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63-588: Trunajaya (Madurese) or Tronajâyâ , also known as Panembahan Maduretno (1649 – 2 January 1680), was a prince and warlord from Arosbaya, Bangkalan , Madura , known for leading the Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1681) against the rulers of the Mataram Sultanate on the island of Java . Trunajaya was born in Madura . In 1674 he led a revolt against Amangkurat I and Amangkurat II of Mataram . He

126-551: A few ferries serve it in day time only. Bangkalan Regency is included in the Gerbangkertosusila development region, an extension of the Surabaya metropolitan area. Bangkalan Regency consists of eighteen districts ( Indonesian : kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes

189-1258: A high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia. East Java has a number of large industries, including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in Indonesia, PT PAL in Surabaya , military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang , largest railway industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api (INKA) in Madiun , PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill company based in Sidoarjo , Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo ); cigarette factories ( Wismilak in Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri , Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik there are Semen Gresik , and Petrokimia Gresik . In Tuban there are

252-567: A rich variety of products from the Moluccas. At the end of the 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was accepted by ordinary people, until the da'wah entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with

315-456: A struggling empire, the rebel Trunajaya looted the court and withdrew to his stronghold in Kediri, East Java , leaving Prince Puger in control of a weak court. While on his way to Batavia to ask the Dutch for help, Amangkurat I died in the village of Tegalarum near Tegal just after his expulsion, thus making Amangkurat II king in 1677. He too was nearly helpless, having fled without an army or

378-877: A treasury. In an attempt to regain his kingdom, he made substantial concessions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Batavia, who then went to war to reinstate him. In agreement, he promised to hand over the port town of Semarang to the Dutch if they lent him troops. The Dutch agreed, since for them, a stable Mataram empire that was deeply indebted to them would help ensure continued trade on favourable terms. The multi-ethnic Dutch forces, consisting of lightly armed troops from Makassar and Ambon , in addition to heavily equipped European soldiers, defeated Trunajaya in Kediri in November 1678. Trunajaya himself

441-694: A variety of natural attractions, including mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java has its own unique tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi , Baluran National Park in Situbondo , and Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Malang , Pasuruan , Lumajang , and Probolinggo . East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This

504-581: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . East Java East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur , Javanese : ꦙꦮꦶꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀ , romanized:  Jawi Wétan , Madurese : Jhâbâ Tèmor ) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while

567-580: Is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java , with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta , which

630-534: Is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains. When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of Tuban , which was a wealthy and important port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure for the Moluccas , it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported

693-613: Is refined in Bojonegoro . The power plant in East Java is managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening), thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency ; which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions develop micro hydro power plants , and solar energy . East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including

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756-561: Is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud". Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a Balinese -influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects. Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese , spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting

819-663: Is the largest island in East Java, separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura . Bawean Island is located about 150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are the Kangean Islands and the northernmost are the Masalembu Islands . Off the south coast of Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island . In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones:

882-578: Is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in the Mantyasih inscription written in 907 CE. In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari , which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel ( Kediri ) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until

945-408: Is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism. East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at higher elevation . Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in

1008-492: The 2020 Census showed an increase to 40,665,696 people, while the official estimate for mid 2023 was 41,527,930 (comprising 20,711,680 males and 20,816,260 females). Almost a quarter of the population lives inside greater Surabaya metropolitan area. East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 94% of

1071-653: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In Blitar , an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi , Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese. Two weeks after the proclamation of independence , Surabaya established its own government under, Raden Sudirman . The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between

1134-595: The Madura Islands ; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to Balinese, and Sundanese . A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century . The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to Bali . Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many Muslim traders from Gujarat , India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and

1197-514: The Suramadu Bridge was completed, being the first (toll) bridge ever to connect Java and Madura islands. The Suramadu Bridge is the longest in Indonesia. Previously, Kamal port was the main gateway between Madura island and Java , where ferries served the port with the Ujung port near Surabaya , but nowadays people prefer to travel across the toll bridge than using ferries, so now only

1260-615: The Tengger people in the Mount Bromo region, and the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi . East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese , Indians, and Arabs. Besides the national language ( Indonesian ), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java ( Kulonan )

1323-399: The colonial era of the Dutch East Indies . The railway line in East Java consists of the northern line ( Surabaya Pasar Turi - Semarang - Cirebon - Jakarta ), the middle lane ( Surabaya Gubeng - Yogyakarta - Bandung -Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng- Malang - Blitar -Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo- Jember - Ketapang ). East Java also has

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1386-642: The 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan , located in what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency , near the site of the former Majapahit palace. In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the book Yingya Shenglan , which tells

1449-415: The 15th century. In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by Kertanegara (1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending

1512-845: The 18th century, the Dutch had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java. At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars , the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became part of the British Empire , with Sir Stamford Raffles as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 . During

1575-486: The 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001. The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The province's 87 elected members are comprised as follows: According to the 2000 census , East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at

1638-513: The 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial) sub-regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These regencies and cities are divided as at 2023 into 666 districts ( kecamatan ) which are in turn composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan ): (km ) 2000 Census 2010 Census 2020 Census mid 2023 Estimate Note: (a)

1701-408: The 2010 Census, and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java . The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930. Akin to Central Java , the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts,

1764-593: The Madura Strait. Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu which lies on the border of East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties in Gresik. Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which

1827-615: The Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum. The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts , it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb also shows that by

1890-637: The Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Lamongan Regency . Small industrial centers are spread throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated exports; The leather craft industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small industries . The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia,

1953-529: The Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , the Dutch withdrew its troops from East Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950, this was dissolved and became part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia . The State of Madura also decided to join Indonesia. Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java,

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2016-758: The Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road , the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency ; and Gresik Regency , as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java. The railway system in East Java has been built since

2079-684: The Singhasari. In 1293, Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the Mongol invasion of Java . This was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols . In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit

2142-534: The border with Central Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 metres). Southeast from Madiun is Mount Wilis (2,169 metres), and Mount Liman (2,563 metres). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339 metres), Mount Welirang (3,156 metres), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277 metres), Mount Kawi (2,551 metres), and Mount Kelud (1,731 metres); The mountains are located in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has

2205-469: The cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient , or " Kawasan Tapal Kuda " (the Horseshoe Region). A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java. East Java GDP share by sector (2022) East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia , and has

2268-453: The desire of king Hayam Wuruk to take a Sundanese princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, leading to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada capturud Pajajaran . In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Wikramawardhana . This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Majapahit Empire. As

2331-524: The dominant minority Indian Indonesians in Surabaya city. The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are most frequently used, especially the Surabaya dialect ( Javanese : Suroboyoan or Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya ) used mainly in the capital Surabaya . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes. East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are

2394-577: The exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of Bali . Those who remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, while a small pocket of isolated people living in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spread around Pasuruan , Probolinggo , Malang , and Lumajang Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the Tenggerese people . Their population of roughly 100,000

2457-493: The governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. East Java has twice hosted the Indonesian National Games ( Indonesian : Pekan Olahraga Nasional ) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became

2520-533: The governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to Mojokerto . A week later, the government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who

2583-613: The largest cement factories in Indonesia, namely Semen Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12 industrial estate companies, including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro Industrial Park (NIP) in

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2646-401: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 273 rural desa and 8 urban kelurahan ), and its postcode. Notes: (a) including 7 urban kelurahan (Mlajah, Kemayoran, Pangeranan, Demangan, Kraton, Pejagan and Bancaran) and 6 desa . (b) including 1 urban kelurahan (Tunjung). This East Java location article

2709-484: The lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a frost and fall of light snow. East Java is divided into 29 kabupaten (or regencies), and 9 kotamadya (or cities). This division has remained unchanged since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from Malang Regency). These regencies and cities with their areas and populations at

2772-530: The narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java , the province also includes the island of Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge ), as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in the northern Bali Sea ) and the Masalembu archipelago to

2835-453: The north. Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia , a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java. The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing there, making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province;

2898-484: The northern coastal national road or locally known as pantura road ( Anyer - Jakarta - Surabaya - Banyuwangi ), and inland national roads (Jakarta- Bandung - Yogyakarta -Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road ; Gempol-Pandaan ; Pandaan-Malang ; Gempol-Pasuruan ; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions with

2961-477: The overall champions in 2000 and 2008. East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south, as well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east–west stretch of about 400 km. The width of the stretch of the north–south in the west about 200 km, but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura

3024-527: The peak of Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 metres), and Mount Semeru (3,676 metres). Mount Semeru , which is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if the province, there are two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount Argopuro (3,088 metres), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 metres) In the south there is a series of hills, that of

3087-464: The region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic Madurese inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as

3150-463: The republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle between the Surabayan residents led by Sutomo and allied forces. The battle forced

3213-408: The signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the Portuguese Empire in Malacca . After the failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands . An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch presence in the island. At the end of

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3276-562: The south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta. Two of the most important rivers in East Java is the Brantas River (290 kilometres), and the Solo River (548 kilometers). Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near Batu, and flows through most areas in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, Brantas River split into two: Kali Mas , and Porong; both empties into

3339-411: The southern and eastern salient ( tapal kuda ) , the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road ; Mojokerto-Kertosono ; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi which connects East Java with Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island . In the near future, the construction of

3402-418: The southern zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren. In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On

3465-452: The story of the countries he visited over the course of the Ming treasure voyages . He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern Arab Indonesians ; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native Javanese people . By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in

3528-430: The territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java . Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18 September 1948. However, eventually this revolt

3591-433: The total population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity , Buddhism and Confucianism which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are practised by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali as well as

3654-449: Was captured in 1679 near Ngantang west of Malang. He was executed by order of Amangkurat II in Payak, Bantul on 2 January 1680. The Trunajaya rebellion is remembered with pride as a heroic struggle by the Madurese people , against foreign forces of the Mataram state and the Dutch VOC. Today Trunojoyo Airport in Sumenep and Trunojoyo University in Bangkalan , both in Madura, are named after him. Bangkalan Regency In 2009,

3717-434: Was defeated by the Indonesian Army . On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai . Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Wilis . Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949. Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference , at which

3780-427: Was founded by Raden Wijaya . The Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk . He was accompanied by the Mahapatih Gajah Mada . Together they managed to unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia. In 1357, the Battle of Bubat occurred, starting a war between the Sunda Kingdom and the Majapahit. The event stemei from

3843-439: Was in turn replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement , a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, Operation Product , which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to Blitar. This military action ended after the Renville Agreement . However, this agreement reduced

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3906-435: Was proven by the discovery of fossils remains of the Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen, Mojokerto ; Pithecanthropus erectus on Trinil , Ngawi ; and Homo wajakensis in Wajak, Tulungagung . The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name Malang

3969-425: Was supported by itinerant fighters from Makassar led by Karaeng Galesong . The Trunajaya rebellion moved swiftly, gained momentum, and captured the Mataram court at Plered in mid-1677. The Mataram king, Amangkurat I, escaped to the north coast with his eldest son, the future king Amangkurat II , leaving his younger son Pangeran (Prince) Puger in Mataram. More interested in profit and revenge than in running

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