has roots in its academic life, mainly in the classrooms of the Jesuits and Oratorians of the Bajío. In urban centers since the end of the 18th century, conspiracies were organized, and from 1810 onwards insurgents emerged who supported

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2222-603: The explosions of April 22, 1992 , the Mexican peso crisis of 1994, and the murder of the Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo in 1993. The 1992 explosions caused massive infrastructure damage to hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, and businesses in the Analco neighborhood ( barrio ), "without a clear delineator of information and responsibilities to date", in one of the most tragic events in

2323-741: The 16th century, during the Spanish Conquest, the Huentitán area including the canyon was the site of battles between local Indian populations and the Spanish. Later, it was the site of battles between different factions during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero Rebellion . The canyon is a biogeographic corridor that is home to four types of vegetation: deciduous tropical forest, gallery forest, heath vegetation, and secondary vegetation. In addition to introduced species, there are many native species of flora and fauna. The canyon

2424-541: The 16th to 19th centuries ). Valladolid (today Morelia), Guadalajara , among other cities were often founded with the goal to contain the "barbarian" tribes and protect Spanish families. The discovery of the mines of Zacatecas and Guanajuato, on the other hand, caused a high arrival of Spanish and Tlaxcaltec people to the area, which led to the founding of towns such as San Miguel el Grande (1542), Celaya (1571), Zamora (1574) Aguascalientes (1575) and León (1576), Durango , Chihuahua , Santa Fe Nuevo México:

2525-490: The 18th century, Guadalajara had taken its place as Mexico's second largest city, following mass colonial migrations in the 1720s and 1760s. During the Mexican War of Independence , independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla established Mexico's first revolutionary government in Guadalajara in 1810. The city flourished during the Porfiriato (1876–1911), with the advent of the industrial revolution , but its growth

2626-424: The 1970s it was Mexico's second-largest city and the largest in western Mexico. Most of the modern city's urbanization took place between the 1940s and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980. The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined, slowly but steadily, since the early 1990s. The increase in population brought with it an increase in

2727-541: The 1980s, it was described as a "divided city" east to west based on socioeconomic class. Since then, the city has evolved into four sectors, which are still more or less class-centered. The upper classes tend to live in Hidalgo and Juárez in the northwest and southwest, while the lower classes tend to live in the city center, Libertad in the northeast, and southeast in Reforma. However, lower class development has expanded on

2828-633: The 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 8th most populous city in Mexico, while the Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,268,642 people, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in the country and the twenty-second largest metropolitan area in the Americas . Guadalajara has the second-highest population density in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometer. Within Mexico, Guadalajara

2929-551: The Americas. The city was the American Capital of Culture in 2005 and has hosted numerous global events, including the 1970 FIFA World Cup , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , the 1st Ibero-American Summit in 1991, and the 2011 Pan American Games . The city is home to numerous universities and research institutions, including the University of Guadalajara and the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara , two of

3030-481: The Atemajac Valley. The colonized settlement was named for Nuño de Guzmán's Spanish hometown . In 1559, royal and bishopric offices for the province of Nueva Galicia were moved from Compostela to Guadalajara and, in 1560, Guadalajara became the province's new capital. Construction of the cathedral began in 1563. In 1575, religious orders such as the Augustinians and Dominicans arrived, eventually making

3131-456: The Bajío is Siete Cruces , in the state of Guanajuato , with an elevation of 3053 m. In general the region is usually associated with the States of Guanajuato and Querétaro, even though those two states form only a part of the Bajío. It is now characterized by its highly mechanized agriculture, with mean precipitation in the order of 700 millimeters (28 in) per annum (one of the highest in

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3232-551: The Constitutional Convention. The Cristero War was fought mainly in the Bajío, in areas of the states of Michoacán, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro and Aguascalientes. The leadership of the movement, close to the Catholic Church , believed that a military solution to the conflict was viable. In January 1927, the stockpiling of weapons began. The first guerrillas were made up of peasants. Support for

3333-491: The Guadalajara Observatory were established. Throughout the twentieth century, seeing growth in its industrial, tourist, and service industries, Guadalajara began a period of rapid transformation into the metropolis it is today. The city would gain the second largest economy in Mexico, following only by Mexico City . After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, Guadalajara became the second most populous city in

3434-608: The Northern Peripheral, just after passing the village of San Esteban. The waterfall is fed by a stream from the Atemajac Valley. It is close to Guadalajara and a town with very little development, and as a result of poor ecological practices, it is very polluted. El Bosque los Colomos, the Colomos Forest, is located in the northwestern part of Guadalajara along the Rio Atemajac. It is in a wealthy part of

3535-525: The Spanish—peace was ultimately achieved via truce and negotiation—but due to its strategic location in the Silver Route , it also drew prominent attention from the Spanish crown and some of the flagship Mexican colonial cities were built there, such as Guanajuato and Zacatecas . Abundant mineral wealth and favorable farming conditions would soon turn the region into one of New Spain's wealthiest. At

3636-438: The adjacent, industry-heavy State of Mexico , as well as foreign companies seeking cheap specialized labor and decent infrastructure (mostly American, Japanese and to some extent, European vehicle and electronics companies). The largest cities of the Bajío are Guadalajara , León , Santiago de Querétaro , and Aguascalientes . The Bajío rose to world prominence during the three centuries of colonial rule, providing much of

3737-409: The annual average of about 1,002 millimeters (39.4 in). During the summer, afternoon storms are very common and can sometimes bring hail flurries to the city, especially toward late August or September. Winters are relatively warm despite the city's altitude, with January daytime temperatures reaching about 25 °C (77 °F) and nighttime temperatures about 10 °C (50 °F). However,

3838-510: The armed groups grew. More and more people joined the proclamations of "Long live Christ the King!" and "Long live Saint Mary of Guadalupe!". The origin of the noun Cristero is disputed. There are those who believe that it was the Cristeros themselves who first used the name to identify themselves. But there are researchers of the phenomenon, such as Jean Meyer, who believe that, in its origins, it

3939-646: The beginning of the 19th century, El Bajío was also the place of the ignition of the Mexican War of Independence , and saw most of its battles during the initial phase of the war, including the Cry of Dolores , the storming of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas and the Battle of Calderón Bridge . Nowadays, the region features one of the strongest economies in Mexico and Latin America, drawing both domestic investment from

4040-521: The border between Mesoamerica and Aridoamerica , El Bajío saw relatively few permanent settlements and big civilizations during Pre-Columbian history , being mostly inhabited by nomadic tribes known to the Aztecs as " The Chichimeca " peoples, another Nahua group from whom the Toltec and the Aztecs were probably descended. The tribes that inhabited El Bajío proved to be some of the hardest to conquer for

4141-528: The capital, Guadalajara experienced relative calm. After the Cristero Conflict, peace returned to Guadalajara and the city flourished, outgrowing its colonial roots. This period saw the birth of new schools of architecture that would decorate the city from the 1920s to the 1980s. Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after the 1930s, and the first industrial park was established in 1947. Its population surpassed one million in 1964, and by

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4242-454: The city a center for evangelization efforts. While capital of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia, the city's inhabitants achieved a high standard of living, due to flourishing industry, agriculture, commerce, mining, and trade. The Guadalajara of the 16th century was a rather small and often overlooked community. It was mainly frequented by traveling merchants. Several epidemics drastically reduced

4343-1053: The city for several days in a row. Snowfall is extraordinarily rare, with the last recorded one occurring in December 1997, which was the first time in 116 years, as it had previously last fallen in 1881. Guadalajara's natural wealth is represented by the La Primavera Forest , Los Colomos , and the Barranca de Huentitán . The flora in these areas includes michoacan pines, several species of oak, sweetgum, ash, willow, and introduced trees such as poincianas, jacarandas, and ficus. It also includes orchids, roses, and various species of fungi. The fauna includes typical urban fauna in addition to 106 species of mammals, 19 species of reptiles, and six species of fish. La Barranca de Huentitán (the Huentitán Forest) (also known as Barranca de Oblatos and Barranca de Oblatos-Huentitán)

4444-867: The city of Celaya , in the State of Guanajuato . The Aguascalientes Convention was a meeting that took place during the Mexican Revolution, convened on October 1, 1914 by Venustiano Carranza , first head of the Constitutionalist Army , under the name of "Great Convention of Military Chiefs in Command of Forces and Governors of the States", and whose initial sessions took place in the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico City . Although, later, they were moved to Aguascalientes , after which

4545-485: The city went through structural plans with which new areas and commercial hubs were born and with which transnational corporations and international industries arrived in the city. The city housed the first shopping malls in Mexico. The city expanded rapidly before merging with the Zapopan municipality. Among the developments created during this period were the Guadalajara Expo, the light rail, shopping centers,

4646-653: The city's indigenous population, leading to the construction of its first hospital in 1557. Guadalajara's economy during the 18th century was based on agriculture and the production of non-durable goods such as textiles, shoes and food products. Despite epidemics, plagues, and earthquakes, Guadalajara would become one of the most important population centers in New Spain . The city's heyday attracted numerous architects, philosophers, lawyers, scientists, poets, writers, and speakers; Francisco Javier Clavijero and Matías Ángel de la Mota Padilla  [ es ] were among

4747-458: The city's periphery and upper and middle classes are migrating toward Zapopan, making the situation less neatly divided. Since 1996, the activity of multinational corporations has had a significant effect on the economic and social development of the city. The presence of companies such as Kodak , Hewlett-Packard , Motorola and IBM has been based on production facilities built outside the city proper, bringing in foreign labor and capital. This

4848-516: The city), Santuario, Mexicaltzingo, Mezquitan, Analco, and San Juan de Dios. Private houses in the oldest sector of the city are mostly made up of one- and two-level houses, with architectural styles ranging from simple colonial architecture to the Churrigueresco, Baroque, and early nineteenth century European styles. Just west of the oldest part of the city are upper-class colonias built in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, containing

4949-421: The city. It is surrounded by ring roads. The original city of Guadalajara was planned on a grid, with north–south and east–west intersecting streets. Over time, villages surrounding Guadalajara were incorporated into the city - first Analco to the southeast, then Mexicaltzingo to the south, Mezquitan to the north, and San Juan de Dios to the east, all of which introduced more variety to the plan. As it grew towards

5050-468: The conspiracy had been discovered. The most remembered event occurred in the early morning of September 16, 1810. In a small town called Dolores (today Dolores Hidalgo ), father Miguel Hidalgo (born in Pénjamo ) and his fellow insurgents rose up in arms against the viceregal regime, launching the famous Cry of Dolores . In 1847 the city of Querétaro was named the capital of Mexico after Mexico City

5151-626: The convention is named, and was held from October 10 to November 9, 1914. The Zapatistas did not enter the Convention from the beginning. On February 2 of 1916 the third and current Constitution of Mexico was signed at the Teather of the Republic , in Querétaro . The city was again named provisional capital of the country, this time by President Venustiano Carranza , and for the duration of

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5252-420: The country). During the Viceroyalty of New Spain , the area was known as the breadbasket of the territory. As of 2014, the region produces sorghum , wheat and maize as its main crops. Secondary states sometimes considered as partly contributing to El Bajío or enclosing it: Michoacán , Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí and Estado de México (State of Mexico). Today, the region is one of the fastest-growing in

5353-421: The country. However, the decades that followed brought a number of regional wars in the states of Jalisco , Michoacán , and Guanajuato . The aftermath of the Great Depression took a further toll on the city. Fortunately, by the 1940s the city would experience industrial, demographic, and trade growth. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, bringing an end to the Porfiriato . With conflict concentrated in

5454-449: The country. This has caused the metropolitan areas to attract many migrants from other parts of Mexico. The region has had an outstanding industrial and economic development in the last 15 years. The cities of El Bajío have one of the highest income per capita figures in Mexico. Due to its colonial heritage, the Bajío is home to around eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites (depending on how its limits are defined): El Bajio has long been

5555-418: The dawn of European expansion with the expedition of Nuño de Guzmán and the Spanish acquisition of the Purepecha Empire after 1530, the region north of the limits of Mesoamerican civilization was also known as the Great Chichimeca , and was the epicenter of the Chichimeca War in the 16th century. The Chichimeca War confronted the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Europe at large under Charles V against

5656-425: The end of the war. During this time, he founded the newspaper El Despertador Americano , dedicated to the insurgent cause. Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men. Insurgents Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this idea. Their second choice

5757-540: The expansion of streets and avenues, and the birth and development of road infrastructure, services, tourism, industrial, etc. The first shopping center in Latin America emerged in the city, the first urban electric-train system in Latin America, and the first private university in Mexico. In a 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", FDi magazine ranked Guadalajara first among major Mexican cities and second among major North American cities in terms of economic potential, behind Chicago . The magazine also rated it as

5858-442: The explosion, residents started complaining of a strong gasoline -like smell coming from the sewers. City workers were dispatched to check the sewers and found dangerously high levels of gasoline fumes. However, no evacuations were ordered. An investigation into the disaster found that there were two precipitating causes. The first was new water pipes that were built too close to an existing gasoline pipeline. Chemical reactions between

5959-563: The first Cumbre Iberoamericana in 1991. The Third Summit of Heads of State and Governments of Latin America, the Caribbean, and the European Union was hosted in 2004. Guadalajara was also the venue to the Encuentro Internacional de Promotores y Gestores Culturales in 2005. The 2011 Pan American Games were staged and Guadalajara was named the American Capital of Culture in 2005 as well as the Ciudad Educadora in 2006. Guadalajara has been recognized as Mexico's first Smart City due to its use of developing technology. During each government period,

6060-464: The football and the basketball teams are named "Coras". Located in the central part of the state, it stands at an altitude of 915 metres (3,002 ft) above sea level, on the banks of the Río Mololoa and the Río Tepic, approximately 225 kilometres (140 mi) north-west of Guadalajara, Jalisco. Nearby are the extinct Sangangüey volcano and its crater lake. Tepic has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ), with most rain falling in

6161-400: The four sides of the Cathedral in the form of a large Latin cross, in which the cathedral is now centered. There were other, somewhat less controversial, projects to improve the flow of traffic and increase commerce in other parts of the city. Guadalajara is made up of more than 2,300 colonias (neighborhoods) in the Metropolitan Area. The oldest parts of the city include Centro (the oldest in

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6262-404: The heinous treatment of indigenous peoples by Nuño de Guzmán, in particular the enslavement of captured natives. After multiple defeats, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza took control of the Spanish campaign to suppress the revolt. The conflict ended after Mendoza made concessions such as freeing enslaved indigenous peoples and granting amnesty. The village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and

6363-427: The highest-ranked universities in Mexico. The conquistador Cristóbal de Oñate named the city in honor of the conqueror of western Mexico, Nuño de Guzmán , who was born in Guadalajara , Spain , which is derived from Moorish Arabic وادي الحجارة ( wādī al-ḥajārah ), which means 'Valley of the Stones', or 'Fortress Valley'. Unlike the surrounding areas, the central Atemajac Valley (where Guadalajara

6464-399: The historic center of the city. Major controversial projects included the widening of Avenida 16 de Septiembre and Avenida Juárez, which were no longer adequate to handle car traffic in the center of the city. In the process, many buildings of architectural and historical value were demolished. Historical buildings around Guadalajara Cathedral were also demolished to leave large open spaces on

6565-404: The history of Guadalajara. The investigation of the facts lasted more than 11 years in which insufficient evidence was found to appoint a manager, investigations are now closed attributing the events to an accident. This event, in addition to Mexico's 1994 economic crisis, resulted in the loss of Guadalajara's industrial power. The city has hosted numerous important international events, such as

6666-406: The independence cause; earning the Bajío the title of cradle of the Mexican Independence. Miguel Hidalgo , Ignacio Allende , the Aldama brothers , Josefa Ortíz de Domínguez , José María Morelos among other figures of the early phase of Mexican Independence were born and lived in the Bajío. On September 13 1810, Epigmenio González was taken prisoner, who had an arsenal of weapons destined for

6767-424: The insurgency. On the 15th, the corregidor of Querétaro, Miguel Domínguez , and his wife, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez , were arrested. Some historians claim that she managed to send a message to Captain Ignacio Allende and Miguel Hidalgo , through Ignacio Pérez, a member of her militia who rode to San Miguel el Grande (today San Miguel de Allende ) to inform those who would start the Mexican War of Independence that

6868-433: The large cities of the Bajío (Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Valladolid or Nueva Michoacán), experienced little population growth. It was not until the 18th century that there was a rise in population throughout New Spain, especially in the Bajío, which came hand in hand with high urban development. However, the greatest boom occurred in the economic sphere. It was the Bajío that provided meat, grains and manufacturing to

6969-438: The metropolitan area, and has been developed for recreation rather than being preserved in its wild state. The river was once one of the main sources of water supply to the city, and today continues to provide water to some surrounding colonias (neighborhoods). Currently, this forest covers an area of 92 hectares (230 acres) in which pine trees, eucalyptus trees, and cedars predominate. The park has jogging tracks, gardens (including

7070-499: The mineral and agricultural wealth of the Spanish Empire . As such, it was also the birthplace of the Mexican War of Independence , during which criollo elites long established in the Bajío gathered the masses to revolt against Napoleonic rule in Spain , seen as a threat to the established order in America. That said, previous historical landmarks may be traced back to Pre-Columbian times. Recent archeological studies have discovered an extensive historic cultural tradition that

7171-488: The mining areas of the West, North Central, North Mexico and, later, to Mexico City itself. During the Enlightenment, the prosperity of the Bajío was produced through a distinguished institutional format (such as the hacienda , slavery, peonage, etc.), an institutional format also very present in cities and towns in the Bajío in the form of schools, colleges and seminaries (see List of colonial universities in Hispanic America ). The College of Saint Nicholas (1540),

7272-475: The most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007. Under the Köppen climate classification , Guadalajara has a humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ), a temperate climate that is quite close to a tropical climate, featuring dry warm winters and wet, mildly hot summers. Guadalajara's climate is influenced by its high altitude and the general seasonality of precipitation patterns in western North America. Although

7373-541: The most prominent. In 1771, Bishop Fray Antonio Alcalde arrived in the city and founded the Civil Hospital and the University of Guadalajara . In 1791, the University of Guadalajara was established. The dedication was held in 1792 at the site of the old Santo Tomas College. While the institution was founded during the 18th century, it would not be fully developed until the 20th century, starting in 1925. In 1794,

7474-469: The municipality of Guadalajara, including some in its neighboring municipalities of Zapopan and Tlajomulco, in the west and south. Some of these colonias are: Colinas de San Javier, Puerta de Hierro , Providencia, Chapalita, Country Club, Ciudad del Sol, Valle Real, Lomas del Valle, Santa Rita, Monraz, Santa Anita Golf Club, El Cielo, Santa Isabel, Virreyes, Ciudad Bugambilias , Las Cañadas, and Royal Country. Baj%C3%ADo The Bajío (the lowland )

7575-621: The native chiefdoms of the Caxcans , the Zacatecs , the Guamares and other nomadic Uto-Nahuan peoples , with the goal of conquering their lands and exploiting silver discovered between 1540 and 1590. The resulting economic activity would quickly become the economic engine of the Kingdom of New Galicia , and the Viceroyalty of New Spain at large, serving as a pivotal hub for world commerce between Europe and Asia (see Global silver trade from

7676-601: The neoclassical structures and houses of the Porfiriato. In the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s well-to-do Tapatios expanded into colonias Lafayette, Americana, Moderna, and Arcos Vallarta. New architectural trends of the 1960s and 1970s also left their mark in colonias such as colonia Americana , Vallarta Poniente , Moderna, Providencia, Vallarta San Jorge, Jardines del Bosque, and Chapalita. The Metropolitan Area has more wealthy neighborhoods than any other part of western Mexico. These colonias are located both inside and outside

7777-422: The next day he was greeted effusively in Guadalajara. The city's workers had experienced poor living conditions and were swayed by promises of lower taxes and the abolition of slavery. Despite a soured welcome, due to the rebel army's violence toward city residents, especially royalists, Hidalgo kept his promise and, on December 6, 1810, slavery was abolished in Guadalajara, a proclamation which has been honored since

7878-525: The ongoing silver rush and by the "warlike spirit" arising from the Chichimeca War, w hich culminated with severe reductions in Chichimeca populations due to war and smallpox . The Chichimecas were reduced to a few settlements in the highlands, or, immersed in the new order. Throughout the 17th century, cities such as Irapuato , Salamanca and Salvatierra were founded, which, together with

7979-506: The outskirts of the city (generally those close to the Primavera Forest) experience on average cooler temperatures than the city itself. There, temperatures around 0 °C (32 °F) can be recorded during the coldest nights. Frost may also occur during the coldest nights, but temperatures rarely fall below 0 °C (32 °F) in the city, making it an uncommon phenomenon. Cold fronts in winter can sometimes bring light rain to

8080-476: The pipes caused erosion. The second was a flaw in the sewer design that did not allow accumulated gases to escape. Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the blasts. Four officials of Pemex (the state oil company) were indicted and charged on the basis of negligence. Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all charges. Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were made but they were successfully resisted. The 1990s were marked by events such as

8181-538: The result of volcanic activity during the Pliocene geological period and the Quaternary period, which at one time produced large inland lakes due to the obstruction of the outflow of their waters. With an area over 50 000 km , and a moderately variable topology, distinct subregions within the Bajío can offer microclimates ranging from the temperate to the humid subtropical or dry steppes . The highest peak in

8282-415: The size of what is now called Greater Guadalajara, rather than an increase in the population density of the city. Migrants coming into Guadalajara from the 1940s to the 1980s were mostly from rural areas and lived in the city center until they had enough money to buy property. This property was generally bought in the edges of the city, which were urbanizing into fraccionamientos , or residential areas. In

8383-664: The so-called Silver Route of the Spanish treasure fleet. Meanwhile, king Philip II of Spain orchestrated most of the Counter-Reformation in Europe and the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War in large part with the wealth provided by settlers, indigenous people and African slaves from the American colonial enterprise centered at the Bajío. For much of the 16th century, the Bajío was characterized by its coming and going of cattle from Querétaro and Lake Chapala , by

8484-415: The southern part of the city began development, and its streets aligned with the grid to the east of the old Rio San Juan de Dios. Additional 20th-century expansion of the city introduced even more variety, as developers introduced different kinds of non-grid street plans in new areas. During the government of José de Jesús González Gallo, between 1947 and 1953, major public works changed the urban landscape of

8585-515: The temperature is warm year-round, Guadalajara has strong seasonal variation in precipitation. The northward movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone brings a great deal of rain in the summer months, whereas, for the rest of the year, the climate is rather dry, although daily rainfall records in each dry season month range from 36 millimeters (1.4 in) to 75 millimeters (3.0 in). The extra moisture during

8686-554: The unskilled working class and traditional labor sectors. The 1992 Guadalajara explosions occurred on April 22, 1992, when gasoline explosions in the sewer system over four hours destroyed 8 km (5 mi) of streets in the downtown district of Analco. Gante Street was the most damaged. Officially, 206 people were killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $ 300 million and $ 1 billion. The affected areas can be recognized by their more modern architecture. Three days before

8787-507: The villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel Michael , who remains the patron of the city to this day. After the war, the city was moved once again—this time to a more defensible location. This final relocation would prove permanent. In 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara. That same year, it was granted cityhood by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14, 1542, in

8888-430: The west, it kept the original north–south orientation. As it grew towards the east, this grid was tilted towards the south-east to match up with the grids of the former towns Analco and San Juan de Dios, across the river from central Guadalajara on the eastern side of Rio San Juan de Dios (Rio San Juan de Dios is now underground; it runs beneath Calzada Independencia). When the railway was introduced to Guadalajara in 1888,

8989-453: The wet months moderates the temperatures, resulting in cooler days and nights during this period. The highest temperatures are usually reached in May averaging 33 °C (91 °F), but can reach up to 37 °C (99 °F) just before the onset of monsoon season. March tends to be the driest month and July the wettest, with an average of 273 millimeters (10.7 in) of rain, over a quarter of

9090-428: The wet season from April to November, sometimes in December. Tepic is served by Tepic International Airport , with two commercial passenger airlines flying to it. Guadalajara, Jalisco Guadalajara ( / ˌ ɡ w ɑː d əl ə ˈ h ɑːr ə / GWAH -də-lə- HAR -ə ; Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa] ) is a city in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco . According to

9191-525: Was invaded by the United States . On May 30, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, forcing Mexico to lose the northern half of its territory in exchange for ending the occupation of Mexico City and the main Mexican ports such as Veracruz . In 1867, two battles were fought between the Republican armies of Benito Juárez and French-Austrian Imperial armies at Cerro de las Campanas , during

9292-593: Was a derogatory expression, used by agents of the federal government. The Cristeros were able to quickly articulate a series of local rebellions against the " Sonora Group", a name created after the Sonoran presidents Adolfo de la Huerta , Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles . The Bajío region lies in the basins of the Rio Lerma and Río Grande de Santiago . The valleys of the Lerma-Chapala basin are

9393-567: Was a period of economic, technological and social growth for the city. After Independence, small-scale industries developed, many of which were owned by European immigrants. Rail lines connecting the city to the Pacific coast and north to the United States intensified trade and allowed the shipment of products from rural areas of Jalisco. Ranch Culture became a very important aspect of Jalisco and Guadalajara's identities during this time. From 1884 to 1890, electrical and railroad services, as well as

9494-500: Was established in the region of Guadalajara in early 1532 by Cristóbal de Oñate , a Basque conquistador in the expedition of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán . The settlement was renamed and moved several times before assuming the name Guadalajara after the birthplace of Guzmán and ending up at its current location in the Atemajac Valley in 1542. On November 8, 1539, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had granted

9595-567: Was founded in 1531 as Villa del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor España . Tepic has the second-largest indigenous population in the State of Nayarit , 4,375. The most prominent groups among them are the Huichol or Wixárika (3,276), Cora (527) and Purépecha (101). Catholicism is the most prominent religion in Tepic with 94.2% of the population. Its Catedral de la Purísima Concepción , dedicated to

9696-521: Was hampered significantly during the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). In 1929, the Cristero War ended within the confines of the city, when President Plutarco Elías Calles proclaimed the Grito de Guadalajara . The city saw continuous growth throughout the rest of the 20th century, attaining a metro population of 1 million in the 1960s and surpassing 3 million in the 1990s. Guadalajara

9797-610: Was in Guadalajara, a revolt called the Three Hour Revolution brought José Joaquín Herrera to the presidency and put Santa Anna into exile. President Benito Juárez made Guadalajara the seat of his government in 1856, during the Reform War . French troops entered the city during the French Intervention in 1864, and it was retaken by Mexican troops in 1866. Despite the violence, the 19th century

9898-415: Was made possible in the 1980s by surplus labor, infrastructure improvements, and government incentives. These companies focus on electrical and electronic items, which is now one of Guadalajara's two main products (the other being beer). This has internationalized the economy, steering it away from manufacturing and toward services, dependent on technology and foreign investment. This has not been favorable for

9999-520: Was moved to a site near Tonalá . Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán. During this time, the Spanish king Charles I granted the city the coat of arms which it retains to this day. During the Mixtón War (1540–1542), the Caxcan , Portecuex, and Zacateco peoples, fought back against colonizers under the command of Tenamaxtli . The war was initiated in response to

10100-514: Was originally founded at three other sites before moving to its current location. The first colonial settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán , Zacatecas. This site was colonized by Cristóbal de Oñate as commissioned by Nuño de Guzmán , with the purpose of securing recent conquests and "defending" them from the "still-hostile natives". This colonized settlement did not last long due to its lack of usable water sources. In 1533 it

10201-480: Was to make a stand at the Puente de Calderon just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better-trained royalists won, decimating the insurgent army and forcing Hidalgo to flee toward Aguascalientes . Guadalajara remained in royalist hands until near the end of the war. ' On January 17, 1817, the insurgent army was again defeated on the outskirts of Guadalajara in

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