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112-517: The Great Society may refer to: Great Society , a program of domestic legislation initiated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson The Great Society (band) , a 1960s rock band from San Francisco featuring Grace Slick, which took its name from Johnson's initiative The Great Society (play) , by Robert Schenkkan , a follow-up to All the Way (play) , both about Johnson's presidency Topics referred to by

224-587: A " war on poverty " which increased federal involvement in education, employment, and healthcare. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 created a Job Corps and Volunteers in Service to America ; the Food Stamp Act of 1964 provided low-income people assistance in purchasing food; the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 authorized federal expenditure on schools with low-income students; and

336-479: A 1964 book on privacy by Vance Packard . The book argues that changes in technology are encroaching on privacy and could create a society in the future with radically different privacy standards. Packard criticized advertisers' unfettered use of private information to create marketing schemes. He compared a recent Great Society initiative by then-president Lyndon B. Johnson , the National Data Bank, to

448-602: A Great Society. It is a society where no child will go unfed, and no youngster will go unschooled. He later formally presented his specific goals for the Great Society in another speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan , on May 22, 1964. We are going to assemble the best thought and broadest knowledge from all over the world to find these answers. I intend to establish working groups to prepare

560-747: A National Humanities Foundation." In August 1964, Representative William S. Moorhead of Pennsylvania proposed legislation to implement the commission's recommendations. Support from the White House followed in September, when Johnson lent his endorsement during a speech at Brown University . In March 1965, the White House proposed the establishment of a National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities and requested $ 20 million in start-up funds. The commission's report had generated other proposals, but

672-650: A bill only if Medicare were included." Medicare finally came about with the Social Security Act of 1965 which authorized Medicare and provided federal funding for many of the medical costs of older Americans. The legislation overcame the bitter resistance, particularly from the American Medical Association , to the idea of publicly funded health care or " socialized medicine " by making its benefits available to everyone over sixty-five, regardless of need, and by linking payments to

784-601: A bipartisan law signed by Dwight Eisenhower , was transformed into the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts , a living memorial to the assassinated president. Fundraising for the original cultural center had been poor prior to legislation creating the Kennedy Center, which passed two months after the president's death and provided $ 23 million for construction. The Kennedy Center opened in 1971. In

896-545: A building with a “No Pets” policy would violate the FHA if it did not allow a blind person to have their seeing eye dog live with them as a reasonable accommodation to the policy. Similarly, a wheelchair user could request an assigned, accessible parking space as a reasonable accommodation in a “first come first serve” parking lot attached to an apartment complex. The Act included the "Anti-Riot Act," enacted at 18 U.S.C.   § 2101 (with its key terms, "riot" and "incite

1008-468: A high concentration of low-income children. During its first year of operation, the Act authorized a $ 1.1 billion program of grants to states, for allocations to school districts with large numbers of children of low-income families, funds to use community facilities for education within the entire community, funds to improve educational research and to strengthen state departments of education, and grants for

1120-565: A national Teacher Corps to provide teachers to poverty-stricken areas of the United States. The Act also began a transition from federally funded institutional assistance to individual student aid. In 1964, basic improvements in the National Defense Education Act were achieved, and total funds available to educational institutions were increased. The yearly limit on loans to graduate and professional students

1232-512: A new edition of The Affluent Society , the average income of the American family stood at $ 8,000, double what it had been a decade earlier. Johnson's first public reference to the "Great Society" took place during a speech to students on May 7, 1964, on Ohio University 's historic College Green in Athens, Ohio : And with your courage and with your compassion and your desire, we will build

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1344-783: A package combining HR 2516 and HR 421 (Administration bill) in order to strengthen protections for civil rights workers. The initial vote in the House of Representatives was 327–92 (161–25 in the House Republican Conference and 166–67 in the House Democratic Caucus ) with 12 members voting present or abstaining, while in the Senate the final vote with amendments was 71–20 (29–3 in the Senate Republican Conference and 42–17 in

1456-549: A penalty behind any related riot actions, where a person can be fined $ 10,000 or imprisoned for 5 years (or both). There is a definition section (Section 2102) for defining: riot and to incite a riot. Also, This section also holds an edit for the United States Code, where a chapter called Riots is inserted. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of

1568-601: A period of rapid economic growth in the U.S., unlike the New Deal three decades earlier, which was a response to the Great Depression . Kennedy proposed an across-the-board tax cut lowering the top marginal income tax rate in the United States by 20%, from 91% to 71%, which was enacted in February 1964, three months after Kennedy's assassination, under Johnson. The tax cut also significantly reduced marginal rates in

1680-441: A property. Landlords can select tenants based on objective business criteria, such as the applicant's ability to pay the rent and take care of the property. Landlords can lawfully discriminate against tenants with bad credit histories or low incomes, and (except in some areas) do not have to rent to tenants who will be receiving Section 8 vouchers . Landlords must be consistent in the screening, treat tenants who are inside and outside

1792-678: A provision for special payments under the social security program to certain uninsured individuals aged 72 and over. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 included a 7% increase in cash benefits, a liberalization of the definition of disability, a liberalization of the amount a person can earn and still get full benefits (the so-called retirement test), payment of benefits to eligible children aged 18–21 who are attending school, payment of benefits to widows at age 60 on an actuarially reduced basis, coverage of self-employed physicians, coverage of tips as wages, liberalization of insured-status requirements for persons already aged 72 or over, an increase to $ 6,600

1904-400: A record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impairment.” The Fair Housing Act provides several specific protections for buyers and tenants with disabilities. Landlords and sellers cannot make a dwelling unit unavailable or deny a dwelling to a buyer or renter because of their disability or the disability of any person who intends to reside in the dwelling or because of

2016-493: A riot," defined in 18 U.S.C.   § 2102 ), which makes it a federal crime to use interstate or foreign commerce routes or facilities (such as by crossing state lines or through mail, use of the Internet, or phone calls) to incite a riot, organize, promote or participate in a riot or to extend activities of a riot, or to aid and abet any person performing such activities. The provision has been informally referred to as

2128-532: A second round of review. The recommendations were circulated among the agencies concerned, and strategies were developed for getting the proposed legislation through Congress. On January 4, 1965, Johnson announced much of his proposed program in his State of the Union Address . With the exception of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Great Society agenda was not a widely discussed issue during

2240-563: A series of conferences and meetings—on the cities, on natural beauty, on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. From these studies, we will begin to set our course toward the Great Society. Almost immediately after the Ann Arbor speech, 14 separate task forces began studying nearly all major aspects of United States society under the guidance of presidential assistants Bill Moyers and Richard N. Goodwin . In his use of task forces to provide expert advice on policy, Johnson

2352-695: A term of one year and a fine of $ 5,000, or both" in paragraph 7, "and" should probably be "or." The act also requires tribal courts to afford due process and other civil liberties. Also, Native American courts try to provide a setting similar to that of a US courtroom, which is familiar to lawyers. That aided the attorneys and helped to divert non-Indian ridicule and established the view that tribal courts were legitimate courts. Tribal courts adopted rules of evidence, pleading, and other requirements similar to those in state and federal courts. The ICRA incorporated many constitutional protections, but it modified others or did not include them at all: "The law did not impose

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2464-517: A vow of poverty, and an increase in the contribution and benefit base from $ 6,600 to $ 7,800, beginning in 1968. In addition, the Social Security Amendments of 1967 provided the first major amendments of Medicare. These social security amendments extended the coverage of the program to include certain services previously excluded, simplified reimbursement procedures under both the hospital and medical insurance plans, and facilitated

2576-591: Is authorized to accept a retrocession by any state of all or any measure of the criminal or civil jurisdiction (or both). Section 404 covers consent to amend state laws. The United States is given to the people of any state to amend their state constitution or existing statutes, in order to remove any legal impediment to the assumption of civil or criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of this title. Section 405 covers actions not to abate. It states that no action pending immediately prior to any cession of jurisdiction shall abate by reason of that section. For

2688-424: Is constructed to limited the authority of Federal officers (or Federal grand jury) to investigate possible violations in this section. In this section of the bill sets the standard for preventing any kind of threat of force by someone who willfully injures, intimidates, interferes with or even attempts any of these actions upon a person of color (full discrimination set as race, color, religion, or national origin) when

2800-546: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Great Society Some of the Great Society initiatives were derived from New Frontier proposals which had stalled during the Kennedy administration . Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion and the Democratic landslide victory in the 1964 elections , which brought many new liberals into Congress and made

2912-466: Is supposed to recommend (to Congress) a model code to govern the administration of justice when it comes to Indian offenses on Indian reservations on July 1, 1968. The title also mentions some provisions for individuals being tried in the court of Indian offenses: In order to carry out these provisions, the Secretary of Interior was also encouraged to consult with Indians, Indian tribes, and agencies of

3024-504: Is to note how the States don't have jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or Indian parties. However, this section also brings up more Indian rights. It states that nothing shall authorize the alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or personal property, including water rights, belonging to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or community. Section 403 covers retrocession of jurisdiction by states. The United States

3136-507: Is to protect the buyer's (and renter's) right to seek a dwelling anywhere they choose. It protects the buyer's right to discriminate by prohibiting certain discriminatory acts by sellers, landlords, and real estate agents. The Fair Housing Act defines a person with a disability in the same manner as the Americans with Disabilities Act – “a person with a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities;

3248-640: The Brown v. Board of Education case, paved the way for the passage of a few civil rights bills. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 created the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . The Civil Rights Act of 1960 enacted federal legislation of local registration polls and if anyone obstructed someone's right to vote, there were severe penalties. It also extended

3360-554: The 1964 presidential election campaign. Johnson won the election with 61% of the vote, and he carried all but six states. Democrats gained enough seats to control more than two-thirds of each chamber in the Eighty-ninth Congress , with a 68–32 margin in the Senate and a 295–140 margin in the House of Representatives . Johnson won a large majority of the Jewish vote, a liberal constituency that gave strong support to

3472-714: The Anti-Riot Act , makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot." That provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence." The first shift towards equality for African Americans occurred when President Abraham Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which declared that "all persons held as slaves... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free...". The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared all people born in

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3584-610: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting as a private, non-profit corporation. The law initiated federal aid through the CPB for the operation, as opposed to the funding of capital facilities, of public broadcasting. The CPB initially collaborated with the pre-existing National Educational Television system, but in 1969 decided to start the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). A public radio study commissioned by

3696-589: The Federal Transit Administration ), High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 which resulted in the creation of high-speed rail between New York and Washington , and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 —a bill largely taken credit for by Ralph Nader , whose book Unsafe at Any Speed he claims helped inspire the legislation. In 1964, Johnson named Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson to be

3808-704: The HEW and the FTC to establish and define voluntary standard sizes. The original would have mandated uniform standards of size and weight for comparison shopping, but the final law only outlawed exaggerated size claims. The Child Safety Act of 1966 prohibited any chemical so dangerous that no warning can make it safe. The Flammable Fabrics Act of 1967 set standards for children's sleepwear, but not baby blankets. The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 required inspection of meat which must meet federal standards. The Truth-in-Lending Act of 1968 required lenders and credit providers to disclose

3920-582: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , which abolished quotas based on national origin and placed a greater emphasis on skills and links to U.S. citizens; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , which prohibited housing discrimination. Additional projects included the National Endowment for the Arts ; consumer protection measures; the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 , which expanded

4032-966: The Senate Democratic Caucus ) with 5 members voting present or abstaining. The House agreed to the Senate amendments by a vote of 250–172 (100–84 in the House Republican Conference and 150–88 in the House Democratic Caucus) with 10 members voting present or abstaining. Bill H.R. 2516 was passed by the 90th United States Congress and signed by the 36th President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1968. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also enacted 18 U.S.C.   § 249 (b)(2), which permits federal prosecution of anyone who "willingly injures, intimidates or interferes with another person, or attempts to do so, by force because of

4144-598: The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created Medicaid , which funds some medical costs for low-income individuals, and Medicare , a health insurance program for people aged 65 and over. Measures designed to end racial injustice included the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which prohibited racial segregation in schools, public spaces, and workplaces; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which ensured that minorities could exercise their right to vote;

4256-567: The Teacher Corps , manpower training, the Head Start program, aid to urban mass transit, a demonstration cities program, a housing act that included rental subsidies, and an act for higher education. The Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in US congressional history. The Naked Society is

4368-724: The United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots . Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act , which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. (That Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of

4480-515: The Vietnam War , which drew on resources that could have been directed toward the Great Society. Some projects were expanded under the administrations of Republican presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford while others were dismantled, and funding for many were cut by Ronald Reagan . From 1963 to 1970, the portion of Americans living below the poverty line declined from 22.2 to 12.6 percent. Johnson's Great Society initiatives came during

4592-423: The "H. Rap Brown Law" since the arrest and trial of H. Rap Brown in 1967 for carrying a gun across state lines. Rulings by the 4th Circuit in 2020 and 9th Circuit in 2021 struck down in those circuits the portions of the law which prohibit "urging" a riot on the grounds of freedom of speech , leaving in place bans on inciting and participation in riots. Note: Most of the information provided in this Section

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4704-410: The 1866 act's section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). The act also made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin, handicap or familial status." Title X, commonly known as

4816-603: The 1960s, Congress held a series of hearings on the subject of the authority of tribal governments. The hearings told about the abuses that many tribal members had endured from the "sometimes corrupt, incompetent, or tyrannical tribal officials." In response, the Indian Civil Rights Act was enacted. No Indian tribe in exercising powers of self-government shall— According to the US Government Publishing Office, in "imprisonment for

4928-756: The 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council . Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a federal fair housing bill was the most filibustered legislation in US history. It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed "Civil Rights Act of 1966" collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision. Mondale commented: A lot of [previous] civil rights [legislation]

5040-604: The CPB and the Ford Foundation and conducted from 1968 to 1969 led to the establishment of National Public Radio , a public radio system under the terms of the amended Public Broadcasting Act. Two long-planned national cultural and arts facilities received federal funding that would allow for their completion through Great Society legislation. A National Cultural Center, suggested during the Franklin Roosevelt Administration and created by

5152-491: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 by authorizing the appointment of federal voting examiners in areas that did not meet voter-participation requirements. The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 abolished the national-origin quotas in immigration law. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned housing discrimination and extended constitutional protections to Native Americans on reservations . Johnson recognized

5264-630: The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Since 1968 its protections have been expanded significantly by amendment. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is charged with administering and enforcing this law. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of housing discrimination : Only certain kinds of discrimination are covered by fair housing laws. Landlords are not required by law to rent to any tenant who applies for

5376-533: The Civil Rights Commission, so it could oversee registration and voting practices. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation, and employment discrimination were also prohibited. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 , similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited racial discrimination in voting. The Act

5488-645: The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964's Community Action Program, as noted by one study, "hospitals, medical schools, community groups, and health departments received grants to plan and administer neighborhood health centers in low-income areas." One hundred neighborhood health centers had been set up under the Economic Opportunity Act by 1971. A number of changes were made to the Social Security program in terms of both coverage and adequacy of benefits. The Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 included

5600-455: The Great Society was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, designed by Commissioner of Education Francis Keppel . It was signed into law on April 11, 1965, less than three months after it was introduced. It ended a long-standing political taboo by providing significant federal aid to public education, initially allocating more than $ 1 billion to help schools purchase materials and start special education programs to schools with

5712-418: The Great Society's main contribution to the environment was an extension of protections beyond those aimed at the conservation of untouched resources. In a message he transmitted to Congress, President Johnson said: Civil Rights Act of 1968 District of Columbia The Civil Rights Act of 1968 ( Pub. L.   90–284 , 82  Stat.   73 , enacted April 11, 1968 ) is a landmark law in

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5824-688: The Great Society. The political realignment allowed House leaders to alter rules that had allowed Southern Democrats to kill New Frontier and civil rights legislation in committee, which aided efforts to pass Great Society legislation. In 1965, the first session of the Eighty-Ninth Congress created the core of the Great Society. It began by enacting long-stalled legislation such as Medicare and federal aid to education and then moved into other areas, including high-speed mass transit, rental supplements, truth in packaging, environmental safety legislation, new provisions for mental health facilities,

5936-676: The House John McCormack , the bill (which was previously stalled) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10. In 1966, President Johnson proposed a new civil rights bill, but it was not passed through by the Senate. On February 17, 1967, the bill was introduced in the House by Rep. Manny Celler and in the Senate by Senator Philip A. Hart. The House Judiciary Committee cleared HR 2516 (civil rights bill) and HR 10805 (extended life of Civil Rights Commission for another five years). House Judiciary Subcommittee No. 5 June 22 approved

6048-422: The House of Representatives of 1965 the most liberal since 1938. In the 88th Congress , there was an estimated 56 liberals and 44 conservatives in the Senate, and 224 liberals and 211 conservatives in the House. In the 89th Congress , by contrast, there were some 59 liberals and 41 conservatives in the Senate, and 267 liberals and 168 conservatives in the House. The core programs of the Great Society focused on

6160-605: The Land Grant College in a century. It provided better college libraries, ten to twenty new graduate centers, several new technical institutes, classrooms for several hundred thousand students, and twenty-five to thirty new community colleges a year. This major piece of legislation was followed by the Higher Education Act of 1965 , which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships and low-interest loans for students, and established

6272-828: The National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act into law, creating both the National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities as separate, independent agencies. Lobbying for federally funded arts and humanities support began during the Kennedy Administration. In 1963 three scholarly and educational organizations—the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), the Council of Graduate Schools in America, and

6384-430: The U.S. Section 401 covers assumptions by states. It's the main foundation for Indian rights. It states that Indians shall not be alienated or deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity afforded under Federal treaty, agreement, or statute with respect to hunting, trapping, or fishing or the control, licensing, or regulation. Section 402 covers assumptions by states of civil jurisdiction. The main point to focus on here

6496-603: The United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa —joined to establish the National Commission on the Humanities. In June 1964, the commission released a report that suggested that the emphasis placed on science endangered the study of the humanities from elementary schools through postgraduate programs. To correct the balance, it recommended "the establishment by the President and the Congress of the United States of

6608-412: The United States Bill of Rights. The first minor section focuses on re-establishing amendments now granted to Native Americans. The main portion of the section focuses on Native Americans in the United States legal system. The last section of this act points out other materials related to more constitutional rights of Native Americans, such as the "Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties" doctrine. Title VIII of

6720-486: The United States Code). Titles VIII and IX are commonly known as the Fair Housing Act , which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . (This is different legislation than the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 , which expanded housing funding programs.) While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning

6832-413: The United States are legally citizens. That means they could rent, hold, sell and buy property. It was meant to help former slaves, and those who refused to grant the new rights to ex-slaves were guilty and punishable under law. The penalty was a fine of $ 1000 or a maximum of one year in jail. The 1866 act provided no means to enforce the provisions. The Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968), beginning after

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6944-401: The White House's approach eclipsed them. The administration's plan, which called for the creation of two separate agencies each advised by a governing body, was the version that the Congress approved. Richard Nixon dramatically expanded funding for NEH and NEA. After the First National Conference on Long-Range Financing of Educational Television Stations in December 1964 called for a study of

7056-414: The action or proceeding, such cession shall take place on the day after the date of the final determination of the action or proceeding. Also, it states that no cession made by the United States shall deprive any court to hear, determine, render judgment, or impose sentence in any criminal action instituted against any person for any offense committed. Section 406 covers special elections. State jurisdiction

7168-474: The administrative procedures concerning general enrollment periods. The Food Stamp Act of 1964 made the program permanent, while the Social Security Amendments of 1967 specified that at least 6% of monies for maternal and child health should be spent on family planning. By 1967, the federal government began requiring state health departments to make contraceptives available to all adults who were poor. Meal programs for low-income senior citizens began in 1965, with

7280-426: The amount of earnings counted for contribution and benefit purposes (the contribution and benefit base), and an increase in the contribution rate schedule. The Social Security Amendments of 1967 included a 13% increase in old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits, with a minimum monthly benefit of $ 55 for a person retiring at or after age-65 (or receiving disability benefits), an increase from $ 35 to $ 40 in

7392-480: The benefits and costs of passing civil rights legislation. His support for the 1964 Civil Rights Act was despite his personal opinions on racial matters, as Johnson regularly articulated thoughts and disparaging language against racial minorities, including against African-Americans and Asians. Scholar and biographer Robert Caro suggested that Johnson used racially charged language to appease legislators in an effort to pass civil rights laws, including adapting how he said

7504-441: The best way to deal with poverty was not simply to raise the incomes of the poor but to help them better themselves through education, job training, and community development. Central to its mission was the idea of " community action ", the participation of the poor in framing and administering the programs designed to help them. The War on Poverty began with a $ 1 billion appropriation in 1964 and spent another $ 2 billion in

7616-412: The case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which violated the ICRA. The courts decided that "tribal common-law sovereign immunity prevented a suit against the tribe." Martinez ultimately strengthened tribal self-determination by further proving that generally, the federal government played no enforcement role over the tribal governments. The Secretary of Interior

7728-568: The demands of the civil rights movement into law. Four civil rights acts were passed, including three laws in the first two years of Johnson's presidency. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade job discrimination and the segregation of public accommodations. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 assured minority registration and voting. It suspended use of literacy or other voter-qualification tests that had sometimes served to keep African-Americans off voting lists and provided for federal court lawsuits to stop discriminatory poll taxes . It also reinforced

7840-416: The disability of anyone with whom they are associated. Landlords cannot deny a person with a disability all of the privileges provided in connection with the dwelling, because of the person's disability. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) provides some specific protections for people with disabilities that facilitate independence and community living. First, the FHA allows tenants to make reasonable modifications to

7952-444: The establishment clause, the guarantee of a republican form of government, the requirement of a separation of church and state, the right to a jury trial in civil cases, or the right of indigents to appointed counsel in criminal cases." The provisions were excluded because the government recognized the different political and cultural status of the tribes. Even though the federal government respected their individuality in this respect,

8064-595: The establishment of the ICRA caused the tribal governments to "mirror" modern American courts and procedures. The impact of ICRA was greatly limited by the Supreme Court by the Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez court case (1978). Martinez involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female (not male) tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who brought

8176-401: The existing premises. It makes it illegal for landlords to not allow people with disabilities to make reasonable modifications to the premises, at their own expense, if they need the modification to have full enjoyment of the premises. For example, an individual with a disability may require grab bars installed in order to have access to take a shower. The landlord must allow the tenant to install

8288-604: The existing private insurance system. In 1966 welfare recipients of all ages received medical care through the Medicaid program. Medicaid was created on July 30, 1965, under Title XIX of the Social Security Act of 1965. Each state administers its own Medicaid program while the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) monitors the state-run programs and establishes requirements for service delivery, quality, funding, and eligibility standards. Under

8400-483: The federal government providing funding for "congregate meals" and "home-delivered meals." The Child Nutrition Act, passed in 1966, made improvements to nutritional assistance to children such as in the introduction of the School Breakfast Program. Johnson promoted the arts in terms of social betterment, not artistic creativity. He typically emphasized qualitative and quantitative goals, especially

8512-574: The federal housing program; the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 , which limited motor vehicle emissions; and the National Trails System Act of 1968 , which created a system of hiking trails. Many of the Great Society projects were opposed by Republicans , who objected to what they considered "government handouts". Johnson's popularity declined as he committed more troops to

8624-535: The first presidential assistant for consumer affairs. The Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 required packages to carry warning labels. The Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 set standards through creation of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act requires products identify manufacturer, address, clearly mark quantity and servings. The statute also authorized

8736-659: The following two years. It gave rise to dozens of programs, among them the Job Corps , whose purpose was to help disadvantaged youth develop marketable skills; the Neighborhood Youth Corps , established to give poor urban youths work experience and to encourage them to stay in school; Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA ), a domestic version of the Peace Corps , which placed concerned citizens with community-based agencies to work towards empowerment of

8848-471: The full cost of finance charges in both dollars and annual percentage rates, on installment loan and sales. The Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968 required inspection of poultry which must meet federal standards. The Land Sales Disclosure Act of 1968 provided safeguards against fraudulent practices in the sale of land. The Radiation Safety Act of 1968 provided standards and recalls for defective electronic products. Joseph A. Califano Jr. has suggested that

8960-551: The goal of eliminating hunger, illiteracy, and unemployment from American life. The centerpiece of the War on Poverty was the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 , which created an Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to oversee a variety of community-based antipoverty programs. Federal funds were provided for special education schemes in slum areas, including help in paying for books and transport, while financial aid

9072-429: The grab bars to allow access to take a shower. However, technically, the landlord may require the tenant remove the grab bars at the end of the tenancy, at the tenant's own expense. However, the regulations specify that in rental housing, a landlord may not condition widening a bathroom doorway to provide wheelchair access, to its return to its former narrow state upon the end of the tenancy, since it will not interfere with

9184-516: The guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the federally recognized tribes . The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code. The US Supreme Court had made clear that tribal internal affairs concerning tribal members' individual rights were not covered by the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution. However, the tribes were ultimately subjected to

9296-626: The late 1930s the U.S. Congress mandated a Smithsonian Institution art museum for the National Mall, and a design by Eliel Saarinen was unveiled in 1939, but plans were shelved during World War II. A 1966 act of the U.S. Congress established the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden as part of the Smithsonian Institution with a focus on modern art, in contrast to the existing National Art Gallery . The museum

9408-740: The legislation. The final breakthrough came in the aftermath of the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. , and the civil unrest across the country following King's death. On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act. The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8. With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of

9520-445: The lower brackets as well as for corporations. The gross national product rose 10% in the first year of the tax cut, and economic growth averaged a rate of 4.5% from 1961 to 1968. GNP increased by 7% in 1964, 8% in 1965, and 9% in 1966. The unemployment rate fell below 5%, and by 1966 the number of families with incomes of $ 7,000 a year or more had reached 55%, compared with 22% in 1950. In 1968, when John Kenneth Galbraith published

9632-586: The minority in question is: Any citizen who has been ordered to discourage these citizens from aiding/encouraging other persons to participate without discrimination in any activities listed above will be: There is a similar section that also involved prevention for intimidation in fair housing, in Title XII. The rest of the sections in this title are based around amendments to this legislative Act. For example, besides Section 245, Section 2101 called Riots has also been added. In this section, it focuses on putting

9744-437: The next tenants use and enjoyment of the premises. The second protection offered by the FHA includes the requirement that no one can refuse to make reasonable accommodations to “rules, policies, practices, or services, when the accommodation is necessary to afford” a person with a disability “equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling unit,” including the amenities of the dwelling, which may involve common areas. For example,

9856-441: The other person's race, color, religion or national origin" because of the victim's attempt to engage in one of six types of federally protected activities, such as attending school, patronizing a public place/facility, applying for employment, acting as a juror in a state court or voting. Persons violating this law face a fine or imprisonment of up to one year or both. If bodily injury results or if such acts of intimidation involve

9968-651: The poor; the Model Cities Program for urban redevelopment; Upward Bound , which assisted poor high school students entering college; legal services for the poor; and the Food Stamp Act of 1964 (which expanded the federal food stamp program). Programs included the Community Action Program , which initiated local Community Action Agencies charged with helping the poor become self-sufficient; and Project Head Start , which offered preschool education for poor children. In addition, funding

10080-495: The power of Congress and the Constitution. The court case Talton v. Mayes helped establish the principles. There were other court cases over the following years to continue the thoughts "that tribes were not arms of the federal government when punishing tribal members for criminal acts and that Indian tribes were exempt from many of the constitutional protections governing the actions of state and federal governments." In

10192-402: The power of the arts to improve the quality of life of ordinary Americans and to reduce the inequalities between the haves and the have-nots. Karen Patricia Heath observes that, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists." In September 1965, Johnson signed

10304-429: The proposed Social Security Amendments of 1964, which further increased the proposed level of Social Security benefits and added hospital insurance to the program, was passed in the Senate by a vote of 49 to 44. The following day the entire bill passed the Senate by 60 to 28 votes. Following this vote, as noted by one study, "Seeking to ensure that the health insurance proposal emerge from the conference committee as part of

10416-412: The protected classes in the same manner, and should document any legitimate business reason for not renting to a prospective tenant. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development has stated that buyers and renters may discriminate and may request real estate agents representing them to limit home searches to parameters that are discriminatory. The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Act

10528-486: The purchase of books and library materials. The Act also established Head Start , which had originally been started by the Office of Economic Opportunity as an eight-week summer program, as a permanent program. The Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963, which was signed into law by Johnson a month after becoming president, authorized several times more college aid within a five-year period than had been appropriated under

10640-418: The report, the administration flirted with an effort to have the full House of Representatives vote to instruct the conference to yield to the Senate version. Though the health insurance provision appeared to have majority support in the House, the tactic did not, and the idea was dropped. Sure enough, the House conferees voted 3 to 2 against the Senate health provision; the Senate conferees voted 4 to 3 to accept

10752-496: The role of noncommercial education television in society, the Carnegie Corporation agreed to finance the work of a 15-member national commission. Its landmark report, Public Television: A Program for Action, published on January 26, 1967, popularized the phrase "public television" and assisted the legislative campaign for federal aid. The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 , enacted less than 10 months later, chartered

10864-411: The sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race , religion, national origin , and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. Pregnant women are also protected from illegal discrimination because they have been given familial status with their unborn child being the other family member. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and

10976-431: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Great Society . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Society&oldid=1127573942 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

11088-665: The special age-72 payments, an increase from $ 1,500 to $ 1,680 in the amount a person may earn in a year and still get full benefits for that year, monthly cash benefits for disabled widows and disabled dependent widowers at age 50 at reduced rates, a liberalization of the eligibility requirements for benefits for dependents and Survivors of women workers, and an alternative insured-status test for workers disabled before age 31. Additionally, new guidelines for determining eligibility for disability insurance benefits, additional non-contributory wage credits for servicemen, broadened coverage of clergy and members of religious orders who have not taken

11200-402: The unfiltered database of consumers' information as a sign of presidential abuse of power. Ervin warned that "The computer never forgets". Jerry M. Rosenberg dedicated a chapter of his 1969 book The Death of Privacy to the National Data Bank. Historian Alan Brinkley has suggested that the most important domestic achievement of the Great Society may have been its success in translating some of

11312-571: The use of firearms, explosives or fire, individuals can receive prison terms of up to 10 years, while crimes involving kidnapping, sexual assault, or murder can be punishable by life in prison or the death penalty . Though sexual orientation and gender identity were also excluded from this law, they are included in a more recent Federal hate-crime law, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act . The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 granted Native Americans full access to

11424-599: The use of information by advertisers and argued for increased data privacy measures to ensure that information did not find its way into the wrong hands. The essay led Congress to create the Special Subcommittee on the Invasion of Privacy and inspired privacy advocates such as Neil Gallagher and Sam Ervin to fight what they perceived as Johnson's flagrant disregard for consumer privacy. Ervin criticized Johnson's domestic agenda as invasive and claimed that

11536-489: The word 'negro' based upon where the legislator's district was located. The most ambitious and controversial part of the Great Society was its initiative to end poverty. The Kennedy Administration had been contemplating a federal effort against poverty. Johnson, who, as a teacher, had observed extreme poverty in Texas among Mexican-Americans , launched an "unconditional war on poverty" in the first months of his presidency with

11648-460: Was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace …. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal. Two developments revived the bill. The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 race riots strongly recommended "a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law," and was cited regularly by Congress members arguing for

11760-509: Was also provided for slum clearances and rebuilding city areas. In addition, the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 created jobs in one of the most impoverished regions of the country. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 provided various methods through which young people from poor homes could receive job training and higher education. The OEO reflected a fragile consensus among policymakers that

11872-506: Was authorized by Congress on October 15, 1966, and began operations on April 1, 1967. Congress passed a variety of legislation to support improvements in transportation including The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 which provided $ 375 million for large-scale urban public or private rail projects in the form of matching funds to cities and states and created the Urban Mass Transit Administration (now

11984-424: Was following Kennedy's example, but unlike Kennedy, Johnson directed his task forces to work in secret. His intent was to prevent his program from being derailed by public criticism of proposals that had not yet been reviewed. The average task force had five to seven members and generally was composed of governmental experts and academics. After the task force reports were submitted to the White House, Moyers began

12096-625: Was later expanded to help protect the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country (mainly the South). Another impetus for the law's passage came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement , led by Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby . Also influential was the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act in California, which had been backed by the NAACP and CORE . and

12208-454: Was paraphrased from the Titles. If you are interested at looking through the original titles, feel free to look at the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Section 101 holds that Chapter 13, civil rights, title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting a new section (Section 245) called Federally protected activities. It establishes that this section isn't set as an intent on the part of Congress, or

12320-473: Was primarily federally funded, although New York financier Joseph Hirshhorn later contributed $ 1 million toward building construction, which began in 1969. The Hirshhorn opened in 1974. Transportation initiatives started during President Johnson's term in office included the consolidation of transportation agencies into a cabinet-level position under the Department of Transportation . The department

12432-460: Was provided for the establishment of community health centers to expand access to health care, while major amendments were made to Social Security in 1965 and 1967 which significantly increased benefits, expanded coverage, and established new programs to combat poverty and raise living standards. In addition, average AFDC payments were 35% higher in 1968 than in 1960, but remained insufficient and uneven. The most important educational component of

12544-715: Was raised from $ 1,000 to $ 2,500, and the aggregate limit was raised from $ 5,000 to $ 10,000. The program was extended to include geography, history, reading, English, and civics, and guidance and counseling programs were extended to elementary and public junior high schools. The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 offered federal aid to local school districts in assisting them to address the needs of children with limited English-speaking ability until it expired in 2002. The Great Society programs also provided support for postgraduate clinical training for both nurses and physicians committed to work with disadvantaged patients in rural and urban health clinics. On August 31, 1964, an amendment to

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