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76-727: The Seasons may refer to: Literature and mythology [ edit ] Horae or the Seasons, in Greek mythology, the goddesses of the seasons The Seasons (poem) , an 18th-century Lithuanian poem by Kristijonas Donelaitis The Seasons (Thomson) , a 1726–1730 poetry cycle by James Thomson Music and dance [ edit ] The Seasons (Haydn) , an 1801 oratorio by Joseph Haydn The Seasons (Tchaikovsky) , an 1876 set of character pieces for piano by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky The Seasons (ballet) , an 1899 ballet by Marius Petipa to

152-459: A Hong Kong television drama series Seasons of the Year , a 1975 film by Artavazd Peleshyan Visual arts [ edit ] The Seasons (Mucha) , the name of three different series of color lithographs by Alphonse Mucha See also [ edit ] Season (disambiguation) , including uses of Seasons and The Season The Four Seasons (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

228-437: A National Park in 1938. The aim of this declaration was "...the preservation in perpetuity of the natural environment of the region, i.e. of wild flora, fauna and natural landscape, as well as its cultural and other values...". In addition the declaration has aimed promoting scientific research along with environmental education for the public and tourist development in the region. Specific laws prohibit all forms of exploitation on

304-573: A cave that he named Shelter of the Muses , and he spent many summers painting views of the mountain. Olympus was later photographed and mapped in detail by others, and a series of successful climbs and winter ascents of the steepest summits in difficult weather conditions took place. Climbing Mount Olympus is a non-technical hike, except for the final section from the Skala summit to the Mytikas peak, which

380-496: A common noun, as a synonym of οὐρανός ouranos "sky". Mount Olympus was historically also known as Mount Belus , after Iliad 1.591, where the seat of the gods is referred to as βηλὸς θεσπέσiος "heavenly threshold". In Ancient Greek religion and mythology , "Olympus" was the name of the home of the Twelve Olympian gods . This was conceived of as a lofty mountaintop, and in all regions settled by Greek tribes ,

456-456: A considerable variety of herbaceous plants. Gorges and ravines are covered by oriental planes , willows , black alders and riverside greenery. Typical species of this zone is Bosnian pine. This rare kind of pine occurs sporadically higher than 1,000 metres and gradually replaces the black pine, while over 1,400 metres it creates an almost unmixed forest. Over 2,000 metres the forest becomes sparser, reaching to 2,750 metres, thus creating one of

532-520: A convent. Further west, in the edge of Mavratza stream, at 1,020 m, there is the Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery , that flourished in the early 18th century, possessed great property and assisted to establish the famous Tsaritsani ' school. It was abandoned in 1932, but in 2000 it was completely renovated and reopened as a male monastery, affiliated to Elassona 's diocese. Archaeological evidence suggests that Mount Olympus

608-526: A distinct set of four Horae, the daughters of Helios . Quintus Smyrnaeus also attributes the Horae as the daughters of Helios and Selene , and describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera . The seasons were personified by the ancients, the Greeks represented them generally as women but on some antique monuments they are depicted as winged children with attributes peculiar to each season. The Greek words for

684-435: A mortal princess, who was later deified as a goddess of cold mountain winds), and the goddess/personification of snow and winter . Along with Chione, Thallo, Auxo, and Carpo were a part of the entourage of the goddess of the turn of the seasons, Persephone . Of the second triad associated to Themis and Zeus for law and order: The last triad of Horae was identified by Hyginus : Nonnus in his Dionysiaca mentions

760-475: A natural limit that separates the mountain from Lower Olympus. There are also many precipices and a number of caves, even nowadays unexplored. The form and layout of the rocks favor the emergence of numerous springs, most of them lower than 2,000 m, small seasonal lakes and streams and a small river, Enipeas, with its springs in the site Prionia and its estuary in the Aegean Sea . The origin of

836-633: A number of interesting data for the mountain's climate. The average temperature is −5 °C in winter and 10 °C in summer. The average annual precipitation heights vary from 149 cm at Prionia (1,100 m) to 170 cm at Aghios Antonios, about half of them rainfall and hailstorms in summer and the rest snowfall in winter. The weather may change several times in the same day. In summer rainfalls are frequent, commonly as evening thunderstorms, many times accompanied by hail and strong winds. However water springs over 2,000 metres are scarce and visitors should ensure that they have always water and of course

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912-426: A road leads to Prionia, where the hike begins at the bottom of the mountain. Generally speaking Olympus's climate can be described as Mediterranean with continental influence. Its local variations are the result of the impact of the sea and the rugged terrain of the region. In the lower locations (Litochoro and the foothills) the climate is typically Mediterranean, i.e. hot and dry in the summer, but humid and cold in

988-537: A site of community interest. In June 2016 the Olympus National Park Information Center , located at Litochoro, opened its gates. It informs their visitors about geology, archaeological sites, mythology, monasteries, plants, animals and other subjects affecting Mount Olympus. Hikers will find help from professional rangers, a guide provides tours for groups in the mountain area. The Park is protected by specific legislation. Under

1064-454: A tradition Orpheus, son of Apollo and Calliope (one of the Muses), taught here the mystic ceremonies of worship of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus). By the sea, in a strategic position, at Macedonia's gates is located Platamon Castle , built between 7th and 10th century AD in the ancient town of Heracleia. To the north the ancient Pydna is located. Here, in 168 BC, the decisive battle between

1140-481: A wall, an impressive precipitous amphitheatrical cavity, 700 metres (2,300 ft) in depth and 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in circumference, the 'Megala Kazania'. On the east side of the high peaks the steep slopes form zone like parallel folds, the 'Zonaria'. Even narrower and steeper scorings, the 'Loukia', lead to the peak. On the north side, between Stefani and Profitis Ilias, extends the Muses' Plateau, at 2,550 metres (8,370 ft), while further south, almost in

1216-510: A wheat-sheaf; Autumn, as a Bacchante, in a violet-coloured garment, pressing grapes with one band into a golden cup, which she holds in the other; and Winter as an aged person, placed in the shade at a great distance from the god. Finally, a quite separate suite of Horae personified the twelve hours (originally only ten), as tutelary goddesses of the times of day. The hours run from just before sunrise to just after sunset, thus winter hours are short, summer hours are long: According to Hyginus ,

1292-400: Is a YDS class 3 rock scramble and due to high exposure to heights, requires resistance to acrophobia . It is estimated that over 10,000 people visit Mount Olympus each year, most of them reaching only the Skala and Skolio summits. Most climbs of Mount Olympus start from the town of Litochoro , which took the name City of Gods because of its location at the foot of the mountain. From there

1368-472: Is also probably cognate with the Mycenean Greek word 𐀄𐀬𐀠𐀊𐀍 (u-ru-pi-ja-jo) which is, most likely, a term used to describe people, or possibly an ethnic group . In Homeric Greek ( Odyssey 6.42), the variant Οὔλυμπος Oulumpos occurs, conceived of as the seat of the gods (and not identified with any specific peak). Homer ( Iliad 5.754, Odyssey 20.103) also appears to be using οὔλυμπος as

1444-466: Is an extensive massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea , located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia , between the regional units of Larissa and Pieria , about 80 km (50 mi) southwest from Thessaloniki . Mount Olympus has 52 peaks and deep gorges. The highest peak, Mytikas ( Μύτικας Mýtikas ), meaning "nose", rises to 2,917.727 metres (9,572.60 ft) and

1520-520: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Horae The term hora comes from the Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ ("year"). The Horae were originally the personifications of nature in its different seasonal aspects, but in later times they were regarded as goddesses of order in general and natural justice. "They bring and bestow ripeness, they come and go in accordance with

1596-634: Is in the Iliad where they appear as keepers of Zeus 's cloud gates. "Hardly any traces of that function are found in the subsequent tradition," Karl Galinsky remarked in passing. They were daughters of Zeus and Themis , half-sisters to the Moirai . The Horai are mentioned in two aspects in Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns : Of the first, more familiar, triad associated with Aphrodite and Zeus

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1672-514: Is known to have been the site of a sanctuary of Zeus in antiquity based on archaeological finds discovered in 1961. In the modern era, a series of explorers tried to study the mountain and to reach its summit. Examples include the French archaeologist Leon Heuzey (1855), the German explorer Heinrich Barth (1862), and the German engineer Edward Richter. Richter tried to reach the summit in 1911 but

1748-899: Is marked by important, rare and endangered species. Large mammals, that lived formerly in the region, like roe deer , have disappeared. In ancient times there were lions ( Pausanias ), while at least until the 16th century there were brown bears (Life of St. Dionysios the Later). Thirty-two mammal species have been recorded, including Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) , roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) , wild boar , wildcat (Felis sylvestris) , beech marten (Martes foina) , red fox and red squirrel . There have also been detected 108 species of birds (like sparrowhawk , cinereous vulture , rock partridge , white stork , rock dove , European robin , lanner falcon , peregrine falcon , tree falcon, golden eagle , short-toed snake eagle , booted eagle and hoopoe ). Many of them, particularly

1824-594: Is mixed with black pine and Bosnian pine . In this zone there is also beech . While in the neighboring mountains Pierians and Ossa it creates an extended vegetation zone, in Olympus it is restricted to small clusters, appearing as islets, mainly in more humid locations and the best soils. A particularly rich variety of trees and shrubs is found in Enipeas' gorge. One can see there elm , cherry plum , European yew , hazel , holly , Cornus mas , manna ash , maple and

1900-537: Is snowcapped for about nine months (September to May). In some places the winds gather snow, 8–10 metres thick ( anemosouria in Greek), while in some deep ravines the snow is maintained all over the year (everlasting snow). For this Olympus's alpine region, recordings have been made in the 1960s in the highest-elevation weather station in Greece, that was established on the summit of Aghios Antonios (2,815 m), providing

1976-421: Is the central, almost vertical, rocky peaks, that impress the visitor. Over the town of Litochoro, on the horizon, the relief of the mountain displays an apparent "V", between two peaks of almost equal height. The left limb is the peak named Mytikas (or Pantheon). It is Greece's highest peak. Then, on the right is Stefani (or Thronos Dios [Throne of Zeus – 2,902 metres (9,521 ft)]), which presents

2052-599: Is the highest peak in Greece , and one of the highest peaks in Europe in terms of topographic prominence . In Greek mythology , Olympus is the home of the Greek gods , on Mytikas peak. The mountain has exceptional biodiversity and rich flora . It has been a National Park , the first in Greece, since 1938. It is also a World Biosphere Reserve . Olympus remains the most popular hiking summit in Greece, as well as one of

2128-534: Is their origins as emblems of times of life, growth (and the classical three seasons of year): At Athens, two Horae: Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), also appear in rites of Attica noted by Pausanias in the 2nd century AD. Thallo, Auxo and Carpo are often accompanied by Chione , a daughter of Boreas (the god/ personification of the North Wind ) and Orithyia/ Oreithyia (originally

2204-781: The Horai themselves wear. The number of Horae varied according to different sources, but was most commonly three: either the trio of Thallo , Auxo , and Carpo (goddesses of the order of nature), or Eunomia (goddess of good order and lawful conduct) and her sisters Dike (goddess of Justice) and Eirene (goddess of Peace). In Argos , two Horae, rather than three, were recognised, presumably winter and summer: Auxesia (possibly another name for Auxo) and Damia (possibly another name for Carpo). In late euhemerist interpretations, they were seen as Cretan maidens who were worshipped as goddesses after they had been wrongfully stoned to death. The earliest written mention of Horai

2280-481: The Ice age , is of particular interest to botanists. The intense diversity of the landscape, the varying orientation of the slopes and their position in relation to the sea affect locally Olympus's climate and so a local microclimate prevails, combined with the geological background and the soil favor the growth of particular vegetation types and biotopes. Generally Olympus's northeast side is densely forested, as it receives

2356-572: The "Special Regulation" entrance to the Park is allowed only by the existing roads and traffic is allowed from sunrise to sunset only on formed paths. The visitor should also know that the following activities are not allowed: Olympus' massif is found about in the middle of Continental Greece and is easy to approach from the national railway network on the Athens-Thessaloniki line and the secondary roads that connect towns and villages around

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2432-599: The 5th century BC, as Herodotus (1.56) identifies Olympus as the peak in Thessaly. In Pieria , at Olympus's northern foot, the mythological tradition had placed the nine Muses , patrons of the Fine Arts, daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Mnemosyne . In antiquity, the Olympus massif formed the border between Thessaly and Macedon . The history of the surrounding area is consequently of interest in

2508-627: The German invaders, who suspected it was a guerrilla den. Nowadays it has been partially restored and operates as a dependency of the New Monastery of Dionysios , that is outside Litochoro. On Olympus's southern foot, in a dominant position (820 m) in Ziliana gorge, there is the Kanalon Monastery, 8 km away from Karya. It was founded in 1055 by the monks Damianos and Joakim and since 2001 it has been restored and operates as

2584-515: The Hellenistic and the Roman period. Currently there is a unique archaeological park of 200 hectares, with the ancient town and the sacred places of worship, outside its walls. Many statues and other invaluable items are kept in the nearby Dion's archaeological museum . Pimblia and Leivithra , two other towns in Olympus's region, are related to Orpheus and the "Orphic" mysteries . According to

2660-662: The Macedonians and the Romans took place. Between Pydna and Mount Olympus are a fortified bishop's seat from the Byzantine period called Louloudies and the Macedonian Tombs of Katerini and Korinos . In the Olympus region, there are also several Christian monuments, among them the highest-elevation chapel of Orthodox Christianity , dedicated to Prophet Elias , in Greek tradition associated with mountaintops , on

2736-513: The birds of prey, are scarce. In addition there are the common reptiles of Greek fauna (22 species such as snakes , turtles , lizards , etc.) and some amphibians (8 species) in streams and seasonal ponds, as well as a great variety of insects, particularly butterflies. Greece's highest mountain, dwelling of the Twelve Gods of antiquity, has been the first region in the country to be applied specific protective rules, by its declaration as

2812-413: The center of the massif, extends the alpine tundra region of Bara, at an elevation of 2,350 metres (7,710 ft). Olympus has numerous ravines and gullies. Most distinguishable of the ravines are those of Mavrologos-Enipeas (14 km) and Mavratzas-Sparmos (13 km) near Bara and 'cut' the massif in two oval portions. On the southern foothills the great gorge of Ziliana, 13 km long, consists of

2888-725: The context of the Rise of Macedon , the Chremonidean War and the Macedonian Wars during the 4th to 2nd centuries BC. In the period of the Ottoman Empire the mountain was a hiding place and base of operations for klephts and armatoloi . It was known as Semavatevi in Turkish during the nearly 400 years of Ottoman rule. In Olympus, the second armatoliki was founded, led by Kara Michalis in 1489. The action of

2964-463: The countryside of Macedonia. However, Olympus's armatoloi, even after their capitulation to Ali Pasha , never ceased fighting on land and at sea. Among them who were active there and in nearby regions were Nikotsaras, Giorgakis Olympios and the legendary family of Lazaioi. In the early 20th century, even for some time after the liberation from the Ottoman Empire (1912), robbers were active in

3040-405: The deciduous species most common are Fraxinus , Ulmus , Montpellier maple , Judas tree , terebinth , Cotinus coggygria and others. The evergreen broadleaf trees' zone is gradually replaced by ecosystems of European black pine , that forms compact clusters, with no intermediate zone of deciduous oaks, although trees of these species occur sporadically within clusters of black pine. On

3116-502: The eastern side of the mountain in an area of about 4,000 hectares, that is the core of the Park. A wider region, around this core, has been designated "peripheral zone of the National Park", so that its managing and exploitation to be done so as not to adversely affect the core's protection. At present, the park has been expanded to 24,000 hectares. Administratively it belongs to Pieria's and Larissa's Prefectures and specifically to

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3192-429: The elevation rises, meteorological phenomena are more intense and the changes in temperature and humidity are often sudden. The coastal northeast slopes of Olympus receive more rain than the continental northwest, so, as a result, there is a clear difference in vegetation, being more abundant in the first of them. The hottest month is August, while the coldest is February. The mountain's highest zone, over 2,000 metres,

3268-403: The emergence of the whole region and the sea. Around one million years ago glaciers covered Olympus and created its plateaus and depressions. With the temperature rise that followed, the ice melted and the streams that were created swept away large quantities of crushed rock in the lowest places, forming the alluvial fans , that spread out all over the region from the foothills of the mountain to

3344-517: The fair-haired Horai , together with the Charites and Peitho crown Pandora —she of "all gifts"—with garlands of flowers. Similarly Aphrodite , emerging from the sea and coming ashore at Cyprus , is dressed and adorned by the Horai , and, according to a surviving fragment of the epic Cypria , Aphrodite wore clothing made for her by the Charites and Horai, dyed with spring flowers, such as

3420-494: The firm law of the periodicities of nature and of life", Karl Kerenyi observed, adding " Hora means 'the correct moment'." Traditionally, they guarded the gates of Olympus , promoted the fertility of the earth, and rallied the stars and constellations. The course of the seasons was also symbolically described as the dance of the Horae, and they were accordingly given the attributes of spring flowers, fragrance and graceful freshness; for example, in Hesiod 's Works and Days ,

3496-473: The flora includes many endemic species of the Balkans. Beyond Bosnian pine's zone follows an extensive zone, without trees, with alpine meadows, consisted by a mosaic of grassland ecosystems, depending on the topography, the slope and the orientation of the ground. In general, this alpine flora with more than 150 plant species, contains snow accumulation meadows, grassy swamps, alpine scree and rock crevices. On

3572-482: The four seasons of year: Here Spring appears with flowery chaplets bound. Here Summer in her wheaten garland crown'd; Here Autumn the rich trodden grapes besmear. And hoary Winter shivers in the rear. Nicolas Poussin has represented the four seasons by subjects drawn from the Bible : Spring is portrayed by Adam and Eve in paradise: Summer, by Ruth gleaning: Autumn, by Joshua and Caleb bearing grapes from

3648-500: The highest forest tree line limit (limit of forest growth) in the Balkans and Europe. Another feature of this zone is that over 2,500 metres the trees appear in a crawling form . The region, where Bosnian pine grows, is mostly dry and its slopes are rocky. There are no springs or water streams. The vegetation growing there is adapted to specific local conditions and represented by typical shrubs, graminaceous , chasmophytes etc., while

3724-452: The highest local elevation tended to be so named; among the numerous peaks called Olumpos in antiquity are mountains in Mysia , Laconia , Lycia , Cyprus , Attica , Euboea , Ionia and Lesbos , and others. Thessalian Olympus is the highest peak in any territory with Greek settlement and came to be seen as the "Pan-Hellenic" representative of the mythological seat of the gods, by at least

3800-698: The highest mountains on Earth were above the clouds and winds. Augustine of Hippo , writing in the early Middle Ages, similarly reported in On Genesis that "on the peak of Mount Olympus, which is said to rise above the area of this humid air, we are told, certain letters are regularly made in the dust and are a year later found whole and unmarred by those who climb that mountain for their solemn memorials." The third highest peak of Mount Olympus, called Agios Antonios (Άγιος Αντώνιος "Saint Anthony", 40°04′04″N 22°21′04″E  /  40.0677°N 22.3511°E  / 40.0677; 22.3511 , 2,817 m),

3876-490: The klephts in Olympus led the Turks to visit their outrage on the klephts' ally-village of Milia (in the late 17th century), which they destroyed. In that period Livadi in Olympus became the seat of the armatoliki of Olympus and Western Macedonia, with their first renowned commander Panos Zidros. In the 18th century the Turks had to replace the armatoloi (who very often joined the klephts) with Muslim Albanian armatoloi who ravaged

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3952-590: The limits of their spread within Northern Greece. An important book about the plants and flowers, from the beach of the Aegean Sea up to the upper regions of Mount Olympus, was written in 1980 by the Swedish botanist Arne Strid . Most of those found in lower elevation are the common Mediterranean and central European species. Ramonda heldreichii (syn. Jankaea heldreichii ), a plant relict of

4028-477: The list is only of nine, borrowed from the three classical triads alternated: A distinct set of ten or twelve Hours is much less known and they are described as daughters of Chronos (Time): The last set of hours of the day and night is allegorically represented in the following: Mount Olympus Mount Olympus ( / oʊ ˈ l ɪ m p ə s , ə ˈ l ɪ m -/ , Greek : Όλυμπος , romanized :  Ólympos , IPA: [ˈoli(m)bos] )

4104-417: The massif of Voulgara. The villages Petra , Vrontou and Dion lie to the northeast, while on the eastern side there is the town of Litochoro , where Enipeas bisects the massif of Olympus. On its southeastern side, the Ziliana gorge divides Mount Olympus from Kato Olympos (Lower Olympus), while on its southwestern foothills, there are the villages Sykaminea and Karya . The Agia Triada Sparmou Monastery and

4180-1109: The meadows, the rocks and the steep slopes live most of the endemic plants, among them some of the most beautiful wildflowers in Greece. Half of them are found only in the Balkans and 23 only in Olympus and nowhere else. The list of 23 local endemic plants at Mount Olympus from the Olympus National Park Management Agency: Achillea ambrosiaca, Alyssum handelii, Asprerula muscosa, Aubrieta thessala , Campanula oreadum , Carum adamovicii, Centaurea incompleta, Centaurea litochorea, Centaurea transiens, Cerastrium theophrasti, Coincla nivalis, Erysimum olympicum, Festuca olympica, Genista sakellariadis, Ramonda heldreichii , Ligusticum olympicum, Melampyrus ciliatum, Ophrys helenae ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. helenae ), Poa thessala, Potentilla deorum , Rynchosinapis nivalis, Silene dionysii, Silene oligantha, Veronica thessalica, Viola striis-notata, Viola pseudograeca . Olympus's fauna, which has not been systematically studied so far, includes considerable variety and

4256-414: The most impressive and steep peak of Olympus, with its last sharply rising 200 metres presenting the greatest challenge for climbers. Further south, Skolio ( 40°04′58″N 22°21′26″E  /  40.0829°N 22.3571°E  / 40.0829; 22.3571 second highest sub-peak – 2,911 metres (9,551 ft)) completes an arc of about 200 degrees, with its steep slopes forming on the west side, like

4332-452: The most popular in Europe. Organized mountain refuges and various mountaineering and climbing routes are available. The usual starting point is the town of Litochoro which lies in the eastern foothills of the mountain, some 100 km (62 mi) from Thessaloniki . The shape of Olympus was formed by rain and wind, which produced an isolated tower almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above

4408-529: The most rainfall, while the southwest one has significantly sparser vegetation. In Olympus there are generally four sequential flora zones, but due to the complex topography and variety of microclimates, these do not form an obvious clear sequence with elevation. A zone of evergreen broadleaf trees ( maquis ) occurs between 300 and 500 metres elevation. Along with oak ( Quercus ilex ) and Greek strawberry tree there occur kermes oak , strawberry tree , Phillyrea latifolia , bay laurel , cedar and others. Of

4484-506: The mountain, with the principal base for excursions being the town of Litochoro, where there are many hotels and taverns. In addition, on Pieria's coastal zone there are many camp sites and lodgings. The nearest international airport is that of Thessaloniki, and railway stations are those of Litochoro, Katerini and Leptokarya . There is frequent service by KTEL buses and a taxi stand is in Litochoro's central square. The official list of

4560-426: The municipalities Diou-Olympou and Katerinis (Pieria) and Τempon and Elassonas (Larissa). Its lowest elevation is 600 metres and its peak, Mytikas, at 2,917.727 metres. In 1981 UNESCO proclaimed Olympus "Biosphere Reserve". European Union has listed Olympus in the "Significant for Birdlife Regions of European Union". It is also registered in the list of Natura 2000 European Network as a special protection area and

4636-422: The music of Alexander Glazunov The Seasons (Cage) , a 1947 ballet by Merce Cunningham to music of John Cage Ballet des Saisons ( The Seasons ), a 1661 ballet by Jean-Baptiste Lully "The Seasons", a song by Lynyrd Skynyrd from Skynyrd's First and... Last , 1978 Film and television [ edit ] The Seasons (film) , a 1954 Canadian documentary short film The Seasons (TV series) ,

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4712-404: The name Όλυμπος (Olympos) is unknown. One theory suggests that it is compounded of ou lyma (οὐ λύμα) and pous (πούς), meaning "pure foot", conforming to Hesiod 's description of the earth as a sort of footstool for heaven up from which rise the "Blessed Gods". According to Robert S.P. Beekes the word is of pre-Greek origin and he speculates that it originally meant "mountain" . The word

4788-550: The necessary clothing for any weather conditions. The research of Olympus's plants started in 1836, when the French botanist Aucher-Éloy studied them. According to this and later studies, the National Park of Olympus is considered one of the richest flora regions in Greece, with about 1,700 species and subspecies, that represent some 25% of Greek flora. Of them 187 are characterized as significant, 56 are Greek endemic and of them 23 are local endemic, i.e. they can be found only in Olympus, and 16 are rare in Greece or/and have there

4864-439: The northern slopes of Xirolakos valley, between 600 and 700 metres elevation, there is a high forest of downy oak of about 120 hectares. The black pine dominates on the eastern and northern side of the mountain, between 500 and 1,700 metres. In this zone there is also hybrid fir in small groups and scrubs or small clumps, particularly in the lower region and in the sites Naoumi (west) and Stalamatia and Polykastro (east), where it

4940-411: The promised land; and Winter, by the deluge . In more modern representations the seasons are often surrounding Apollo: Spring, as Flora, crowned with flowers, and in a shaded green drapery over a white robe: Summer, standing under the lion in the zodiac, with a gold-coloured drapery over a white gauze vestment, the edges of which are tinged by the yellow rays of the sun, holding a sickle, having near her

5016-697: The region – the best known of them the notorious Giagoulas ( el ), while during the German invasion in 1941 the Hellenic Army fought significant battles along with units of New Zealanders and Australians . During the German Occupation (1941–1944) the mountain was one of the centers of the Greek Resistance , while a little later the Greek Civil War (1946–49) started there, in Litochoro. The whole region of Pieria's Olympus

5092-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Seasons . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Seasons&oldid=1116065673 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5168-461: The sea, which is only 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from Litochoro. Olympus has many peaks and an almost circular shape. The mountain has a circumference of 80 kilometres (50 mi), an average diameter of 26 kilometres (16 mi), and 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) of area. To the northwest lies the Aromanian village of Kokkinopilos . The Makryrema stream separates Olympus from

5244-629: The sea. The Geological Museum of Mount Olympus , located in Leptokarya , provides detailed information about the geological structure of the mountain. The complicated geological past of the region is obvious from the morphology of Olympus and its National Park. Features include deep gorges and lots of smooth peaks, many of them over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), including Aghios Antonios (2,815 metres (9,236 ft)), Kalogeros (2,700 metres (8,900 ft)), Toumpa (2,801 metres (9,190 ft)) and Profitis Ilias (2,803 metres (9,196 ft)). However, it

5320-456: The summit of the same name (Προφήτης Ηλίας Profitis Ilias ), at 2,803 m. It was built in the 16th century by Saint Dionysios of Olympus , who also founded the most significant monastery in the region. The Old Monastery of Dionysios (elevation 820 m) lies in Enipeas' gorge and is accessible by car from Litochoro. It was looted and burned by the Ottomans and in 1943 it was destroyed by

5396-473: The village Pythion lie to the west. Olympus's dry foothills, known as the Xirokampi, are covered in chaparral and provides habitat for animals such as wild boar. Further east, the plain of Dion is fertile and watered by the streams which originate on Olympus. Mount Olympus is formed of sedimentary rock laid down 200 million years ago in a shallow sea . Various geological events that followed caused

5472-441: The winter. Higher it is more humid, warm and sometimes severe, with more intense meteorological phenomena; in these locations it often snows throughout winter, while rain and snow is not unusual even in the summer. The temperature varies in winter from −10 °C to 10 °C and in summer from 0 °C to 20 °C, while winds are an almost daily occurrence. Generally the temperature falls 1 °C per 200 m of elevation. As

5548-516: Was abducted by klephts , who also killed the Ottoman gendarmes that accompanied him. It was just one year after the liberation of northern Greece from Ottoman rule, on 2 August 1913, that the summit of Olympus was finally reached. The Swiss Frédéric Boissonnas and Daniel Baud-Bovy , aided by a hunter of wild goats from Litochoro, Christos Kakkalos , were the first to reach Greece's highest peak. Kakkalos, who had much experience climbing Olympus,

5624-527: Was declared an archaeological and historical site for the preservation of its monumental and historical character. Five kilometres away from the sea is Dion , sacred city of the ancient Macedons, dedicated to Zeus and the Twelve Olympians. Its prosperity lasted from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD. The excavations, continuing since 1928, have revealed numerous findings of the Macedonian,

5700-629: Was regularly visited in religious pilgrimages through antiquity and the early Middle Ages. For instance, ancient Greek pottery, coins, and evidence of sacrificial ashes estimated to be from 400 B.C. have been found on the summit. Plutarch , writing during the Roman Empire , reported that writings and sacrificial ashes left by priests and religious pilgrims on the summit of the mountains of Mount Kyllini and Mount Olympus could be found intact several years later, neither being washed away by rains or scattered by winds. Plutarch cited this as evidence that

5776-422: Was the first of the three to climb Mytikas. Afterwards, and until his death in 1976, he was the official guide on Olympus. In 1921, he and Marcel Kurz reached the second highest summit of Olympus, Stefani. Based on these explorations, Kurz in 1923 edited Le Mont Olympe , a book that includes the first detailed map of the summits. In 1928, the painter Vasilis Ithakisios climbed Olympus together with Kakkalos, reaching

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