The Padlock is a two-act ' afterpiece ' opera by Charles Dibdin . The text was by Isaac Bickerstaffe . It debuted in 1768 at the Drury Lane Theatre in London as a companion piece to The Earl of Warwick . It partnered other plays before a run of six performances in tandem with The Fatal Discovery by John Home. "The Padlock" was a success, largely due to Dibdin's portrayal of Mungo, a blackface caricature of a black servant from the West Indies . The company took the production to the United States the next year, where a portrayal by Lewis Hallam, Jr. as Mungo met with even greater accolades. The libretto was first published in London around 1768 and in Dublin in 1775. The play remained in regular circulation in the U.S. as late as 1843. It was revived by the Old Vic Company in London and on tour in the UK in 1979 in a new orchestration by Don Fraser and played in a double-bill with Garrick's Miss In Her Teens . The role of Mungo was, again, played by a white actor. Opera Theatre of Chicago have recently revived the piece (2007?) where, it would seem, the role of Mungo was changed to that of an Irish servant.
75-480: Bickerstaffe's libretto , based on Miguel de Cervantes ' El celoso extremeño (a work translated into English as The Jealous Husband ; the title literally means "the jealous Extremaduran "), consists of normal dialogue with a few interludes of song. It tells the story of an old miser who keeps his fiancée behind the closed door of their home for fear that she will not be faithful to him (in Cervantes's version,
150-591: A deacon if there is one, and altar servers (who may act as crucifer , candle-bearers and thurifer ). The priest makes the sign of the cross with the people and formally greets them. Of the options offered for the Introductory Rites, that preferred by liturgists would bridge the praise of the opening hymn with the Glory to God which follows. The Kyrie eleison here has from early times been an acclamation of God's mercy. The Penitential Act instituted by
225-627: A blessing over those present. The deacon or, in his absence, the priest himself then dismisses the people, choosing a formula by which the people are "sent forth" to spread the good news . The congregation responds: "Thanks be to God." A recessional hymn is sung by all, as the ministers process to the rear of the church. Since most Eastern Orthodox Christians use the Byzantine Rite , most Eastern Orthodox Churches call their Eucharistic service "the Divine Liturgy ." However, there are
300-443: A highly successful play by its librettist, Gabriele D'Annunzio , a celebrated Italian poet, novelist and dramatist of the day. In some cases, the operatic adaptation has become more famous than the literary text on which it was based, as with Claude Debussy 's Pelléas et Mélisande after a play by Maurice Maeterlinck . The question of which is more important in opera – the music or the words – has been debated over time, and forms
375-601: A lesser extent "Eucharist" are far more typical. The celebrant of a Methodist Eucharist must be an ordained or licensed minister. In the Free Methodist Church , the liturgy of the Eucharist, as provided in its Book of Discipline, is outlined as follows: Methodist services of worship, post-1992, reflect the ecumenical movement and Liturgical Movement , particularly the Methodist Mass , largely
450-847: A more expansively Catholic context in which to celebrate the liturgical use found in the Book of Common Prayer and related liturgical books. In England supplementary liturgical texts for the proper celebration of Festivals, Feast days and the seasons is provided in Common Worship; Times and Seasons (2013), Festivals (Common Worship: Services and Prayers for the Church of England) (2008) and Common Worship: Holy Week and Easter (2011). These are often supplemented in Anglo-Catholic parishes by books specifying ceremonial actions, such as A Priest's Handbook by Dennis G. Michno, Ceremonies of
525-727: A number of parishes within the Eastern Orthodox Church which use an edited version of Latin liturgical rites . Most parishes use the "Divine Liturgy of St. Tikhon" which is a revision of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, or "the Divine Liturgy of St. Gregory" which is derived from the Tridentine form of the Roman Rite Mass . These rubrics have been revised to reflect the doctrine and dogmas of
600-445: A subject and developing a sketch of the action in the form of a scenario , as well as revisions that might come about when the work is in production, as with out-of-town tryouts for Broadway musicals, or changes made for a specific local audience. A famous case of the latter is Wagner's 1861 revision of the original 1845 Dresden version of his opera Tannhäuser for Paris. The opera libretto from its inception ( c. 1600 )
675-425: A traditional-language, Anglo-Catholic adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer has been published ( An Anglican Service Book ). All of these books contain such features as meditations for the presiding celebrant(s) during the liturgy, and other material such as the rite for the blessing of palms on Palm Sunday, propers for special feast days, and instructions for proper ceremonial order. These books are used as
750-410: Is a Late Latin substantive corresponding to classical missio . Historically, however, there have been other etymological explanations of the noun missa that claim not to derive from the formula ite, missa est . Fortescue (1910) cites older, "fanciful" etymological explanations, notably a latinization of Hebrew matzâh ( מַצָּה ) "unleavened bread; oblation", a derivation favoured in
825-542: Is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the Mass , requiem and sacred cantata, or the story line of a ballet . The Italian word libretto ( pronounced [liˈbretto] , plural libretti [liˈbretti] ) is the diminutive of the word libro ("book"). Sometimes other-language equivalents are used for libretti in that language, livret for French works, Textbuch for German and libreto for Spanish. A libretto
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#1732783471595900-629: Is also used in many Lutheran churches, as well as in some Anglican churches, and on rare occasion by other Protestant churches. Other Christian denominations may employ terms such as Divine Service or worship service (and often just "service"), rather than the word Mass . For the celebration of the Eucharist in Eastern Christianity , including Eastern Catholic Churches , other terms such as Divine Liturgy , Holy Qurbana , Holy Qurobo and Badarak (or Patarag ) are typically used instead. The English noun Mass
975-533: Is derived from the Middle Latin missa . The Latin word was adopted in Old English as mæsse (via a Vulgar Latin form * messa ), and was sometimes glossed as sendnes (i.e. 'a sending, dismission'). The Latin term missa itself was in use by the 6th century. It is most likely derived from the concluding formula Ite, missa est ("Go; the dismissal is made"); missa here
1050-466: Is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot. Some ballet historians also use the word libretto to refer to the 15- to 40-page books which were on sale to 19th century ballet audiences in Paris and contained a very detailed description of the ballet's story, scene by scene. The relationship of
1125-797: Is divided into two main parts: The Liturgy of the Word (Gathering, Proclaiming and Hearing the Word, Prayers of the People) and the Liturgy of the Eucharist (together with the Dismissal), but the entire liturgy itself is also properly referred to as the Holy Eucharist. The sequence of the liturgy is almost identical to the Roman Rite , except the Confession of Sin ends the Liturgy of the Word in
1200-602: Is greatly different from the Edna Ferber novel from which it was adapted , uses some of Ferber's original dialogue, notably during the miscegenation scene. And Lionel Bart 's Oliver! uses chunks of dialogue from Charles Dickens 's novel Oliver Twist , although it bills itself as a "free adaptation" of the novel. As the originating language of opera, Italian dominated that genre in Europe (except in France) well through
1275-517: Is made between texts that recur for every Mass celebration ( ordinarium , ordinary ), and texts that are sung depending on the occasion ( proprium , proper ). The Catholic Church sees the Mass or Eucharist as "the source and summit of the Christian life", to which the other sacraments are oriented. Remembered in the Mass are Jesus ' life , Last Supper , and sacrificial death on
1350-419: Is not always written before the music. Some composers, such as Mikhail Glinka , Alexander Serov , Rimsky-Korsakov , Puccini and Mascagni wrote passages of music without text and subsequently had the librettist add words to the vocal melody lines (this has often been the case with American popular song and musicals in the 20th century, as with Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart 's collaboration, although with
1425-647: Is preferably moral and hortatory. Finally, the Nicene Creed or, especially from Easter to Pentecost , the Apostles' Creed is professed on Sundays and solemnities, and the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful follows. The designation "of the faithful" comes from when catechumens did not remain for this prayer or for what follows. The Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the preparation of
1500-540: The Book of Common Prayer , both of which owed their form and contents chiefly to the work of Thomas Cranmer , who in about 1547 had rejected the medieval theology of the Mass. Although the 1549 rite retained the traditional sequence of the Mass, its underlying theology was Cranmer's and the four-day debate in the House of Lords during December 1548 makes it clear that this had already moved far beyond traditional Catholicism. In
1575-535: The Council of Trent is also still permitted here, with the caution that it should not turn the congregation in upon itself during these rites which are aimed at uniting those gathered as one praiseful congregation. The Introductory Rites are brought to a close by the Collect Prayer. On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given. On other days there are only two. If there are three readings,
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#17327834715951650-627: The Eastern Orthodox Church . Therefore, the filioque clause has been removed, a fuller epiclesis has been added, and the use of leavened bread has been introduced. In the Book of Concord , Article XXIV ("Of the Mass") of the Augsburg Confession (1530) begins thus: Falsely are our churches accused of abolishing the Mass; for the Mass is retained among us, and celebrated with the highest reverence. We do not abolish
1725-737: The Lord's Supper . Occasionally the term used in Eastern churches, the Divine Liturgy , is also used. In the English-speaking Anglican world, the term used often identifies the Eucharistic theology of the person using it. "Mass" is frequently used by Anglo-Catholics . The various Eucharistic liturgies used by national churches of the Anglican Communion have continuously evolved from the 1549 and 1552 editions of
1800-422: The aria " Nessun dorma " from Puccini's Turandot , the final lines in the libretto are "Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincerò!" (Fade, you stars! At dawn, I will win!). However, in the score they are sung as "Tramontate, stelle! Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincerò! Vincerò! Vincerò!". Because the modern musical tends to be published in two separate but intersecting formats (i.e., the book and lyrics, with all
1875-490: The earliest as claimed by some sources. Mungo is a stereotype : a musical, heavy drinking, money-grubbing servant who speaks in an approximation of the black dialect of West Indies slaves. Mungo's master beats him with a rattan cane and makes him sing and dance on cue. The servant's pretense at being an opera singer constitutes the aria for Act 2. He is normally obsequious to whites, but in moments of drunkenness or solitude, he becomes impudent: An actor named John Moody , who
1950-431: The librettist (that is, the writer of a libretto) to the composer in the creation of a musical work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources and the writing techniques employed. In the context of a modern English-language musical theatre piece, the libretto is considered to encompass both the book of the work (i.e., the spoken dialogue) and the sung lyrics. Libretti for operas, oratorios and cantatas in
2025-415: The public domain ) this format is supplemented with melodic excerpts of musical notation for important numbers. Printed scores for operas naturally contain the entire libretto, although there can exist significant differences between the score and the separately printed text. More often than not, this involves the extra repetition of words or phrases from the libretto in the actual score. For example, in
2100-462: The " Lord's Prayer " ("Pater Noster" or "Our Father"). The priest introduces it with a short phrase and follows it up with a prayer called the embolism , after which the people respond with another doxology. The sign of peace is exchanged and then the " Lamb of God " ("Agnus Dei" in Latin) litany is sung or recited while the priest breaks the host and places a piece in the main chalice; this is known as
2175-408: The 1552 revision, this was made clear by the restructuring of the elements of the rite while retaining nearly all the language so that it became, in the words of an Anglo-Catholic liturgical historian (Arthur Couratin) "a series of communion devotions; disembarrassed of the Mass with which they were temporarily associated in 1548 and 1549". Some rites, such as the 1637 Scottish rite and the 1789 rite in
2250-457: The 16th century by Reuchlin and Luther , or Greek μύησις "initiation", or even Germanic mese "assembly". The French historian Du Cange in 1678 reported "various opinions on the origin" of the noun missa "Mass", including the derivation from Hebrew matzah ( Missah, id est, oblatio ), here attributed to Caesar Baronius . The Hebrew derivation is learned speculation from 16th-century philology; medieval authorities did derive
2325-463: The 17th and 18th centuries were generally written by someone other than the composer, often a well-known poet. Pietro Trapassi , known as Metastasio (1698–1782) was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe. His libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 18th-century librettist was Lorenzo Da Ponte . He wrote the libretti for three of Mozart 's greatest operas, and for many other composers as well. Eugène Scribe
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2400-674: The 18th century, and even into the next century in Russia, for example, when the Italian opera troupe in Saint Petersburg was challenged by the emerging native Russian repertory. Significant exceptions before 1800 can be found in Purcell 's works, Handel 's first operas, ballad opera and Singspiel of the 18th century, etc. Just as with literature and song, the libretto has its share of problems and challenges with translation . In
2475-608: The Anglican rites in North America, while in the Roman Rite (when used) and in Anglican rites in many jurisdictions the Confession is near the beginning of the service. The Anglican tradition includes separate rites for nuptial, funeral, and votive Masses. The Eucharist is an integral part of many other sacramental services, including ordination and Confirmation . Some Anglo-Catholic parishes use Anglican versions of
2550-627: The Catholic Church distinguishes between its own Mass and theirs on the basis of what it views as the validity of the orders of their clergy, and as a result, does not ordinarily permit intercommunion between members of these Churches. In a 1993 letter to Bishop Johannes Hanselmann of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria , Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) affirmed that "a theology oriented to
2625-673: The Eucharist by Howard E. Galley, Low Mass Ceremonial by C. P. A. Burnett , and Ritual Notes by E.C.R. Lamburn. Other guides to ceremonial include the General Instruction of the Roman Missal , Ceremonies of the Modern Roman Rite (Peter Elliott), Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described (Adrian Fortescue), and The Parson's Handbook ( Percy Dearmer ). In Evangelical Anglican parishes,
2700-526: The Gospels is processed, sometimes with incense and candles, to the ambo; if not sung it may be omitted. The final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel by the deacon or priest. On all Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation , and preferably at all Masses, a homily or sermon that draws upon some aspect of the readings or the liturgy itself, is then given. The homily
2775-465: The Lilacs , Carousel used dialogue from Ferenc Molnár 's Liliom , My Fair Lady took most of its dialogue word-for-word from George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion , Man of La Mancha was adapted from the 1959 television play I, Don Quixote , which supplied most of the dialogue, and the 1954 musical version of Peter Pan used J. M. Barrie 's dialogue. Even the musical Show Boat , which
2850-525: The Lord's Supper, they profess that it signifies life in communion with Christ and look forward to His coming in glory". Within the fixed structure outlined below, which is specific to the Roman Rite , the Scripture readings, the antiphons sung or recited during the entrance procession or at Communion, and certain other prayers vary each day according to the liturgical calendar. The priest enters, with
2925-560: The Mass but religiously keep and defend it. [...] We keep the traditional liturgical form. [...] In our churches Mass is celebrated every Sunday and on other holy days, when the sacrament is offered to those who wish for it after they have been examined and absolved (Article XXIV). Martin Luther rejected parts of the Roman Rite Mass, specifically the Canon of the Mass , which, as he argued, did not conform with Hebrews 7:27 . That verse contrasts
3000-561: The Old Testament priests, who needed to make a sacrifice for sins on a regular basis, with the single priest Christ, who offers his body only once as a sacrifice. The theme is carried out also in Hebrews 9:26 , 9:28 , and 10:10 . Luther composed as a replacement a revised Latin-language rite, Formula missae , in 1523, and the vernacular Deutsche Messe in 1526. Scandinavian, Finnish , and some English speaking Lutherans , use
3075-484: The Roof has a composer ( Jerry Bock ), a lyricist ( Sheldon Harnick ) and the writer of the "book" ( Joseph Stein ). In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements – music, lyrics and libretto, as Lionel Bart did for Oliver! . Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken dramas for stage or screen. There are the preliminary steps of selecting or suggesting
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3150-515: The Styling of Black Diasporic Identity in her chapter "Mungo Macaroni," pp. 27-76 (bibliographic information in References below). Libretto A libretto (From the Italian word libretto , lit. ' booklet ' ) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera , operetta , masque , oratorio , cantata or musical . The term libretto
3225-669: The Tridentine Missal, such as the English Missal , The Anglican Missal , or the American Missal , for the celebration of Mass, all of which are intended primarily for the celebration of the Eucharist, or use the order for the Eucharist in Common Worship arranged according to the traditional structure, and often with interpolations from the Roman Rite. In the Episcopal Church (United States) ,
3300-557: The United States, went back to the 1549 model. From the time of the Elizabethan Settlement in 1559 the services allowed for a certain variety of theological interpretation. Today's rites generally follow the same general five-part shape. Some or all of the following elements may be altered, transposed or absent depending on the rite, the liturgical season and use of the province or national church: The liturgy
3375-418: The altar and gifts, while the collection may be taken. This concludes with the priest saying: "Pray, brethren, that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the almighty Father." The congregation stands and responds: "May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of His name, for our good, and the good of all His holy Church." The priest then pronounces the variable prayer over
3450-698: The anaphoras of the Roman Rite, fixed since the Council of Trent , is called the Roman Canon , with central elements dating to the fourth century. With the liturgical renewal following the Second Vatican Council , numerous other Eucharistic prayers have been composed, including four for children's Masses. Central to the Eucharist is the Institution Narrative , recalling the words and actions of Jesus at his Last Supper , which he told his disciples to do in remembrance of him. Then
3525-472: The basis of at least two operas, Richard Strauss 's Capriccio and Antonio Salieri 's Prima la musica e poi le parole . Libretti have been made available in several formats, some more nearly complete than others. The text – i.e., the spoken dialogue, song lyrics and stage directions, as applicable – is commonly published separately from the music (such a booklet is usually included with sound recordings of most operas). Sometimes (particularly for operas in
3600-476: The composer (past or present) of the musical score to an opera or operetta is usually given top billing for the completed work, and the writer of the lyrics relegated to second place or a mere footnote, a notable exception being Gertrude Stein , who received top billing for Four Saints in Three Acts . Another exception was Alberto Franchetti 's 1906 opera La figlia di Iorio which was a close rendering of
3675-549: The composer. In some 17th-century operas still being performed, the name of the librettist was not even recorded. As the printing of libretti for sale at performances became more common, these records often survive better than music left in manuscript. But even in late 18th century London, reviews rarely mentioned the name of the librettist, as Lorenzo Da Ponte lamented in his memoirs. By the 20th century some librettists became recognised as part of famous collaborations, as with Gilbert and Sullivan or Rodgers and Hammerstein . Today
3750-625: The concept of succession [of bishops], such as that which holds in the Catholic and in the Orthodox church , need not in any way deny the salvation-granting presence of the Lord [ Heilschaffende Gegenwart des Herrn ] in a Lutheran [ evangelische ] Lord's Supper". The Decree on Ecumenism , produced by Vatican II in 1964, records that the Catholic Church notes its understanding that when other faith groups (such as Lutherans, Anglicans , and Presbyterians ) "commemorate His death and resurrection in
3825-600: The congregation acclaims its belief in Christ's conquest over death, and their hope of eternal life. Since the early church an essential part of the Eucharistic prayer has been the epiclesis , the calling down of the Holy Spirit to sanctify our offering. The priest concludes with a doxology in praise of God's work, at which the people give their Amen to the whole Eucharistic prayer. All together recite or sing
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#17327834715953900-461: The consecrated wine. According to Catholic teaching, one should be in the state of grace, without mortal sin, to receive Communion. Singing by all the faithful during the Communion procession is encouraged "to express the communicants' union in spirit" from the bread that makes them one. A silent time for reflection follows, and then the variable concluding prayer of the Mass. The priest imparts
3975-593: The cross at Calvary . The ordained celebrant ( priest or bishop ) is understood to act in persona Christi , as he recalls the words and gestures of Jesus Christ at the Last Supper and leads the congregation in praise of God . The Mass is composed of two parts, the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist . Although similar in outward appearance to the Anglican Mass or Lutheran Mass ,
4050-763: The first is from the Old Testament (a term wider than " Hebrew Scriptures ", since it includes the Deuterocanonical Books ), or the Acts of the Apostles during Eastertide . The first reading is followed by a psalm, recited or sung responsorially. The second reading is from the New Testament epistles, typically from one of the Pauline epistles . A Gospel acclamation is then sung as the Book of
4125-413: The gifts. Then in dialogue with the faithful the priest brings to mind the meaning of "eucharist", to give thanks to God. A variable prayer of thanksgiving follows, concluding with the acclamation " Holy, Holy ....Heaven and earth are full of your glory. ...Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest." The anaphora , or more properly "Eucharistic Prayer", follows, The oldest of
4200-521: The later team of Rodgers and Hammerstein the lyrics were generally written first, which was Rodgers' preferred modus operandi). Some composers wrote their own libretti. Richard Wagner is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas. Hector Berlioz , too, wrote the libretti for two of his best-known works, La damnation de Faust and Les Troyens . Alban Berg adapted Georg Büchner 's play Woyzeck for
4275-424: The libretto of Wozzeck . Sometimes the libretto is written in close collaboration with the composer; this can involve adaptation, as was the case with Rimsky-Korsakov and his librettist Vladimir Belsky , or an entirely original work. In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics and the "book" (i.e., the spoken dialogue and the stage directions) may each have its own author. Thus, a musical such as Fiddler on
4350-402: The lyrics of the arias , duets , trios and choruses written in verse. The libretto of a musical, on the other hand, is almost always written in prose (except for the song lyrics). The libretto of a musical, if the musical is adapted from a play (or even a novel), may even borrow their source's original dialogue liberally – much as Oklahoma! used dialogue from Lynn Riggs 's Green Grow
4425-408: The most famous actor of the nineteen century and the first Black American actor to play Othello on a British scene played the role of Mungo in a later production of the opera. During all his career, Ira Aldridge was an important advocate of the anti-slavery movement. Therefore, to sensitize the public to inhumanity and abjectness of enslavement, Aldridge has transformed the play. His portrayal of Mungo
4500-473: The noun missa from the verb mittere , but not in connection with the formula ite, missa est . Thus, De divinis officiis (9th century) explains the word as "a mittendo, quod nos mittat ad Deo" ("from 'sending', because it sends us towards God"), while Rupert of Deutz (early 12th century) derives it from a "dismissal" of the "enmities which had been between God and men" ( "inimicitiarum quæ erant inter Deum et homines" ). A distinction
4575-442: The old Betty Grable – Don Ameche – Carmen Miranda vehicles, are largely unaffected, but this practice is especially misleading in translations of musicals like Show Boat , The Wizard of Oz , My Fair Lady or Carousel , in which the lyrics to the songs and the spoken text are often or always closely integrated, and the lyrics serve to further the plot. Availability of printed or projected translations today makes singing in
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#17327834715954650-417: The original language more practical, although one cannot discount the desire to hear a sung drama in one's own language. The Spanish words libretista (playwright, script writer or screenwriter) and libreto (script or screen play), which are used in the Hispanic TV and cinema industry, derived their meanings from the original operatic sense. Librettists have historically received less prominent credit than
4725-629: The past (and even today), foreign musical stage works with spoken dialogue, especially comedies, were sometimes performed with the sung portions in the original language and the spoken dialogue in the vernacular. The effects of leaving lyrics untranslated depend on the piece. A man like Louis Durdilly would translate the whole libretto, dialogues and airs, into French: Così fan tutte became Ainsi font toutes, ou la Fidélité des femmes , and instead of Ferrando singing "Un' aura amorosa" French-speaking audiences were treated to Fernand singing "Ma belle est fidèle autant qu'elle est belle". Many musicals, such as
4800-452: The preface of the published version of The Padlock to refute the claims. Although touted as a genuine depiction of a black character, Mungo's singing parts show no influence from African musical traditions. There is an in-depth analysis of The Padlock ; Mungo's character, speech, and dress; and the opera's popularity in the North American British colonies and the new United States in Monica L. Miller's Slaves to Fashion: Black Dandyism and
4875-444: The rite of fraction and commingling. The priest then displays the consecrated elements to the congregation, saying: "Behold the Lamb of God, behold him who takes away the sins of the world. Blessed are those called to the supper of the Lamb," to which all respond: "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed." Then Communion is given, often with lay ministers assisting with
4950-428: The rubrics detailed in the Book of Common Prayer are sometimes considered normative. The celebration of the "Mass" in Methodist churches, commonly known as the Service of the Table, is based on The Sunday Service of 1784, a revision of the liturgy of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer authorized by John Wesley . The use of the term "Mass" is very rare in Methodism. The terms "Holy Communion", "Lord's Supper", and to
5025-425: The sick in hospitals and nursing homes. The practice of weekly Communion is increasingly the norm again in most Lutheran parishes throughout the world. The bishops and pastors of the larger Lutheran bodies have strongly encouraged this restoration of the weekly Mass. In the Anglican tradition, Mass is one of many terms for the Eucharist. More frequently, the term used is either Holy Communion , Holy Eucharist , or
5100-401: The term "Mass" for their Eucharistic service, but in most German and English-speaking churches, the terms "Divine Service", "Holy Communion, or "the Holy Eucharist" are used. Lutheran churches often celebrate the Eucharist each Sunday, if not at every worship service. This aligns with Luther's preference and the Lutheran confessions. Also, eucharistic ministers take the sacramental elements to
5175-491: The two favorite roles of Aldridge and was one of Aldridge‘s most lauded roles by the public and the critiques. Aldridge tried to play both Othello (as the title character) and The Padlock on the same night to make the audience both think and laugh, show his acting talent and generate good publicity. Dibdin's music shows heavy influence from Italian operatic traditions. In fact, one Italian composer, today unknown, accused Dibdin of stealing material from him. Dibdin thus used
5250-432: The woman is his wife). The opera's title comes from the large padlock that the old man keeps on the cottage's door. In contrast to Cervantes's miser-centred story, The Padlock is centred on the old man's servant , a black man named Mungo from the West Indies , who also provides a large part of the comedy. The part was played by a white man in blackface , making The Padlock an early example of this practice, but not
5325-435: The words, and the piano-vocal score, with all the musical material, including some spoken cues), both are needed in order to make a thorough reading of an entire show. Mass (liturgy) Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity . The term Mass is commonly used in the Catholic Church , Western Rite Orthodoxy , Old Catholicism , and Independent Catholicism . The term
5400-536: Was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century, providing the words for works by Meyerbeer (with whom he had a lasting collaboration), Auber , Bellini , Donizetti , Rossini and Verdi . The French writers' duo Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote many opera and operetta libretti for the likes of Jacques Offenbach , Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet . Arrigo Boito , who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli , also composed two operas of his own. The libretto
5475-462: Was supposed to have been familiar with the dialect of the blacks in the West Indies, was originally scheduled to play the part. However, in the end, Dibdin stood in for him. Audience reactions to Dibdin's performance were overwhelmingly positive, and in 1787, he spun his fame as Mungo into a one-man show wherein he sang, gave speeches, and did impressions of black people. Ira Aldridge , one of
5550-454: Was totally different from the original play. He gave a more serious interpretation of this character. Aldridge added a new song to the operetta. At the end of the night addressed directly to the audience on a variety of social issues which affected the United States, Europe, and Africa. In particular, Aldridge spoke on his pro-abolitionist sentiments to his audience, which received such impassioned oration positively. Mungo was, with Othello, one of
5625-489: Was written in verse, and this continued well into the 19th century, although genres of musical theatre with spoken dialogue have typically alternated verse in the musical numbers with spoken prose. Since the late 19th century some opera composers have written music to prose or free verse libretti. Much of the recitatives of George Gershwin 's opera Porgy and Bess , for instance, are merely DuBose and Dorothy Heyward 's play Porgy set to music as written – in prose – with
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