93-512: Three Elements is a March 1925 abstract painting by the Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky . Kandinsky presented it to his nephew Alexandre Kojève , in whose family it remained after Kojève's death in 1968. The painting was bought in 2002 from Kojève's widow, Nina Ivanoff (also spelled Ivanov) and is now in the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain of Strasbourg , France. Its inventory number
186-948: A 7.0 earthquake shook the Chinese province of Yunnan killing 5,000 people. A 5,000-mile high speed communications cable between the United States and Italy was officially activated by envoy to the United States Giacomo De Martino . The horror-comedy film The Monster , starring Lon Chaney , was released. Born: Cornell Borchers (Gerlind Cornelia Borchers), Lithuanian-born U.S. film film actress; in Silute (d. 2014) Luis E. Miramontes , Mexican chemist; in Tepic , state of Nayarit (d. 2004) March 17, 1925 (Tuesday) [ edit ] Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš proposed
279-1971: A pontoon bridge in Germany killed 67 soldiers of the Reichswehr who drowned while crossing over the Weser river near Minden . Later reporting alleged that the casualties were over 200 and the German military was conducting experiments with a new river-crossing system. The Philadelphia Daily News began publication as a tabloid morning paper References [ edit ] ^ Dieter Nohlen and Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook , p.1244 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ Eissenbeiss, Philipp (1830). Neuer allgemeiner Contorist oder Handbuch zur Kenntniß der Wechsel- und Staatspapier-Preise: der Rechnungs- und geprägten Münzen, der Maasse und Gewichte aller Länder in und ausser Europa, mit ihren gehörigen Vergleichungen untereinander. vol. 2 . Hinrichs. p. 483. ^ [ https://web.archive.org/web/20061028174548/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/aboutus/adult/viking.html "About Us: Viking", Penguin Group USA website, archived by archive.org ^ "New Publishing House, The Viking Press, Has Very Attractive Ideal", The Montreal Daily Star , March 28, 1925, p.7 ^ "German Breach of Treaty Grave, France Insists". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 2, 1925. p. 5. ^ Fox, Margalit (30 June 2010). "Rudolf Leopold, Art Collector, Dies at 85" . The New York Times . p. 17. ^ Medley, Keith Weldon (2003). We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson . Gretna LA: Pelican. p. 218. ISBN 1-58980-120-2 . ^ "Delta's history: From dusting crops to connecting
372-555: A "United States of Europe", divided into two groups of roughly equal power, to secure peace. England, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain could make up the western bloc, while Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Austria and others could make up the eastern bloc. An explosion at a coal mine near Barrackville, West Virginia killed 33 miners. March 18, 1925 (Wednesday) [ edit ] [REDACTED] The headline in New York's Herald-Examiner nespaper The Tri-State Tornado ,
465-612: A budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP (both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro (see also United Kingdom and
558-533: A cabinet for the fourth time as Prime Minister of Turkey after the resignation of Fethi Okyar and Okyar's ministers. His first act on taking office as to invoke the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to control the Kurdish rebellion, giving the government emergency powers to close organizations deemed to be subversive. The United Kingdom followed the example of other nations owed indemnities from
651-515: A controversial decision over Pinky Mitchell . The bout in Detroit ended when referee Slim McClelland enforced a regulation that disqualified a person weighing more that the limit of 140 pounds (64 kg) for the light welterweight division, given that Mitchell weighed 146 pounds (66 kg). March 28, 1925 (Saturday) [ edit ] The remains of U.S. Admiral George Dewey were disinterred from Arlington National Cemetery and moved to
744-514: A deadline to do so and can delay the process by deliberately not complying with the convergence criteria (such as by not meeting the convergence criteria to join ERM II). Bulgaria and Romania are actively working to adopt the euro, while the remaining states do not have a migration plan in progress. The euro is divided into 100 cents (also referred to as euro cents , especially when distinguishing them from other currencies, and referred to as such on
837-495: A foreign trading currency in Cuba since 1998, Syria since 2006, and Venezuela since 2018. In 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its local currency and introduced major global convertible currencies instead, including the euro and the United States dollar. The direct usage of the euro outside of the official framework of the EU affects nearly 3 million people. Outside the eurozone, two EU member states have currencies that are pegged to
930-780: A month when he briefly spoke at a celebration commemorating the sixth anniversary of the Fasci Italiani da Combattimento . There had been much speculation as to the state of his health during his long absence. Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt. The Wafd Party , led by former Prime Minister Saad Zaghloul had had a 188 of the 215 seats, and lost 102 of them to a collection of other parties and independents. Born: David Watkin , cinematographer, in Margate , England (d. 2008) March 24, 1925 (Tuesday) [ edit ] The two-act operetta and radio opera The Red Pen
1023-480: A number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019, with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of
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#17327769007961116-580: A refund of 5 percent of their original investment. Winners of a lottery would receive a refund of up to 25 percent. The British armed merchant cruiser HMS Rawalpindi was launched. Born: Pierre Boulez , French composer and conductor; in Montbrison, Loire (d. 2016) March 27, 1925 (Friday) [ edit ] Double Chase won the 84th Grand National steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool . James "Red" Herring won boxing's World Junior Welterweight Title in
1209-615: A six-year term as the President of Finland , serving until 1931. Harlan F. Stone took his seat on the United States Supreme Court , replacing the retired Joseph McKenna . Born: P. K. Balakrishnan , Indian novelist; in Trivandrum , Bombay Province , British India (now Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala state) (d.1991) Died: Luigj Gurakuqi , 46, formerly Albania 's Minister of Economy and Finance,
1302-667: A specific amount of yardage from the location where first down started, and for creating the line of scrimmage for a specific place on the field March 15, 1925 (Sunday) [ edit ] The films Riders of the Purple Sage and Heart of a Siren were released. [REDACTED] New Mexico's flag The U.S. state of New Mexico adapted its distinctive yellow flag . Born: Andy McCall , Scottish footballer; in Hamilton , Lanarkshire (d. 2014) March 16, 1925 (Monday) [ edit ] At 22:42 local time
1395-513: A two-year ban on Adolf Hitler from public speaking, limiting him to addressing only private, closed meetings. The government was nervous at the large crowds Hitler was drawing. Died: Willard Metcalf , 66, American artist March 10, 1925 (Tuesday) [ edit ] A young member of the Nazi Party , Otto Rothstock , entered the office of Austrian Jewish writer Hugo Bettauer and shot him five times at point blank range. Rothstock
1488-1014: Is 55.002.3.1. This article about a twentieth-century painting is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . March 1925 Month of 1925 1925 January February March April May June July August September October November December << March 1925 >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 The following events occurred in March 1925 : March 1, 1925 (Sunday) [ edit ] Elections were held in Luxembourg for
1581-598: Is a major donor to the EFSF. To be included in the eurozone, countries had to fulfil certain convergence criteria , but the meaningfulness of such criteria was diminished by the fact it was not enforced with the same level of strictness among countries. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2011, "[I]f the [euro area] is treated as a single entity, its [economic and fiscal] position looks no worse and in some respects, rather better than that of
1674-542: Is also the sole currency in three overseas territories of France that are not themselves part of the EU, namely Saint Barthélemy , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands , as well as in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia . The euro has been adopted unilaterally as the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo. It has also been used as
1767-469: Is discouraged by the commission, as is the practice of certain shops of refusing to accept high-value euro notes. Commemorative coins with €2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the €2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as
1860-620: Is the official currency of 20 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is officially known as the euro area or, more commonly, the eurozone . The euro is divided into 100 euro cents . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members, the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe,
1953-731: The Austrian schilling , worth 10,000 of the former Austrian kronen . The new schilling would be the currency of Austria until the republic's annexation by Germany in 1938, then restored in 1945 after World War II, and be replaced by the Euro in 1999. The publisher Viking Press was founded in New York by Harold K. Guinzburg (formerly of Simon and Schuster) and George S. Oppenheimer, advertising manager for Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. A military committee in France, led by Marshal Ferdinand Foch , concluded that that Germany had committed gross violations of
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#17327769007962046-663: The Boxer Rebellion of 1900, agreeing to use its share of several million dollars to support railway construction in China. France followed suit on April 12, 1925. The United States Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore Memorial Commission. Born: Rino Luigi "Joe" Sentieri , Italian singer and film actor; in Genoa (d. 2007) Richard Battin , American computer scientist who oversaw
2139-633: The January Junta led by Emilio Bello Codesido . The documentary film Grass , following the Bakhtiari tribe of Persia , was released. Died: Lord Curzon , 66, British politician, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1919 to 1924, Leader of the House of Lords from since 1916, Viceroy of British India from 1899 to 1905, died following surgery for a severe hemorrhage of the bladder. March 21, 1925 (Saturday) [ edit ] In
2232-588: The League of Nations expressed hope that Germany would apply to join in September. France's Senate Finance Committee voted to maintain its embassy at the Vatican, over the wishes of Prime Minister Édouard Herriot . Died: Walter Camp , 65, American college football coach known as "The Father of American Football" for his remaking of the rules of the gridiron game, including the system of downs for gaining
2325-667: The Montreal Canadiens , 6 to 1, to win the Stanley Cup of ice hockey, three games to one. The Cougars were the last non- NHL team to win the Cup. Explorer Donald Baxter MacMillan urged U.S. President Coolidge to send ships into the Arctic in search of undiscovered lands to claim for the United States. Died: Rudolf Steiner , 64, Austrian philosopher March 31, 1925 (Tuesday) [ edit ] The collapse of
2418-579: The Treaty of Versailles . The periodical Pionerskaya Pravda was founded in Moscow. Miners went on strike in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . March 7, 1925 (Saturday) [ edit ] The Social Democratic Party of Germany voted to nominate Otto Braun as their candidate for the March 29 presidential election . Born: Rene Gagnon , United States Marine known for and raising
2511-490: The U.S. Army Air Service when his SE-5 collided in midair with that of another cadet. Lindbergh parachuted to safety and thus joined the Caterpillar Club . Frank B. Kellogg became United States Secretary of State . Died: Clément Ader , 84, French Army captain and aviation pioneer March 6, 1925 (Friday) [ edit ] The Eupen-Malmedy region was transferred from Germany to Belgium, as per
2604-795: The USS ; Princess Matoika ) departed New York en route to Palestine on the maiden voyage of the American Palestine Line . Born: Leo Esaki , Japanese physicist and 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his creation of the Esaki diode ; in Takida-mura , Osaka Prefecture (alive in 2024) Died: Sun Yat-sen , 58, Chinese revolutionary and founder of the first Republic of China March 13, 1925 (Friday) [ edit ] The Soviet newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda
2697-508: The Washington National Cathedral , next to the tomb of Woodrow Wilson . The University of Cambridge won the 77th annual Boat Race . Died: Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson , 61, British general March 29, 1925 (Sunday) [ edit ] The German presidential election was held to choose a successor to Friedrich Ebert , who died in office February 28. Karl Jarres came in first with 38.8% of
2790-471: The boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. The Huff-Daland Aero Corporation had constructed the first airplane that could incorporate a means of carrying and dispersing insecticide across farm fields. On December 3, 1928, a new group of investors would acquire the Huff-Daland assets and create Delta Air Service , with passenger service starting in 1930. Lauri Kristian Relander was inaugurated to
2883-603: The dobra of São Tomé and Príncipe was officially linked with the euro. Additionally, the Moroccan dirham is tied to a basket of currencies, including the euro and the US dollar, with the euro given the highest weighting. These countries generally had previously implemented a currency peg to one of the major European currencies (e.g. the French franc , Deutsche Mark or Portuguese escudo ), and when these currencies were replaced by
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2976-507: The " eurozone ", some 347 million people in total as of 2023 . According to bilateral agreements with the EU , the euro has also been designated as the sole and official currency in a further four European microstates awarded minting rights (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City). All but one (Denmark) current, and any potential future EU members, are obliged to adopt the euro when economic conditions permit. The euro
3069-440: The 1920s Hidden categories: Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024 Euro The euro ( symbol : € ; currency code : EUR )
3162-599: The 47-seat parliament, Der Chamber . The conservative Rietspartei , led by Prime Minister Émile Reuter , lost four seats from its 26 seat majority. While the Rietspartei retained a plurality with 22, it refused to form a coalition with any party that had voted against the railway treaty with Belgium , prompting other parties to form a new government. [REDACTED] "Ein Schilling", worth "Zehntausend Kronen" The Republic of Austria adopted its new currency,
3255-662: The Butler Act and the bill that repealed it" . Archived from the original on 2009-05-20 . Retrieved 2005-02-19 . ^ "Peter Brook | Biography, Plays, & Facts | Britannica" . ^ "Nippon Hoso Kyokai" . Institute for Media and Communication Policy . ^ "It's the Tuxedo Now the Wimmin Grab from Us". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 23, 1925. p. 1. ^ Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2016). Over
3348-540: The ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy . The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of euro banknotes and coins in all member states, and the operation of the eurozone payment systems. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria , although not all participating states have done so. Denmark has negotiated exemptions, while Sweden (which joined
3441-585: The ECB's banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs, thereby incurring matching liabilities vis-à-vis the ECB. These liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The other 92% of euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares of the ECB capital key, calculated using national share of European Union (EU) population and national share of EU GDP, equally weighted. Member states are authorised to print or to commission bank note printing. As of November 2022 , these are
3534-419: The EU in 1995, after the Maastricht Treaty was signed) turned down the euro in a 2003 non-binding referendum , and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. The Maastricht Treaty was amended by the 2001 Treaty of Nice , which closed the gaps and loopholes in
3627-1448: The Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (Second ed.). Flagstaff, Arizona : Puma Press, LLC. ISBN 978-0-9847858-0-3 . ^ "150,000 Roar Continued Faith to Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 23, 1925. p. 6. ^ Dolf Sternberger , Bernhard Vogel , Dieter Nohlen and Klaus Landfried (1978) Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband , p.294 (in German) ^ "Nuruzzaman, Lt Colonel Kazi - Banglapedia" . en.banglapedia.org . Retrieved 2024-10-09 . ^ Seldes, George (March 27, 1925). "Deputies Fight as Mussolini enters Session". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 1. ^ Schultz, Sigrid (March 27, 1925). "Germany Will Pay 5 Per Cent for War Bonds". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 15. ^ Jameux, Dominique (1991). Pierre Boulez . Translated by Susan Bradshaw. London: Faber & Faber . ISBN 978-0-571-13744-2 . ^ "Grand National 1925" , greyhoundderby.com ^ Bennett, James O'Donnell (March 29, 1925). "Dewey Sleeps Beside Wilson in Cathedral". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 1. ^ Cary, Noel D. (1990), "The Making of
3720-461: The European Union , the Latin alphabet version of euro is used (as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic) and Arabic numerals (other text is used on national sides in national languages, but other text on the common side is avoided). For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, the map only showed the 15 member states of the union as of 2002. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on
3813-633: The Imperial House of Iturbide as the grandson of Agustín I , who briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico for eight months in 1822 and 1823 March 4, 1925 (Wednesday) [ edit ] [REDACTED] President Coolidge giving his inaugural address The second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge took place in Washington, D.C. It was the first U.S. presidential inauguration to be nationally broadcast on radio. The Federal Probation Act
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3906-707: The Italian Chamber of Deputies . Upon Benito Mussolini 's return to the Chamber after an absence of 40 days, Fascists cheered and sang " Giovinezza ", while the Communists countered with " The Internationale ". Fascists rushed the Communist benches and punches were exchanged until the Communists left the Chamber and order was restored. Germany announced that holders of German war bonds would receive
3999-472: The Maastricht and Rome Treaties. The 20 participating members are EU Outermost Regions : Overseas Territories : Special Autonomous Territories : Microstates with a monetary agreement: British Overseas Territory : Unilateral adopters: The following EU member states committed themselves in their respective Treaty of Accession to adopt the euro. However they do not have
4092-583: The National Baseball Hall of Fame, known for having the lowest ERA in major league baseball in 1878, and leader in strikeouts and games won in 1879, all in the National League Moritz Moszkowski , 70, Polish composer; James Ward , 82, English philosopher and psychologist; March 5, 1925 (Thursday) [ edit ] Charles Lindbergh was in a serious flight accident during his pilot training with
4185-2905: The Nazi Party . European Academic Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-906769-72-1 . ^ Alexander Moulton (Winter 2002). "A Wary Silence: Karl Kraus in Interwar Vienna" (PDF) . The Columbia Historical Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-17 . Retrieved 2008-11-15 . ^ Wales, Henry (March 12, 1925). "Europe Delays Arms Curb; Puts Blame on Yanks". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 17. ^ "Chronology 1925" . indiana.edu . 2002 . Retrieved January 2, 2015 . ^ "Leo Esaki Facts" , NobelPrize.org ^ "German Police Kill Six in Riot at Red Meeting". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 14, 1925. p. 7. ^ An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895-1930 ISBN 978-0-789-01842-7 p. 464 ^ "Germany Urged by Council Body to Join League". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 15, 1925. p. 18. ^ "French Senate Body Votes for Vatican Envoy". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 15, 1925. p. 18. ^ "Walter Camp Found Dead in Hotel Here — Stricken by Heart Attack in Sleep; Was in City for Football Meeting", The New York Times , March 15, 1925, p.1 ^ "State Flag" . New Mexico Secretary of State . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Cal and Mussolini Open New 5,000 Mile High Speed Cable". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 17, 1925. p. 13. ^ Wales, Henry (March 18, 1925). "U.S. of Europe Urged as Clear Road to Peace". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 11. ^ Greenberg, Michael I. (2006). Encyclopedia of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Disasters . Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7637-3782-5 . ^ Peter S. Felknor, The Tri-State Tornado: The Story of America's Greatest Tornado Disaster (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1992) ISBN 0-8138-0623-2 ^ "Fire Destroys Part of Tokio; 20,000 Homeless". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 19, 1925. p. 3. ^ Ristine, James D. (2009). Philadelphia's 1926 Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition . Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-6544-6 . ^ "Lord Curzon: A Great Career". The Times (London) . 21 March 1925. p. 7. ^ "Full text of
4278-400: The Portuguese escudos , which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remained exchangeable until 2022. A special euro currency sign (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed ten of the original thirty proposals down to two. The President of the European Commission at the time ( Jacques Santer ) and the European Commissioner with responsibility for
4371-2212: The Reich President, 1925: German Conservatism and the Nomination of Paul von Hindenburg", Central European History , 23 (2–3): 179–204, doi : 10.1017/S0008938900021348 , S2CID 145119910 ^ "Japan Grants Vote Right to 4,000,000 More". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 30, 1925. p. 3. ^ "MacMillan Urges U.S. to Claim Lands Near North Pole". Chicago Daily Tribune . March 31, 1925. p. 9. ^ Schultz, Sigrid (April 1, 1925). "67 Soldiers in Germany Die as Bridge Breaks". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 14. ^ Steele, John (April 18, 1925). "Reveal How 200 Germans Died for Army Test". Chicago Daily Tribune : 5. v t e Events by month 1929 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1928 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1927 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1926 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1925 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1924 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1923 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1922 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1921 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1920 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_1925&oldid=1259987715 " Categories : March 1925 Months in
4464-473: The U.S. flag following the American victory in the Battle of Iwo Jima ; in Manchester, New Hampshire (d. 1979) Died: Georgy Lvov , 63, Prime Minister of Russia March 8, 1925 (Sunday) [ edit ] The Chicago Department of Public Health announced that the present crossword puzzle fad caused no ill health effects from headaches or eye strain, as had previously been feared. March 9, 1925 (Monday) [ edit ] Bavaria imposed
4557-471: The U.S. state of Tennessee , the Butler Act , prohibiting school teachers from denying the Biblical account of man's origin, took effect as it was signed by Governor Austin Peay . The first performance of the Maurice Ravel opera ballet L'enfant et les sortilèges was conducted in Monte Carlo. Born: Peter Brook , British theatre director; in Chiswick (d. 2022) March 22, 1925 (Sunday) [ edit ] The first Japanese radio program
4650-433: The US or the UK" and the budget deficit for the euro area as a whole is much lower and the euro area's government debt/GDP ratio of 86% in 2010 was about the same level as that of the United States. "Moreover", they write, "private-sector indebtedness across the euro area as a whole is markedly lower than in the highly leveraged Anglo-Saxon economies". The authors conclude that the crisis "is as much political as economic" and
4743-430: The United States were relatively strong creditors – gained attention in summer 2012 even as Germany received a debt-rating warning of its own. The euro is the sole currency of 20 EU member states : Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. These countries constitute
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#17327769007964836-558: The Years: A Cape Breton Coalmining Tradition" . Nova Scotia Archives . Nova Scotia Communities, Culture and Heritage . Retrieved January 2, 2015 . ^ Clayton, John (March 8, 1925). "Socialists to Back Braun to Succeed Ebert". Chicago Daily Tribune . p. 21. ^ Rash, Felicity J. (2006). The Language of Violence: Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf . New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. p. 17. ISBN 0-8204-8187-4 . ^ Mühlberger, Detlef (2004). Hitler's Voice: Organisation & development of
4929-495: The bloodshed of Albanian politicians", Tirana 55 publishing, 2010) pp.77-92. ISBN 978-99943-56-43-0 ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913–1950" (PDF) . University of Amsterdam . pp. 235–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2020 . Retrieved 8 April 2020 . ^ Biography (in Italian) ^ "Casaimperial.org: Agustín de Iturbide y Green" . Archived from
5022-464: The coin to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Collector coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them. A number of institutions are authorised to mint euro coins: The design for the euro banknotes has common designs on both sides. The design
5115-420: The common side of all cent coins). In Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s , notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a common side showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. Due to the linguistic plurality in
5208-437: The country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation that has adopted the euro. The coins are issued in denominations of €2 , €1 , 50c , 20c , 10c , 5c , 2c , and 1c . To avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands and Ireland (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland and Italy (by law). This practice
5301-405: The country), the old map was replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the EU . The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the EU member states as of 2002, raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx . The coins also have a national side showing an image specifically chosen by
5394-413: The day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. Between December 1999 and December 2002, the euro traded below the US dollar, but has since traded near parity with or above the US dollar, peaking at US$ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 and since then returning near to its original issue rate. On 13 July 2022, the two currencies hit parity for
5487-794: The deadliest in U.S. history with at least 751 deaths, sweeping across the states of Missouri , Illinois and Indiana . Hardest hit was the town of Murphysboro, Illinois , where 234 people died, the highest toll in any single U.S. community from a tornado. In West Frankfort, Illinois , 102 died; Griffin, Indiana , 46 people; and 44 perished in Princeton, Indiana . A fire in northeastern Tokyo destroyed 3,000 buildings. France and Switzerland reached an agreement regarding free zones in their shared border region. Two floors of Madame Tussauds wax museum in London were destroyed by fire. Born: Don Paul , American football player; in Fresno, California (d. 2014) March 19, 1925 (Thursday) [ edit ] U.S. President Calvin Coolidge invited
5580-505: The design of the compact Apollo guidance computer used on the Apollo programs lunar missions; in Atlantic City, New Jersey (d.2014) J.M. Lawrence (February 23, 2014). "Richard H. Battin, 88; developed and led design of guidance, navigation and control systems for Apollo flights - Metro" . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 7, 2014 . </ref> Died: Moritz Moszkowski , 70, Polish composer and pianist, died of stomach cancer Agustín de Iturbide y Green , 61, claimant to
5673-451: The disarmament provisions laid down in the Treaty of Versailles . The film The Mad Whirl , starring May McAvoy and Jack Mulhall , was released. The Club Cerro Corá soccer football team was founded in Paraguay . Born: Lucine Amara , American opera soprano for the Metropolitan Opera in New York; in Hartford, Connecticut (d. 2024) Rudolf Leopold , Austrian physician and art collector whose set of 5,000 works of art
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#17327769007965766-428: The euro ( Yves-Thibault de Silguy ) then chose the winning design. Regarding the symbol, the European Commission stated on behalf of the European Union : The symbol € is based on the Greek letter epsilon (Є), with the first letter in the word "Europe" and with 2 parallel lines signifying stability. The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions. Placement of the currency sign relative to
5859-446: The euro ). The name "euro" was officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995. Belgian Esperantist Germain Pirlot , a former teacher of French and history, is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then President of the European Commission , Jacques Santer , suggesting the name "euro" on 4 August 1995. Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between
5952-632: The euro , which is a precondition to joining the eurozone. The Danish krone and Bulgarian lev are pegged due to their participation in the ERM II . Additionally, a total of 21 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa ( CFA franc ), two African island countries ( Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo ), three French Pacific territories ( CFP franc ) and two Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark ) and North Macedonia ( Macedonian denar ). On 1 January 2010,
6045-400: The euro their currencies became pegged to the euro. Pegging a country's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies, as the euro is seen as a stable currency, prevents runaway inflation, and encourages foreign investment due to its stability. In total, as of 2013 , 182 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to
6138-421: The eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions; however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a clearing system , TARGET , for large euro transactions. The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty . To participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet strict criteria , such as
6231-423: The first time in nearly two decades due in part to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Then, in September 2022, the US dollar again had a face value higher than the Euro, at around US dollar 0.95 per euro. The euro is managed and administered by the European Central Bank (ECB, Frankfurt am Main ) and the Eurosystem , composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries. As an independent central bank,
6324-437: The highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world. The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$ 1.1743 at the time). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it
6417-454: The initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges, including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly , and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic. The monuments looked similar enough to different national monuments to please everyone. The Europa series, or second series, consists of six denominations and no longer includes
6510-630: The national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to indefinitely (the latter for Austria, Germany, Ireland, Estonia and Latvia in banknotes and coins, and for Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Slovakia in banknotes only). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were
6603-505: The national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values of one euro in terms of the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro are shown in the table. The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union , based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one European Currency Unit (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit
6696-609: The nations of the world to participate in the Sesquicentennial Exposition to be held in Philadelphia in 1926. The classic jazz tune " Sweet Georgia Brown " was first recorded by bandleader Ben Bernie . The British government announced that it was proceeding with the development of a major naval base at Singapore . March 20, 1925 (Friday) [ edit ] Arturo Alessandri returned from exile to retake office as president of Chile , ending
6789-696: The numeric amount varies from state to state, but for texts in English published by EU institutions, the symbol (or the ISO -standard "EUR") should precede the amount. Following the U.S. financial crisis in 2008, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed in 2009 among investors concerning some European states, with the situation becoming particularly tense in early 2010 . Greece was most acutely affected, but fellow Eurozone members Cyprus , Ireland , Italy , Portugal , and Spain were also significantly affected. All these countries used EU funds except Italy, which
6882-1195: The original on 2010-01-14 . Retrieved 2009-12-22 . ^ "Facts, Firsts and Precedents" . Fifty-Seventh Presidential Inauguration . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2015-01-18. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas . "Paul Mauriat Biography" . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2017-03-04 . ^ "Aos 90 anos, morre a dama da música caipira" . O Estado de São Paulo . ^ "John M. Ward Dies Suddenly in South— Famous Baseball Player and Noted Golfer Succumbs Suddenly in Georgia Hospital", The New York Times , March 5, 1925, p.17 ^ Bates, Jim. "Lindbergh's Four Emergency Jumps" . Charles Lindbergh: An American Aviator . Retrieved January 2, 2015 . ^ "Eupen and Malmedy" . Glued Ideas . VinDaj, Inc. 2011 . Retrieved January 2, 2015 . ^ George, Robert H. (January 1927). "Eupen and Malmady" . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved January 2, 2015 . ^ "Davis Day Through
6975-403: The printers: Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one state to another. All intra-Union transfers in euro are treated as domestic transactions and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs. This includes all member states of the EU, even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro. Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within
7068-464: The private manufacture of arms. The move was made ahead of the conference on limitation of arms trafficking to open on May 4, on the grounds that the United States would oppose such action on the grounds of such business being too lucrative. March 12, 1925 (Thursday) [ edit ] The British government decided to reject the Geneva Protocol . The SS President Arthur (formerly
7161-511: The public; a design competition will also be held. Since 1 January 2002, the national central banks (NCBs) and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice,
7254-455: The result of the fact that the euro area lacks the support of "institutional paraphernalia (and mutual bonds of solidarity) of a state". The crisis continued with S&P downgrading the credit rating of nine euro-area countries, including France, then downgrading the entire European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) fund. A historical parallel – to 1931 when Germany was burdened with debt, unemployment and austerity while France and
7347-474: The successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002. The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which
7440-649: The vote, but because no candidate won a majority a run-off election was set for April 26. Japan passed a suffrage bill expanding voting rights to 4 million citizens who were previously barred from voting on account of their dependence on public or private assistance for their livelihood. Born: Bobby Hutchins , child film actor known for portraying "Wheezer" in the Our Gang short films; in Tacoma, Washington (killed in plane crash, 1945) March 30, 1925 (Monday) [ edit ] The Victoria Cougars defeated
7533-495: The world" . Delta News Hub . Retrieved 2 October 2019 . ^ "Founding" . www.deltamuseum.org . Archived from the original on October 1, 2019 . Retrieved 2019-10-02 . ^ Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century . London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3 . ^ Dervishi K., Plumba Politikës - Historitë e përgjakjes së politikanëve shqiptarë ("Political Bullet - Stories of
7626-433: The €500 with issuance discontinued as of 27 April 2019. However, both the first and the second series of euro banknotes, including the €500, remain legal tender throughout the euro area. In December 2021, the ECB announced its plans to redesign euro banknotes by 2024. A theme advisory group, made up of one member from each euro area country, was selected to submit theme proposals to the ECB. The proposals will be voted on by
7719-612: Was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand. The currency was introduced in non-physical form ( traveller's cheques , electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became
7812-503: Was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally pound sterling ) that day. The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the Greek drachma and the euro was different since the euro by then
7905-464: Was angered by Bettauer's novel Stadt ohne Juden ( The City Without Jews ) which satirized antisemitism . Bettauer died of his wounds on March 26. Greek professional association football club , Olympiacos F.C. was founded in Athens . Died: Myer Prinstein , 46, American track athlete March 11, 1925 (Wednesday) [ edit ] The League of Nations shelved all action on limiting
7998-510: Was created by the Austrian designer Robert Kalina . Notes are issued in €500 , €200 , €100 , €50 , €20 , €10 , and €5 . Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges, symbolising links between states in the union and with the future. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics,
8091-697: Was donated to the Austrian government to create the Leopold Museum ; in Vienna (d.2010) M. A. Sattar , Bangladesh entrepreneur and politician, founder of Sattar & Company Ltd. Martín Chirino , Spanish sculptor; in Las Palmas , Canary Islands (d.2019) Died: Thomas Bidgood , 66, English composer known for the military march " Sons of the Brave ", committed suicide by gas poisoning at his home. Homer Plessy , 66, American shoemaker who
8184-957: Was first broadcast. Born: Kazi Nuruzzaman ; Bangladeshi commander of the Mukti Bahini independence fighters in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War ; in Chuchura , Bengal Province , British India (d. 2011) March 25, 1925 (Wednesday) [ edit ] Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store Selfridges . Born: Flannery O'Connor , American novelist; in Savannah, Georgia (died of systemic lupus , 1964) Died: Hugo Bettauer , 52, Austrian writer and journalist, died 15 days after being shot multiple times by an assassin. March 26, 1925 (Thursday) [ edit ] A fistfight broke out in
8277-511: Was founded as the periodical for members of the Communist Party youth organization, Komsomol . In Halle, Germany , six Communists were killed and 30 wounded when police broke up a communist demonstration. Died: Lucille Ricksen (stage name for Ingeborg Ericksen), 14, American child actress known for portraying older women in silent films, died of tuberculosis . March 14, 1925 (Saturday) [ edit ] The Council of
8370-589: Was shot to death in the Italian city of Bari , where he had been living since the Ahmet Zogu 's return to power and inauguration as president. Gurakuqi had just finished dining with three friends at the Cavour Hotel. His assassin, Balto Stambolla , was an agent of Albania's Internal Affairs Ministry dispatched to carry out the killing. March 3, 1925 (Tuesday) [ edit ] İsmet İnönü formed
8463-643: Was signed into law in the U.S., giving federal courts the option to sentence defendants to probation instead of a federal prison sentence following conviction of a crime, as well as creating a system of probation and parole officers. Born: Paul Mauriat , French orchestra leader; in Marseille (d. 2006) Inezita Barroso , Brazilian singer, actress and TV host, known for sertanejo music performances; in São Paulo (d. 2015) Died: John Montgomery Ward , 65, American baseball pitcher, inductee to
8556-472: Was the plaintiff in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson , an 1896 U.S. Supreme Court precedent that racial segregation was legal provided that it met the concept of being " separate but equal ". March 2, 1925 (Monday) [ edit ] What would become Delta Air Lines began as the world's first aerial crop dusting company with the founding of Huff Daland Dusters Inc. , in Macon, Georgia . to combat
8649-719: Was transmitted in Tokyo. Women's tuxedos were reported as the newest fashion rage in Paris. Lewis S. Thompson of Denver , Colorado , fell 700 feet (210 m) to his death from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon while posing for a photo. Born: Gerard Hoffnung , artist and musician; in Berlin (d. 1959) March 23, 1925 (Monday) [ edit ] In Rome, Benito Mussolini made his first public appearance in over
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