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57-574: Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Подгорица , pronounced [pǒdɡoritsa] ; lit.   ' under the hill ' ) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro . The city is just north of Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on the Adriatic Sea . Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and at the meeting-point of

114-653: A large fortress in Podgorica, and the existing settlement, with its highly developed merchant connections, became the main Ottoman defensive and attacking bastion in the region. At the beginning of 1474 the Ottoman sultan intended to rebuild Podgorica and Baleč and settle them with 5,000 Muslim families (most of them of Albanian or Slavic origin), in order to stop cooperation between the Principality of Zeta and Albania Veneta . Podgorica fell again, but this time to

171-532: A 20 m or 66 ft deep canyon for the length of its course through the city. Except for the Morača and Zeta, other rivers have an appearance of small creeks. The richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city. In contrast to most of Montenegro, Podgorica lies in a mainly flat area at the northern end of the Zeta plain, at an elevation of 40 m (130 ft). The only exceptions are hills which overlook

228-526: A basic Latin letter and one of two combining accents (the acute accent or caron , over C , S , and Z ), and a supplementary base consonant Đ : they are needed to note additional phonetic distinctions (notably to preserve the distinctions that are present in the Cyrillic script with which the Montenegrin language has also long been written, when it was still unified in the former Yugoslavia within

285-544: A diminutive of the word Gora (Cyrillic: Гора) which is another word for Mountain or Hill, means "little/small hill", is the name of one of the cypress -covered hillocks that overlooks the city center. Some three kilometres (1.9 miles) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of the Roman-era town of Doclea , from which the Roman Emperor Diocletian 's mother hailed. In later centuries, Romans "corrected"

342-496: A five-year term, but since the new law was introduced in Montenegrin municipalities mayors will be elected by the city assembly and will have to maintain its support during the term. Separate elections are held for the local sub-division of Golubovci since it is part of their administrative autonomy inside Podgorica municipality. Constant questions are raised by various politicians over gaining separate municipality status for Golubovci . In 2018, Tuzi became its own municipality after

399-436: A foreign dignitary. A total of eight towns and cities were named after Tito. Right after World War II , four municipalities whose role in the partisan resistance movement was perceived as significant gained the adjective "Tito's" (locally Titov/Titova/Titovo ), while the capital of the smallest federal republic of Montenegro was renamed Titograd ( Tito- city ). After Tito's death in 1980, four more cities were added, for

456-459: A majority with DPS, similar to one they have in national government. While SDP is a longtime partner of DPS at the national level, it has been in opposition to Podgorica municipal assembly in 2010–2014 period. Since October 2014, the position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepović, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugoša . Since October 2018, the position of the Mayor

513-597: A new street after Josip Broz Tito was unconstitutional. The court unanimously ruled that Tito symbolizes severe human rights violations, and that naming the street after him glorifies totalitarian regime and violates human dignity. In 2020, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia allowed a referendum against the renaming of Tito's street in Radenci. In contrast to the decision about the street in Ljubljana,

570-755: A newspaper was published in Cetinje using both Latin and Cyrillic characters. The Montenegrin Latin alphabet ( Montenegrin : crnogorska latinica / црногорска латиница, crnogorska abeceda / црногорска абецеда or crnogorski alfabet / црногорски алфабет) is used for writing the Montenegrin language in Latin script . It uses most letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet , with the exception of Q , W , X and Y , only used for writing common words or proper names directly borrowed from foreign languages. Montenegrin Latin

627-477: A total of one in each of the Yugoslav six federal republics and two autonomous provinces . These were as follows: With the dissolution of Yugoslavia, each city was renamed. Many towns in the countries of former Yugoslavia and in other countries have streets and squares named after him. In 2011, 2 years after a street in Ljubljana was named after Tito, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that naming of

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684-563: A vote on the Montenegrin Parliament. On local elections held on 25 May 2014, the Democratic Party of Socialists won 29 seats in the municipal assembly, one short of 30 needed to form a majority. Democratic Front won 17 seats, SNP won 8 seats, while coalition made of Positive Montenegro and SDP won 5 seats. After lengthy negotiations, SDP dissolved coalition with Pozitivna and made an arrangement on forming

741-436: Is about 120, and those with a strong wind around 60. An occasional strong northerly wind influences the climate in the winter, with a wind chill effect lowering the perceived temperature by a few degrees. The all-time maximum snowfall record was beaten on 11 February 2012, when 58 cm (23 in) of snowfall were measured. Before that, the biggest snowfall in Podgorica was in 1954, when 52 cm (20 in) of snowfall

798-454: Is analogous to the metropolitan area, while 173,024 people live within the city proper. Out of the total population of Podgorica 48.73% are male and 51.27% are female. The average age of the population is 35.7. The town's population in 2023 census was 54.54% Montenegrins , 30.84% Serbs , 2.62% Bosniaks , and 12% are other ethnic minorities Montenegrin , Serbian , Bosnian , and Croatian are mutually intelligible as standard varieties of

855-581: Is based on Gaj's Latin alphabet , with the addition of the two letters Ś and Ź, to replace the pairs SJ and ZJ (so anachronistically considered as digraphs). С́ and З́, and could also be represented in the original alphabets as sj and zj , and сj and зj, respectively. Because these two glyphs already exist in the Polish alphabet , but must be created in Cyrillic by using combining characters, it provides an additional incentive to prefer Latin over Cyrillic. It also uses some Latin extended letters, composed with

912-409: Is held by DPS Vice president dr Ivan Vuković , replacing Slavoljub Stijepović. On 13 April 2023, Olivera Injac from PES was sworn in as mayor, thus becoming the first non-DPS mayor since 1998. The entire municipality of Podgorica is further divided into 66 local communities (мјесне заједнице, mjesne zajednice ), bodies in which the citizens participate in decisions on matters of relevance to

969-452: Is much smaller. Under the Köppen climate classification , Podgorica is transitional between a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ), since the driest summer month gets slightly less than 40 millimeters (1.6 in) of precipitation, with summer highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and winter highs around 11 °C (52 °F). Although the city

1026-656: Is only some 35 km (22 mi) north of the Adriatic Sea , an arm of the Mediterranean, Mount Rumija acts as a natural barrier, separating Skadar Lake basin and Podgorica area from the sea, thus limiting temperate maritime influence on the local climate. The mean annual rainfall is 1,659 mm (65.3 in), making Podgorica by far the wettest capital in Europe, Ljubljana being second with 1,362 mm (53.6 in). The temperature exceeds 25 °C (77 °F) on about 135 days each year. The number of rainy days

1083-562: Is used in parallel with the Latin script. Its first version was developed by Vojislav Nikčević in the 1970s who was a dissident of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and considered Montenegrin speech to be unique and deserving of consideration as a separate language from Serbo-Croatian. The modern version was brought into official use in early 2009 by the Ministry of Education under Sreten Škuletić . It

1140-578: The Imperial hotel built in 1925 had two bathrooms, which was unprecedented at the time. It was one of at least six hotels built in the city during the interwar period. After the Yugoslav coup d'état on 27 March 1941, demonstrations supporting the coup took place in Podgorica. As a result of the coup, Yugoslavia turned against its previous alliance with the Axis powers and was subsequently invaded. Podgorica

1197-584: The Serbo-Croatian language . Montenegrin language speaks 44.43% and it's the most spoken language in the city. The second most spoken is Serbian (42.28%). Other languages ( Albanian , Romani , Bosnian , Croatian ) speak 5.1% of population. A total of 4.52% of the population have not declared their language. Religion in Podgorica (2023) Podgorica is home to three main religious groups: Orthodox Christians , Sunni Muslims and Catholic Christians . The Orthodox Christian population mostly originates from

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1254-527: The parliament . Protests in the city continued through the 2016 Montenegrin parliamentary election . On 22 February 2018, a Yugoslav Army veteran killed himself at the US embassy in Podgorica . The city administration consists of a mayor, city assembly , and a number of secretariats and administrative bodies which together act as a city local government. The city assembly has 61 members, elected directly for four-year terms. The mayor used to be directly elected for

1311-487: The 60-year old Hotel Crna Gora was demolished to make way for the new Hilton in its place, which opened in 2016. Construction of the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection finished after 20 years on 7 October 2013. In October 2015, protests took place in Podgorica ahead of Montenegro's accession into NATO . After a demonstration of at least 5,000 to 8,000 people, the police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators from

1368-551: The IT sector, with numerous startups and tech companies emerging. Podgorica serves as a central hub for Montenegro's transportation network, with an extensive road and rail system and the nearby Podgorica Airport . Tourism is also a growing sector, with the city being a gateway to Montenegro's natural and cultural attractions. Podgorica is home to the University of Montenegro , the largest and most significant educational institution in

1425-490: The Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro , the government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script ; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media. Efforts to create a Latin character-based Montenegrin alphabet go back to at least World War I , when

1482-606: The Montenegrin-Ottoman War in 1878 resulted in the Congress of Berlin recognizing vast territories, including that of Podgorica, as part of the newly recognized Principality of Montenegro . At that time there were about 1,500 houses in Podgorica, with more than 8,000 people living there – of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim faiths flourishing together. After the Berlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica

1539-686: The Ottoman Sultan. In 1864, Podgorica became a kaza of the Scutari Vilayet called Böğürtlen ("blackberry", also known as Burguriçe). On 7 October 1874, in a violent reaction over the murder of a local named Juso Mučin Krnić, Ottoman forces killed at least 15 people in Podgorica. The massacre was widely reported outside of Montenegro and ultimately contributed to the buildup to the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . The end of

1596-591: The Ottomans in 1484, and the character of the town changed extensively. The Ottomans fortified the city, building towers, gates, and defensive ramparts that give Podgorica the appearance of an Ottoman military city. Most of today's Montenegro and Podgorica fell under the rule of the Albanian Bushati Family of Shkodra between 1760 and 1831, which ruled independently from the Imperial authority of

1653-488: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until Montenegro's declaration of independence in 2006, after which it was reaffirmed as the capital of an independent Montenegro. The city's original name, Podgorica, was restored in 1992 following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The economy of Podgorica is based on a mix of industries, including manufacturing, trade, and services. The city has seen a rise in

1710-404: The ancient Roman settlement of Doclea and the old Ottoman town of Stara Varoš. Podgorica is written in Cyrillic as Подгорица , pronounced [pǒdɡoritsa] ; UK : / ˈ p ɒ d ɡ ɒr ɪ t s ə , p ɒ d ˈ ɡ ɔːr -/ , US : / ˈ p ɒ d ɡ ə r iː t s ə , ˈ p ɔː d ɡ ɒr -/ ; Podgorica literally means "under the hill". Gorica ( Cyrillic : Горица ),

1767-487: The bomb detonated but no one was killed. Otherwise, the Yugoslav wars largely bypassed Podgorica, but the entire country was greatly affected with severe economic stagnation and hyperinflation lasting throughout the 1990s due to international sanctions . In 1999, Podgorica was subject to airstrikes during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . On 13 July 2005, the newly constructed Millennium Bridge opened for traffic. Following

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1824-485: The city was named Titograd ( Cyrillic : Титоград , [tîtoɡraːd] ) in honour of Josip Broz Tito , the President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980. In 1992 the city changed its name to "Podgorica", which it remains today. Podgorica is at the crossroads of several historically important routes, near the rivers Zeta , Morača , Cijevna , Ribnica , Sitnica and Mareza in

1881-511: The city. The most significant is 130.3 m (427 ft) high Gorica Hill ( pronounced [ˈɡǒrit͜sa] ), city's namesake, which rises above the city centre. The other hills include Malo brdo ("little hill", 205.4 m or 674 ft), Velje brdo ("big hill", 283 m or 928 ft), Ljubović (101 m or 331 ft) and Dajbapska gora (172 m or 564 ft). Podgorica city proper has an area of 108 square kilometres (42 sq mi), while actual urbanized area

1938-874: The country. The city's cultural institutions include the Montenegrin National Theatre, the Natural History Museum of Montenegro, and several galleries and libraries. About one-third of the city's area is composed of parks, gardens, and natural landscapes, including the nearby Gorica Hill. Prominent landmarks in Podgorica include the Millennium Bridge, the Clock Tower, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ. The city also features historical sites such as

1995-499: The course of the war. On 12 July 1946, Josip Broz Tito made one of his early visits to Podgorica from the Radovče hotel, where he spoke to a crowd. It was the first of fifteen total visits made by Tito to the city after World War II. "Podgorica is destroyed. We will build her altogether because it's our responsibility, because that's what's required of us by the sacrifices which Podgorica gave! We will do it, that's what I promise you in

2052-488: The end of dynamic development for Podgorica, which by then was the largest city in the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Montenegro . On 10 August 1914, nine military personnel and 13 civilians were killed in Podgorica from an aerial bombardment by Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops . The city was bombed three more times in 1915. Along with the rest of the Kingdom, Podgorica was occupied by Austria-Hungary from 1916 to 1918. After

2109-474: The fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley that encouraged settlement. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous terrain. After World War II , Podgorica was first designated as the capital of Montenegro in 1946. At that time, it was renamed Titograd in honor of Josip Broz Tito , the leader of Yugoslavia . It served as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro within

2166-534: The largest employers in Titograd. In 1964, Radoje Dakić guaranteed hired workers an apartment in the city. In the late 1960s, the cities of Titograd, Zadar , and Mostar competed to be selected as the location of Yugoslavia's expanding aluminum industry. In a highly politicized selection process, Titograd was ultimately chosen and the Kombinat was constructed in 1969. In 1974, the public Veljko Vlahović University

2223-559: The liberation by the Allies in 1918, the controversial Podgorica Assembly marked the end of Montenegrin statehood, as Montenegro was merged with the Kingdom of Serbia and incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes . The population of urban Podgorica during this interwar period was approximately 14,000. During the interwar period (1918–1941), Podgorica had public bathrooms as most residents did not have their own. However,

2280-671: The local Montenegrin and Serb population, which accepted Orthodox Christianity in Middle Ages after a major split during The Great Schism . They represent the major religious group. There are various Eastern Orthodox churches in the city including St. George Church which originates from the 11th century, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ which is the largest church in the city to have been recently erected. The Muslim population mostly originates from local Bosniaks as well as Albanians . There are several mosques in Podgorica. The Catholic population mainly consists of

2337-740: The local Albanian minority. The main religious site for the Catholic population located in the Konik neighbourhood is the Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus constructed in 1966, in Brutalist style which makes this object unique. Podgorica is not only the administrative center of Montenegro but also its main economic engine. Most of Montenegro's industrial, financial, and commercial base is in Podgorica. Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet Although

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2394-462: The local community. Podgorica is located in central Montenegro. The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Lake Skadar . The Morača and Ribnica rivers flow through the city, while the Zeta , Cijevna , Sitnica and Mareza flow nearby. Morača is the largest river in the city, being 70 m or 230 ft wide near downtown, and having carved

2451-539: The name of the Federal government." - Josip Broz Tito on 12 July 1946. On 25 July 1948, the vice president of the People's Parliament of Montenegro, Andrija Mugoša, along with secretary Gavron Cemović, signed a law changing the name of Podgorica into "Titovgrad". The law was "retroactively" activated such that the name change applied to any records starting from 13 July 1946, when it became the capital of Montenegro within

2508-480: The name to Dioclea , guessing wrongly that an i had been lost in vulgar speech. Duklja is the later South Slavic version of same word. At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called Birziminium  [ sr ] . In the Middle Ages , it was known as Ribnica ( Cyrillic : Рибница , [rîbnitsa] ). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992,

2565-412: The newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . However, in a contradiction, the "Službeni list" or legal code of Yugoslavia recorded the name "Titograd" without the letter "v". Ultimately, "Titograd" was used over "Titovgrad". In addition to the new name, Titograd saw the establishment of new factories. The Radoje Dakić factory, built-in 1946 for the production of heavy machinery, became one of

2622-542: The results of the independence referendum in May 2006, Podgorica saw significant development as the capital of an independent state, including the reconstruction and renaming of the former Ivan Milutinović Square to Independence Square . On 13 October 2008, at least 10,000 people protested against Kosovo's declaration of independence . On 19 December 2008, the Moscow Bridge opened for pedestrians. On 7 August 2013,

2679-477: The road that led to Podgorica through Trebinje and Nikšić . As a busy crossroads, Podgorica was a vibrant regional center of trade and communication. This boosted its development, economic power, military strength, and strategic importance. The Ottoman Empire captured Podgorica in 1474. Podgorica became a kaza of the Sanjak of Scutari (which was historically led by Albanian Pashas). In 1479, The Ottomans built

2736-767: The valley of Lake Skadar and near the Adriatic Sea, in fertile lowlands with favourable climate. The earliest human settlements were in prehistory: the oldest physical remains are from the late Stone Age . In the Iron Age , the area between the Zeta and Bjelopavlići valleys was populated by two Illyrian tribes, the Labeates and the Docleatae . The population of the town of Doclea was 8,000–10,000, in which all core urban issues were resolved. The high population density (in an area of about 10 km (6 mi) radius)

2793-482: The written Serbo-Croatian language). The alphabet also includes some digraphs built from the previous characters (that are considered as single letters for collation purpose): Dž , Nj , and Lj . The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet ( Montenegrin : црногорска ћирилица / crnogorska ćirilica or црногорска азбука / crnogorska azbuka ) is the official Cyrillic script of the Montenegrin language . It

2850-417: The years following his death in 1980, several places in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and across the world were named or renamed in honor of him as part of his cult of personality . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia , several towns and squares in the former nation have reverted their names. Numerous streets were also named after Tito, both in former Yugoslavia as well as elsewhere as an honour to

2907-581: Was bombed over 80 times throughout the course of the war. The city was first bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941. On 5 May 1944, Podgorica was bombed by the USAAF in an attack against Axis forces, although the bombardment that day killed approximately 400 civilians. The city was liberated on 19 December 1944. According to the Museum of Genocide Victims , a total of 1,691 people were killed in Podgorica over

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2964-552: Was annexed to the Principality of Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era for Podgorica and Montenegro. The first forms of capital concentration were seen in 1902 when roads were built to all neighboring towns, and tobacco became Podgorica's first significant commercial product. In 1904, a savings bank named Zetska formed the first significant financial institution; this would soon grow into Podgorička Bank. World War I marked

3021-836: Was called the First Montenegrin Orthography, included a new Orthographic Dictionary, and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic script which was official until then. The act is a component part of the process of standardisation of the Montenegrin language, starting in mid-2008 after the adoption of Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. List of places named after Tito President of SKJ (1939–1980) Federal Secretary of Defence (1945–1953) Secretary-General of NAM (1961–1964) Premiership Elections President of Yugoslavia Elections Family Legacy [REDACTED] During Josip Broz Tito 's presidency and in

3078-489: Was founded in Titograd. On 15 April 1979, the city suffered damage by a 6.9 magnitude earthquake . Titograd was the site of massive protests during Yugoslavia's anti-bureaucratic revolution . On 10 January 1989, over 10,000 people protested in the city. By the turn of the decade, Titograd was recognized as the city with the most greenery in Yugoslavia, along with Banja Luka . As Yugoslavia began to break up , Titograd

3135-506: Was made possible by the geographical position, favorable climate, and economic conditions and by the defensive positions that were of great importance at that time. The name Podgorica was first mentioned in 1326 in a court document of the Kotor archives. The city was economically strong: trade routes between the Republic of Ragusa and Serbia, well developed at that time, were maintained via

3192-549: Was recorded. Maximum temperature was recorded on 24 August 2007, at 44.8 °C (112.6 °F), while all time minimum was −9.7 °C (14.5 °F), on 4 February 1956. Although medium-sized by European standards, Podgorica is by far the largest city in Montenegro : almost a quarter of Montenegrin citizens live there. According to the 2023 census, there are 186,827 people in Podgorica Capital City, which

3249-468: Was renamed to Podgorica after a referendum on 2 April 1992. On 25 May 1992, Podgorica was the site of a Serbian Radical Party rally of approximately 10,000 supporters, during which a Montenegrin Bosniak man named Adem Šabotić attempted to assassinate Vojislav Šešelj via hand bomb after his supporters chanted references to killing Muslims . Šešelj, his bodyguards, and a few bystanders were injured after

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