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65-455: Madiun, located 169 kilometres (105 mi) southwest of Surabaya and 38 kilometres (24 mi) southeast of Ngawi , covers an area of 33.23 square kilometres (12.83 sq mi), and had a population of 170,964 at the 2010 Census and 195,175 at the 2020 Census; the latest official estimate (as of mid 2023) is 202,544 (comprising 99,319 males and 103,225 females). This city is an average of 63 metres (207 ft) above sea level and lies on

130-725: A duchy , a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit. By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During

195-521: A tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy rainfall from November to May. Madiun is served by Madiun railway station . Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java province and the second-largest city in Indonesia , after Jakarta . Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strait , it

260-470: A giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area. The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java , a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan , Mongol ruler of China , and those of Raden Wijaya 's Majapahit on 31 May 1293, which is now considered the date of the city's founding. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with

325-570: A major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama , was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque

390-581: A melting pot of numerous cultures. The city is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution . The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago. Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport,

455-546: A modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew. In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association . The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences. Japan occupied

520-537: A series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah , the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS , followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020. In May 2020, Surabaya became

585-697: Is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese , which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk . The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census) Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam , other major religions include Christianity ( Roman Catholicism , Protestantism , and Orthodox ), of whom

650-517: Is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java. Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,

715-620: Is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo , Mojokerto , and Jombang . In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia . Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah ; (English: Red Bridge ). In 1910,

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780-600: Is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city had a population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census. With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) and over 10 million in

845-553: Is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world . Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians , as well as native Javanese , Bataks , and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of

910-604: Is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits ( kota ) in the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286. With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gre sik - Bang kalan - Mojo kerto - Su rabaya- Si doarjo - La mongan ) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only

975-616: The Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah , allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of

1040-662: The Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia . The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong , Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet , Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from

1105-424: The Indonesian National Revolution . After the independence era , population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in

1170-699: The Madiun River , a tributary of the Bengawan Solo River . It is surrounded by a number of mountains, including Mount Wilis (2,169 m (7,116 ft)) to the east, to the south the Kapur Selatan range (500–1,000 m (1,600–3,300 ft)) and to the west Mount Lawu (3,285 m (10,778 ft)). Madiun has an average temperature of 20–35 °C (68–95 °F). The city is divided into three districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their population totals from

1235-515: The Port of Tanjung Perak , which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia. Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia , most colonial buildings were built around

1300-571: The Second largest urban area in Indonesia and the Top 50 largest in the world . Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index . Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

1365-464: The Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for

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1430-454: The " Asura " ( Buddhism beliefs), and " bhaya " , referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya , a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom , whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the Pali words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between

1495-666: The " Madiun Affair ". After the signing of the Renville Agreement that year, guerrilla units and militias under the influence of PKI were ordered to disband. In Madiun a group of PKI militia refused to disarm and were killed in September. The killings sparked a violent uprising. Army sources claimed that the PKI had announced the proclamation of the "Soviet Republic of Indonesia" on 18 September with Musso as its president and Amir Sjarifuddin as its prime minister. The uprising

1560-590: The 17th century to the early 20th century. These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War , there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey. They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around

1625-494: The 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates for mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (urban kelurahan ) in each district, and its postal codes. The names of the kelurahan in each district are : Madiun was the site of a noted uprising in 1948 by elements of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI),

1690-431: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with their official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281. 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work Surabaya

1755-564: The 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters). Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia. This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area. These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park, and others. Bungkul Park

1820-753: The Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016. The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia. Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific " by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with

1885-522: The Birth of Our Lady , also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. Graha Bethany Nginden , is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia . The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya

1950-457: The Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong . Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar , tobacco , and coffee . Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy is influenced by

2015-567: The Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river . The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion . Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face

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2080-557: The VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region. The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung . It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura , and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except

2145-454: The area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street. After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In

2210-558: The best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014. In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg , Kazan , and Tokyo , on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city. Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award. On

2275-705: The champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018. Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018. Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts), and subdivided into 154 kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at

2340-696: The city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender. The Battle of Surabaya , started after

2405-529: The city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini , who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives , which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by

2470-454: The city. Foreign communities like Korean and westerners are among those who exist and settle in the city. Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan , a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect

2535-410: The dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel . In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to

2600-499: The decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. Following the collapse of Demak , Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate , under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by

2665-402: The dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are

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2730-401: The educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan , Minahasan , Bugis , Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of

2795-400: The epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia. Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km (135.35 sq mi), its metropolitan area covers 6,310.06 km (2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto , Gresik , Sidoarjo , Bangkalan , and Lamongan , and has an estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023 , making it

2860-471: The extended Surabaya metropolitan area , according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya was the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. Surabaya metropolitan is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi . In 2023, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$ 150.294 billion. The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that

2925-541: The field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally. These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as

2990-426: The hottest months. The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi , who has served

3055-409: The majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism , and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism . The city had an influential role as

3120-403: The metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya ( Zona Surabaya Raya ) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanised , with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia. Surabaya

3185-417: The other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya. This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region. Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ), with distinct wet and dry seasons . The city's wet season runs from October through May, while

3250-411: The people in legislative elections every five years. The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services. All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as

3315-511: The powerful Han family of Lasem . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor. During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what

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3380-606: The recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge . The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools. The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia. Surabaya, from the Javanese " sura ing baya ", means "bravely facing danger"; originally from the union of Pali words " sura " , referring to

3445-507: The red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during

3510-604: The rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese , Minang , Batak , Banjar , and Balinese . Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people ; there are Arabs , especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen , Armenian people , and Jews . As one of

3575-444: The ship reached Sulumayi , whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh". Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana . He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou . Then, he sailed east to

3640-438: The suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air. On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in

3705-454: The three major sectors including their sub-sectors, namely: "The GRDP is usually presented in nominal and real terms. Nominal GRDP measures the value of the outputs of the economy at current prices. Real GRDP referred to as GRDP at constant prices, measures the value of an economy's output using the prices of a fixed base year. The real GRDP is useful in capturing real output growth since inflationary effects have been removed. It is, therefore,

3770-576: The thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed. The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of

3835-563: The two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo . Some people consider Jayabaya 's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies , though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable. The Kingdom of Janggala

3900-571: Was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area ( street food centers ), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet ( Wi-Fi ), and routine garden maintenance management . The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment. The city has won many awards in

3965-530: Was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit empire. At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and

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4030-444: Was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency . By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban , Gresik , and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He 's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan : "after travelling south for more than 20 li ,

4095-470: Was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua , in which it was called Jung-ya-lu. The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh

4160-440: Was opened on 15 October 2008. Gross regional product Gross regional domestic product ( GRDP ), gross domestic product of region ( GDPR ), or gross state product ( GSP ) is a statistic that measures the size of a region 's economy . It is the aggregate of gross value added (GVA) of all resident producer units in the region, and analogous to national gross domestic product . The GRDP includes regional estimates on

4225-524: Was suppressed by republican troops. On 30 September, Madiun was taken over by republican troops of the Silwangi Division . Thousands of party cadres were killed and 36,000 were imprisoned. Amongst the executed PKi members were several leaders including Muso killed on 31 October, allegedly while trying to escape from prison. Other PKI leaders such as D.N. Aidit went into exile in China. Madiun has

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